effects of dairy manure compost on soil chemical...

Effects of Dairy Manure Effects of Dairy Manure Compost on Soil Chemical Compost on Soil Chemical Properties and Forage Yield Properties and Forage Yield and Quality of Coastal and Quality of Coastal BermudagrassBermudagrass

T.J. Helton, S. Mukhtar, J.P. Muir, F.M. Hons, M.L. McFarland

Texas Cooperative ExtensionTexas Agricultural Experiment StationTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas

Background

�North Bosque Watershed

�Extensive Growth in Dairy Industry

• Confined Animal Feeding Operation• Approx. 336,000 m3 of collectible manure

generated annually (> 20% of all collectable manure in TX).

• Nutrient Accumulation

�303(d) List of Impaired Waterbody Segments• Two P TMDL’s

�Advantages• Reduces total weight and volume

• Easier to handle and store

• Kills most pathogens and viable weed seeds

• Reduces odor

�Disadvantages• Production Cost (facilities/equipment)

• Transportation/Application Cost

Composting

Potential Uses�Nutrient Source & Soil Amendment

• Landscape/Lawns

• Cities/Municipalities (Parks/Sports fields)

• Roadside & Construction (TXDOT)

• Disturbed Land Reclamation

• Agronomic/Horticultural Crops

Nutrient release rates from organic materials:�� Highly variable

�� May not be adequate to meet crop demand

Estimated release rates for various composts:

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total

Nitrogen (%) 10 – 30 5 – 10 1 – 5 16 – 45

Phosphorus (%) 50 – 75 10 – 15 2 – 5 62 – 95

Potassium (%) 65 – 80 10 – 15 2 – 5 77 - 100

Meeting Crop Nutrient Requirements

Compare the effects of dairy manure compost or raw dairy manure alone and in combination with supplemental inorganic fertilizer on:

�Forage yields�Forage quality �Soil chemical properties

Compost Study ObjectivesCompost Study Objectives

Materials and Methods�Study Site – Stephenville, TX.

• Established Coastal Bermudagrass

• Non – irrigated

• Avg. Annual Precipitation 61 cm

• May Fine Sandy Loam

�Experimental Design • R.C.B.D (3 replications)

• 3 m x 6 m plots

• 22 Treatments

Materials and MethodsTreatments:� Dairy manure compost

�14, 29 & 57 Mg ha-1 (125, 250 & 500 kg N ha-1)� Raw dairy manure

�54 Mg ha-1 (420 kg N ha-1)� Supplemental Fertilizer

�N (56, 84 & 112 kg ha-1 cutting-1)�N & P (112 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr -1)�N & K (112 kg K2O ha-1 cutting-1)

� Inorganic Fertilizer (Soil Test Rate)�448-112-448 kg ha-1 yr -1 (4 cuttings each year)

� Untreated Check

Parameter Compost Manure Dry Matter (%) 79 63N (g kg-1) 8.6 7.1P (g kg-1) 3.9 1.9K (g kg-1) 23 13C:N 8:1 9:1

Compost/Manure Analysis

Results and Discussion

Cumulative Forage Yieldskg

DM

ha-

1

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

18,000

21,000

2002 2003

C2 (29 Mg)C3 (57 Mg)M (54 Mg)IFUC

a

a

c

b

b

c

bb bb

Treatment† H1 H2 H3 H4

C1 2,542 d‡ 3,723 b 3,345 b

C2 2,990 c 4,267 a 4,505 a

C3 3,563 ab 4,467 a 3,446 b

M 3,740 a 4,433 a 4,607 a

IF 3,327 b 4,367 a 4,088 ab*** * *

†Abbreviations: C1, compost 14 Mg ha-1; C2, compost 29 Mg ha-1; C3, compost 57 Mg ha-1; M,

manure 54 Mg ha-1; IF, inorganic fertilizer (112 kg N ha-1; 112 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1; 112 kg K2O ha-1).

‡Means within a year and column followed by the same letter are not significantly different.

*,**,*** P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001; NS = not significant; (Fishers Protected LSD).

