effects of different braze materials and composite ... · effects of different braze materials and...
TRANSCRIPT
Effects of Different Braze Materials and Composite Substrates on Composite/Ti Joints G.N. Morscher, M. Singh, R. Asthana, and T. Shpargel An ever increasing number of applications require robust joining technologies of dissimilar materials. In this study, three types of ceramic composites (C-C, C-SiC, and SiC-SiC) were vacuum brazed to commercially pure Ti using the Cusil-ABA (63 Ag – 35.5 Cu – 1.75 Ti) active metal braze alloy. The study also compared composite specimens as-fabricated and after surface grinding/polishing. A butt-strap tensile shear strength test was used to evaluate the joined structures at room temperature, 270 and 500 oC. The elevated temperatures represent possible use temperatures for some heat rejection type applications. Joint strength will be discussed in light of braze wetting and spreading properties, composite properties, and test temperature. 31st International Cocoa Beach Conference and Exposition Advanced Ceramics and Composites; January 21-26, 2007; American Ceramic Society; Daytona Beach FL
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070010537 2018-08-21T00:29:59+00:00Z
1
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
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istra
tion
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Effe
cts
of D
iffer
ent B
raze
Mat
eria
ls a
nd
Com
posi
te S
ubst
rate
s on
Com
posi
te/T
i Joi
nts
Gre
gory
N. M
orsc
her a
nd M
rityu
njay
Sin
ghO
hio
Aer
ospa
ce In
stitu
te; N
AS
A G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rC
leve
land
, OH
Raj
iv A
stha
naU
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
at S
tout
Tara
hSh
parg
elA
SR
C A
eros
pace
, NA
SA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Cle
vela
nd, O
H
2
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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Bac
kgro
und
•A
pplic
atio
n: H
eat r
ejec
tion
syst
ems
requ
iring
C/C
fa
cesh
eets
join
ed to
Ti t
ubes
(Pro
met
heus
Pro
gram
)–
Tem
pera
ture
s ra
nge
from
-100
to 3
00o C
•Is
sues
: –
Ther
mal
exp
ansi
on m
ism
atch
bet
wee
n C
/C (-
1x10
-6/o C
) and
Ti
(8.6
x10-6
/o C) a
nd h
igh
braz
e te
mpe
ratu
re (u
p to
100
0o C)
–W
ettin
g, s
prea
ding
and
bon
ding
of b
raze
to c
ompo
site
su
bstra
te–
Inhe
rent
inte
rlam
inar
wea
knes
s of
com
posi
te s
ubst
rate
–E
ffect
ive
test
s to
eva
luat
e jo
ints
3
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iona
l Aer
onau
tics
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e Ad
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Our
App
roac
h
•S
elec
t bas
elin
e C
/C c
ompo
site
and
det
erm
ine
effe
ct
of d
iffer
ent b
raze
s an
d a
sold
er o
n jo
inin
g C
/C to
Ti
–Tu
be te
sts
and
butt-
stra
p te
nsile
she
ar te
sts
•U
se “b
est”
braz
e fro
m a
nd c
ompa
re s
hear
stre
ngth
of
C/C
sub
stra
te jo
ints
to C
/SiC
and
SiC
/SiC
–B
utt-s
trap
tens
ile s
hear
test
s
•In
vest
igat
e us
e of
HT-
PO
CO
foam
as
sadd
le m
ater
ial
to a
llevi
ate
ther
mal
stra
in b
etw
een
C/C
and
Ti
–Ti
Tub
e-P
OC
O-C
/C m
ultil
ayer
stru
ctur
es
tens
ile a
nd
shea
r tes
ts
4
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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tion
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Effe
ct o
f Bra
ze o
n C
/C to
Ti J
oint
s
5
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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Exp
erim
enta
l: M
ater
ials
•G
rade
2 T
i tub
es a
nd p
late
s –
TIM
ET
Inc.
, MO
•W
oven
P12
0 ca
rbon
fibe
r, ch
emic
al v
apor
infil
trate
d (C
VI)
carb
onm
atrix
co
mpo
site
s (1
.2 m
m th
ick)
–G
oodr
ich
Cor
p., S
anta
Fe
Spr
ings
, CA
410
-430
Zn, A
g, A
l, w
ith tr
ace
amou
nts o
f Ga
and
Ce
S-B
ond
400
Allo
y So
lder
#
715
59.0
Ag,
27.
3 C
u, 1
.3 T
i, 12
.5 In
Incu
silA
BA
Bra
ze*
806
63.0
Ag,
34.
3 C
u, 1
.8 T
i, 1.
0 Sn
CuS
in-1
AB
A B
raze
*
815
63.0
Ag,
35.
3 C
u, 1
.8 T
iC
uSil
AB
A B
raze
*90
068
.8 A
g, 2
6.7
Cu,
4.5
Ti
TiC
uSil
Bra
ze*
Liq
uidu
sT
emp.
, o CC
ompo
sitio
nB
raze
/Sol
der
* M
orga
n A
dvan
ced
Cer
amic
s, C
A#
S-B
ond
Tech
nolo
gies
, PA
Earli
er st
udy
eval
uate
d hi
gher
te
mpe
ratu
re
braz
es (C
u-A
BA
; Ti
CuN
i; Ti
CuS
il)
and
low
er
cond
uctiv
ity C
/C;
Mat
er. S
ci. E
ng. A
., 41
8, 1
9-24
(200
6)
6
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
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istra
tion
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Exp
erim
enta
l: Te
st T
echn
ique
s an
d S
peci
men
sFa
ctor
s co
nsid
ered
:–
Effe
ctiv
enes
s of
bra
ze b
ondi
ng
FAIL
UR
E L
OC
ATI
ON
–D
egre
e of
bra
ze s
prea
ding
B
ON
DE
D A
RE
A–
Evi
denc
e of
ther
mal
ly in
duce
d C
RA
CK
ING
C/C
com
posi
te
Ti T
ube
Rig
id
Bloc
k
Braz
e M
ater
ial
Appl
ied
Load
12.6
mm
C/C
com
posi
te
Ti T
ube
Rig
id
Bloc
k
Braz
e M
ater
ial
Appl
ied
Load
12.6
mm
Tube
-Pla
te T
ensi
le T
est
But
t-Stra
p Te
nsile
(BST
) Sh
ear T
est
7
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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34.2
41.1
18.7
49.7
13.5
8.2
010203040506070
TiCuSil Foil
TiCuSilPaste
Cusil-ABAFoil
Cusil-ABAPaste
Cusin-1ABAFoil
Incusil ABAFoil
Failure Load, N
Tube
-Pla
te T
ensi
le T
est
•C
usil-
AB
A, f
ollo
wed
by
TiC
uSil,
ha
d hi
ghes
t loa
d-ca
rryi
ng a
bilit
y an
d la
rges
t bon
ded
area
•C
usin
-1A
BA
and
Incu
silA
BA
had
lo
wes
t loa
d-ca
rryi
ng a
bilit
y an
d po
or b
raze
spr
eadi
ng•
Tens
ile “
Stre
ngth
”ap
prox
. 0.5
MPa
•P1
20 C
/C (C
VI) b
raze
d to
Ti i
s st
rong
er th
an T
300
C/C
(res
in-
deriv
ed) b
raze
d to
Ti (
TiC
uSil
Foil
load
~ 9
N) o
f ear
lier s
tudy
10 m
m
Incu
sil
CuS
il-A
BA
C/C
com
posi
te
Ti T
ube
Rig
id
Bloc
k
Braz
e M
ater
ial
Appl
ied
Load
12.6
mm
C/C
com
posi
te
Ti T
ube
Rig
id
Bloc
k
Braz
e M
ater
ial
Appl
ied
Load
12.6
mm
8
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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Tube
-Pla
te T
ensi
le T
est
ΔαΔ
TC
rack
s
•A
ll br
azes
sho
wed
evi
denc
e of
pre
-exi
stin
g cr
acks
in th
e br
aze
and
oute
r ply
of C
/C
5 m
m5
mm
Cra
ck
C/C
com
posi
te
Ti T
ube
Rig
id
Bloc
k
Braz
e M
ater
ial
Appl
ied
Load
12.6
mm
C/C
com
posi
te
Ti T
ube
Rig
id
Bloc
k
Braz
e M
ater
ial
Appl
ied
Load
12.6
mm
TiC
uSil
past
e as
-fab
ricat
ed
9
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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But
t-Stra
p Te
nsile
She
ar T
est
•S
olde
r res
ulte
d in
sig
nific
antly
hig
her s
hear
stre
ngth
s th
an
braz
es fo
r Ti t
o C
/C•
C/C
bra
zed
to C
/C e
xhib
ited
high
she
ar s
treng
th a
s w
ell
0.90
0.80
0.49
1.51
7.61
8.21
012345678910
TiCuSil ABAFoil
TiCuSil ABAPaste
CuSil ABAFoil
CuSil ABAPaste
S BondSolder
C/C to C/Cw/CuSilABA
Paste
Shear Strength, MPa
10