11,782

9,610

11,762

11,475

12,779

2002Yield

Cumulative kg ha -1

Compost/Manure + N (56 kg ha-1 cutting-1)

kg D

M h

a-1

NS

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

18,000

21,000

2003

C1C2C3MIF


Inorganic Fertilizer C3 + 56 kg N ha-1

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

18,000

21,000

24,000

2002 2003

C2C3MIFkg

DM

ha-

1

NS

NS


T rea tm en t† K2O H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4

C 2 0 3 ,5 2 4 ‡ 4 ,7 3 6 a 4 ,0 8 1 b

C 2 1 1 2 3 ,4 6 5 4 ,8 7 1 a 5 ,0 8 9 a

IF 3 ,3 2 6 4 ,3 6 7 b 4 ,0 8 8 bN S * *

C 2 0 6 ,6 1 7 a 4 ,1 6 0 4 ,6 0 5 b 4 ,7 4 6

C 2 1 1 2 6 ,3 9 1 a 4 ,5 4 1 5 ,0 4 0 a 5 ,5 1 5

IF 5 ,9 1 5 b 3 ,7 9 3 4 ,3 8 0 b 5 ,0 6 4* N S * N S

† A b b rev ia tio n s: C 2 , co m p o st 2 9 M g h a-1 + 1 1 2 k g N h a-1 cu tt in g-1; K , 0 an d 1 1 2 k g K2O h a-1

cu ttin g-1; IF , in o rgan ic fe rt i l ize r (1 1 2 k g N h a-1; 1 1 2 k g P2O 5 h a-1 yr -1; 1 1 2 k g K2O h a-1).

‡ M ean s w ith in a year an d co lu m n fo llo w ed b y th e same le tte r a re n o t s ign if ican tly d if fe ren t.

* ,* * ,* * * P < 0 .0 5 , P < 0 .0 1 an d P < 0 .0 0 1 ; N S = n o t s ign if ican t; (F ish ers P ro tec ted L SD ).

k g h a -1

2 0 ,1 2 9

2 1 ,4 8 5

1 9 ,1 5 3

1 2 ,3 4 0

1 3 ,4 2 4

1 1 ,7 8 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 2Y ie ld

C u m u la tiv e

k g h a -1

Compost (29 Mg ha-1) + N & NK

Treatment† K2O H1 H2 H3 H4

M 0 3,924 4,479 4,444

M 112 3,955 4,709 5,154

IF 3,326 4,367 4,088

M 0 7,000 a 4,204 b 4,630 4,939

M 112 7,043 a 4,674 a 4,992 5,571

IF 5,915 b 3,793 c 4,380 5,064* *** NS NS

kg ha -1

20,774

22,280

19,153

12,846 b‡

13,819 a

11,782 c

2003

**

2002Yield

Cumulative

kg ha -1

Manure (54 Mg ha-1) + N & NK

Forage Quality


C1 22 b‡ 21 14

C2 22 b 20 14

C3 22 b 20 15

M 23 b 22 14

IF 26 a 22 15** NS NS

C1 16 b 20 b 20 b 19 b

C2 18 b 22 b 20 b 20 b

C3 17 b 20 b 19 b 20 b

M 18 b 26 a 20 b 20 b

IF 25 a 28 a 25 a 23 a*** ** * *

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Tissue N Concentrations (56 kg N ha-1 cutting-1)

Tissue N Concentrations (84 kg N ha-1 cutting-1)

T reatm en t† H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4

C 2 23 bc‡ 21 15

C 3 22 c 21 16

M 24 b 23 15

IF 26 a 22 15* * N S N S

C 2 21 25 22 b 21

C 3 21 25 22 b 20

M 22 26 24 ab 22

IF 25 28 25 a 23N S N S * N S

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Total N UptakeTreatment† 2002 2003 Total in Forage

kg ha-1

C2 (250 kg N ha-1) 26 22 48 12125 32 57 14229 19 48 11917 6 23 57

C3 (500 kg N ha-1) 20 14 34 17019 15 34 16819 18 37 18519 10 29 146

M (420 kg N ha-1) 18 22 40 17025 25 50 21127 24 51 21413 11 24 98

IF 55 83 70 627

112

112

112

05684

Inorganic N

05684112

05684

Compost/Manure

Supplemental Inorganic

kg N ha-1 cutting-1 % Recovery

Apparent N Recovery

Tissue P Concentration (C2 + N & NP)

Treatment† P2O5 H1 H2 H3 H4

kg ha -1

C2 0 2.8‡ 2.5 a 1.7

C2 112 3.0 2.8 a 1.7

IF 2.7 2.1 b 1.3NS ** NS

C2 0 2.6 b 2.9 b 2.6 b 2.3

C2 112 3.3 a 3.5 a 2.9 a 2.5

IF 4.0 a 3.8 a 2.1 c 2.1* * ** NS

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Total P UptakeTreatment† N 2002 2003 Total in Forage

kg ha-1 kg P ha-1

C2 (118 kg P ha-1) 0 10 13 23 2756 20 27 47 5684 22 32 54 64112 21 32 53 63112 16 17 33 39