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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0.90
0.80
0.49
1.51
7.61
8.21
012345678910
TiCuSil ABAFoil
TiCuSil ABAPaste
CuSil ABAFoil
CuSil ABAPaste
S BondSolder
C/C to C/Cw/CuSilABA
Paste
Shear Strength, MPaB
utt-S
trap
Tens
ile S
hear
Tes
t
•P
re-e
xist
ing
crac
ks in
C
/C fo
r bra
zed
spec
imen
s du
e to
ΔαΔ
T
No
pre-
exis
ting
crac
ks
obse
rved
in S
Bon
d or
br
azed
C/C
to C
/C
11
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
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Effe
ct o
f ΔαΔ
T(E
stim
ated
) on
She
ar S
treng
th•
Ass
umes
ela
stic
beh
avio
r, C
TE(T
i) =
8.6x
10-6
/C; C
TE (C
/C) =
-1x1
0-6 /C
•O
nly
braz
es a
nd s
olde
r whi
ch s
how
ed fu
ll sp
read
ing
wer
e co
mpa
red
0123456789
00.
20.
40.
60.
81
ΔαΔ
T, %
BST Shear Strength, MPa
C/C
to C
/C (C
uSil
AB
A)
SB
ond
Sol
der
CuS
il A
BA Ti
CuS
ilC/C
shea
r stre
ngth
ap
prox
imat
ely
15 M
Pa
CuS
ilA
BA
sele
cted
as
“bes
t bra
ze”
beca
use
sold
er m
eltin
g te
mpe
ratu
re (~
410
C)
too
low
com
pare
d to
ap
plic
atio
n te
mpe
ratu
re
(~ 3
00C
)
12
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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Effe
ct o
f Com
posi
te S
ubst
rate
Whe
n U
sing
C
uSil-
AB
A P
aste
as
Bra
ze(fo
r oth
er a
pplic
atio
ns)
But
t-Stra
p Te
nsile
She
ar T
ests
C/S
iC =
T30
0 re
info
rced
CV
I SiC
SiC
/SiC
= S
ylra
mic
rein
forc
ed M
elt-I
nfilt
rate
d S
iC
13
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
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BS
T S
hear
Stre
ss a
t Roo
m a
nd 2
70o C
1.51
1.40
1.54
1.88
8.77
10.4
9
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.0
0
12.0
0
14.0
0
16.0
0
18.0
0
C/C (RT)
C/C (270C)
C/SiC (RT)
C/SiC (270C)
SiC/SiC (RT)
SiC/SiC(270C)
Stress, MPa
Circ
les
= as
-pro
duce
d su
rface
Squa
res
= gr
ound
sur
face
No
diffe
renc
e in
av
erag
e va
lues
fo
r as-
prod
uced
an
d gr
ound
su
rfac
es
14
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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Ther
mal
ly-In
duce
d C
rack
ing
in C
ompo
site
Con
trol
s
Sh
ear S
tren
gth
of B
raze
d Jo
ints
Cra
ck in
out
er
ply
of S
iC/S
iCC
rack
in o
uter
pl
y of
C/S
iC
TiTi-- C
/C C
ompo
site
C/C
Com
posi
te
TiTi-- C
/SiC
Com
posi
teC
/SiC
Com
posi
teTiTi
-- SiC
/SiC
Com
posi
teSi
C/S
iC C
ompo
site
Inte
rlam
inar
shea
r str
engt
h C
/C ≅
10-1
5 M
PaC
/SiC
≅15
-25
MPa
SiC
/SiC
≅35
-45
MPa
τ xy≅
1.5
MPa
τ xy≅
1.7
MPa
τ xy≅
10 M
Pa
15
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
min
istra
tion
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Use
of H
TPO
CO
Foa
m a
s S
addl
e M
ater
ial:
C/C
–H
TPC
O –
Ti tu
be M
ultil
ayer
Stru
ctur
es
Cu-
Sil
AB
A p
aste
use
d to
bra
ze e
ach
join
t
16
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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gov
Poc
oFo
am S
truct
ures
with
C/C
Fac
eshe
et
Diff
eren
t tub
e-Po
coco
ntac
t are
as fa
bric
ated
in o
rder
to
var
y co
ntac
t are
a an
d st
ress
app
lied
to b
raze
join
t.