C3 (225 kg P ha-1) 0 9 9 18 4156 13 17 30 6884 13 20 33 74112 14 20 34 77112 8 5 13 30

M (113 kg P ha-1) 0 13 20 33 3856 22 33 55 6384 24 36 60 69112 22 36 58 66112 11 8 19 22

IF 112 52 90 71 7049

0049

Inorganic P

049

00

49

000

0000

Compost/Manure Supplemental Inorganic

P

kg ha-1 yr-1 % Recovery

Apparent P Recovery

Treatment† K20 H1 H2 H3 H4

kg ha -1

C2 0 20‡ 17 13

C2 112 22 19 15

IF 21 16 12NS NS NS

C2 0 14 b 12 b 9 b 10

C2 112 19 a 18 a 18 a 14

IF 22 a 19 a 18 a 14** * * NS

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Tissue K Concentration (C2 + N & NK)


kg ha -1

M 0 21‡ 18 b 14

M 112 22 21 a 14

IF 21 16 b 12NS ** NS

M 0 15 b 13 b 8 b 12

M 112 21 a 20 a 20 a 15

IF 22 a 19 a 18 a 14* ** ** NS

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Tissue K Concentration (M + N & NK)

Total K UptakeTreatment† N 2002 2003 Total in Forage

kg ha-1 kg K ha-1

C2 (665 kg K ha-1) 0 11 9 20 13256 24 15 39 26284 31 26 57 378112 27 22 49 329112 14 6 20 127

C3 (1310 kg K ha-1) 0 11 6 17 22456 17 15 32 42684 18 20 38 502112 19 18 37 484112 9 6 15 193

M (753 kg K ha-1) 0 14 14 28 21056 29 22 51 38384 30 22 52 390112 27 23 50 381112 15 10 25 185

IF 112 56 71 64 47693

0093

Inorganic K

093

00

93

000

0000

Compost/Manure Supplemental Inorganic

K

kg ha-1 cutting-1 % Recovery

Apparent K Recovery

Soil Chemical Properties

Soil pH Soil OCT rea tm en t† 0 -5 cm 5 -15 cm

g kg -1

C 2 27 ‡ 5

C 3 2 9 5

M 3 1 5

IF 3 2 5

U C 2 9 5N S N S

0-5 cm 5 -15 cmg kg -1

C 2 3 0 6

C 3 3 2 8

M 3 0 7

IF 3 2 5

U C 3 1 6N S N S

F ebru ary -03

N o v em b er-0 3

Treatment† 0-5 cm 5-15 cm 15-30 cm

C2 6.4 b‡ 5.2 6.6

C3 6.9 a 5.7 6.6

M 6.5 b 5.4 6.6

IF 4.6 c 5.3 6.7

UC 4.8 c 5.3 6.5*** NS NS

0-5 cm 5-15 cm 15-30 cm

C2 6.5 b 4.9 6.6

C3 7.1 a 5.6 6.6

M 6.6 b 5.5 6.5

IF 4.3 c 4.8 6.4

UC 4.5 c 5.0 6.5*** NS NS

February-03

November-03

Soil NH4 Soil NO3

Treatment† 0-5 cm 5-15 cm 15-30 cmmg kg -1

C2 86 b‡ 3 2

C3 165 a 4 5

M 98 ab 3 2

IF 2 c 4 3

UC 4 c 3 3** NS NS

0-5 cm 5-15 cm 15-30 cmmg kg -1

C2 4 b 3 4

C3 4 b 3 3

M 5 a 3 2

IF 2 c 3 3

UC 4 b 2 2*** NS NS

February-03

November-03

Treatment† 0-5 cm 5-15 cmmg kg -1

C2 270 abc‡ 14

C3 291 ab 21

M 346 a 18

IF 212 bc 16

UC 149 c 17* NS

0-5 cm 5-15 cmmg kg -1

C2 101 12

C3 97 11

M 90 11

IF 71 9

UC 42 7NS NS

February-03

November-03

Soil P ConcentrationsTreatment† 0-5 cm 5-15 cm 15-30 cm

m g kg -1

C2 106 b‡ 3 2

C3 217 a 5 2

M 108 b 6 5

IF 25 c 3 1

UC 22 c 3 2*** NS NS

0-5 cm 5-15 cm 15-30 cmm g kg -1

C2 86 b 7 2

C3 231 a 17 3

M 63 bc 12 3

IF 31 c 7 2

UC 22 c 6 3*** NS NS

February-03

November-03

Conclusions

��Supplemental N is necessary to achieve Supplemental N is necessary to achieve optimum yields with dairy manure compost.optimum yields with dairy manure compost.