Tube
on
flat
Tube
in s
hallo
w
trou
ghTu
be in
dee
p tr
ough
Test
ed in
tens
ion
and
shea
r:
Hig
hest
con
tact
ar
ea, l
owes
t st
ress
on
join
t
Low
est c
onta
ct
area
, hig
hest
st
ress
on
join
t
17
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
min
istra
tion
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•EX
CEL
LEN
T A
DH
ESIO
N O
F B
RA
ZE T
O F
OA
M A
ND
Ti
TUB
E. F
AIL
UR
E A
LWA
YS O
CC
UR
RED
IN P
OC
O.
Star
t of
Poco
failu
re in
be
ndin
g
Deb
ond
Deb
ond
in o
uter
ply
in
out
er p
ly
of C
/Cof
C/C
Afte
r she
arA
fter T
ensi
on
Poc
oFo
am S
andw
ich
Stru
ctur
es w
ith W
oven
K11
00
and/
or W
oven
P12
0 C
/C F
aces
heet
Max
imum
shea
r str
esse
ssub
ject
ed to
br
aze
exce
eded
12
MPa
base
d on
load
ap
plie
d an
d ap
prox
imat
e br
aze
area
.
Max
imum
tens
ile st
ress
essu
bjec
ted
to
braz
e ex
ceed
ed 7
MPa
base
d on
load
ap
plie
d an
d ap
prox
imat
e br
aze
area
.
18
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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Con
clus
ions
•C
/C c
ompo
site
s co
uld
be b
raze
d to
Ti p
late
s or
tube
s, th
e pa
ste
form
of
Cus
il-A
BA
pro
vidi
ng th
e be
st p
erfo
rman
ce o
f the
bra
ze m
ater
ials
stu
died
he
re•
Bra
ze/S
olde
r bon
ding
& s
prea
ding
to C
/C a
nd p
roce
ssin
g te
mpe
ratu
re
(ther
mal
ly-in
duce
d st
rain
) are
stro
nges
t fac
tors
con
trolli
ng jo
int s
treng
th–
S B
ond
sold
er o
utpe
rform
ed a
ll br
azes
due
to lo
wer
pro
cess
ing
tem
pera
ture
–cr
acks
wer
e fo
rmed
in b
raze
and
C/C
for a
ll of
the
braz
ed jo
int s
peci
men
s,
but w
ere
not f
orm
ed in
the
S B
ond
sold
er s
peci
men
–C
usil-
AB
A (p
aste
form
) out
perfo
rmed
all
braz
es b
ecau
se it
was
the
low
est
proc
essi
ng te
mpe
ratu
re b
raze
of a
ll th
e br
azes
whi
ch fu
lly s
prea
d an
d bo
nded
to
C/C
•Th
e hi
gher
con
duct
ivity
P12
0 C
VI C
/C a
ppea
rs to
ena
ble
stro
nger
join
ts
com
pare
d to
the
T300
Res
in-D
eriv
ed C
/C te
sted
in th
e ea
rlier
stu
dy•
SiC
/SiC
com
posi
tes
had
high
er jo
int s
treng
ths
than
C/C
or C
/SiC
,pr
esum
ably
bec
ause
the
inte
rlam
inar
she
ar s
treng
th o
f SiC
/SiC
isgr
eate
r tha
n th
e ot
her c
ompo
site
s•
The
Poc
oFo
am is
the
wea
k lin
k in
the
tube
-foam
stru
ctur
es a
nd n
ot th
e br
azed
join
t. Fa
ilure
in te
nsio
n an
d sh
ear a
lway
s oc
curs
in th
e fo
am
whe
ther
or n
ot th
e Ti
tube
was
bra
zed
to a
cur
ved
Poc
osu
rface
to
max
imiz
e bo
nd a
rea
or a
flat
Poc
osu
rface
to m
axim
ize
stre
ss in
the
join
t.