��Although yields were equivalent to IF when Although yields were equivalent to IF when 56 kg N ha56 kg N ha--11 cuttingcutting --11 was applied to was applied to compost/manure, tissue N concentrations were compost/manure, tissue N concentrations were lower than IF. lower than IF.

��Total apparent N recovery from compost/manure Total apparent N recovery from compost/manure ranged from 23 to 57% compared to 70% for ranged from 23 to 57% compared to 70% for IF. IF.

Conclusions

��Supplemental P did not improve yields but Supplemental P did not improve yields but tended to increase tissue P concentrations.tended to increase tissue P concentrations.

��Supplemental K applied to C2 and M increased Supplemental K applied to C2 and M increased yield and tissue K concentrations.yield and tissue K concentrations.

�Apparent P (13-60%) and K (15–57%) recovery tended to increase with increasing N rate.

Conclusions

��Application of compost/manure increased soil Application of compost/manure increased soil pH in the 0 to 5pH in the 0 to 5--cm zone but did not affect soil cm zone but did not affect soil organic carbon concentrations. organic carbon concentrations.

��Compost/manure increased soil NHCompost/manure increased soil NH44 and NOand NO33

conc. in the 0 to 5conc. in the 0 to 5--cm zone, however no evidence cm zone, however no evidence of downward migration below this depth.of downward migration below this depth.

��Compost applied at 57 Mg haCompost applied at 57 Mg ha--11 resulted in soil P resulted in soil P conc. greater than 200 mg kgconc. greater than 200 mg kg--11 in the 0 to 5in the 0 to 5--cm cm depth.depth.

Questions

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

18,000

21,000

24,000

2002

C1C2C3MIF

kg D

M h

a-1

NS


Tissue N Concentrations(112 kg N ha-1 cutting-1)

T re a tm e n t† H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4

C 1 2 5 a ‡ 2 4 a 1 6

C 2 2 4 a b 2 2 b 1 6

C 3 2 5 a 2 4 a 1 6

M 2 3 b 2 2 b 1 6

IF 2 6 a 2 2 b 1 5* * N S

C 1 2 1 2 6 2 5 2 3

C 2 2 1 2 7 2 5 2 3

C 3 2 2 2 8 2 4 2 4

M 2 3 2 7 2 6 2 3

IF 2 5 2 8 2 5 2 3N S N S N S N S

2 0 0 2

g k g -1

2 0 0 3g k g -1


C1 5,839 c‡ 4,245 b 4,632 4,693

C2 6,617 ab 4,160 b 4,605 4,746

C3 6,764 a 4,893 a 4,854 5,173

M 7,000 a 4,204 b 4,630 4,939

IF 5,915 bc 3,793 b 4,380 5,064* ** NS NS

†Abbreviations: C1, compost 14 Mg ha-1; C2, compost 29 Mg ha-1; C3, compost 57 Mg ha-1; M,

manure 54 Mg ha-1; IF, inorganic fertilizer (112 kg N ha-1; 112 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1; 112 kg K2O ha-1).

‡Means within a year and column followed by the same letter are not significantly different.

*,**,*** P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001; NS = not significant; (Fishers Protected LSD).

19,153

19,409

20,129

21,684

20,774

2003Yield

Cumulative kg ha -1


Tissue P Concentration (C3 + N & NP)


kg ha -1

C3 0 2.8‡ 2.9 a 1.7 a

C3 112 2.9 2.8 a 1.7 a

IF 2.7 2.2 b 1.3 bNS * **

C3 0 2.9 c 3.3 2.4 ab 2.4

C3 112 3.4 b 3.8 2.9 a 2.4

IF 4.0 a 3.8 2.1 b 2.1** NS * NS

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Tissue P Concentration (M + N & NP)


kg ha -1

M 0 2.5‡ 2.5 a 1.7

M 112 2.8 2.6 a 1.7

IF 2.7 2.2 b 1.3NS * NS

M 0 2.6 b 3.0 b 2.7 a 2.3

M 112 3.7 a 3.9 a 2.9 a 2.3

IF 4.0 a 3.8 a 2.1 b 2.1** ** ** NS

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1


kg ha -1

C3 0 22 ab‡ 20 14 ab

C3 112 23 a 20 16 a

IF 21 b 16 12 b* NS *

C3 0 19 15 11 b 12

C3 112 21 21 19 a 16

IF 22 19 18 a 14NS NS * NS

2002

g kg -1

2003g kg -1

Tissue K Concentration (C3 + N & NK)

effects of dairy manure compost on soil chemical...

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