effects of boron deficiency and excess on plants

13
EFFECTS O F BORON DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS ON PLANTS S COTT V . E AT O N (WITH SEVEN FIGURES) Introduction There i s a large literature i n regard to t h e effects o f boron deficiency o plants. Boron i s n o w commonly regarded a s an essential element f or t h e growth of plants. Most o f t h e literature demonstrating this fact h a s a p - peared during t h e last 1 5 years, although certain French investigators, especially BERTRAND, AGULHON a n d MAZE, showed t h e beneficial effects o f boron o n t h e growth o f plants much earlier than this. BRENCHLEY ( 2 ) reviews this early literature. In England, BRENCHLEY a n d WARINGTON ( 1 , 19), a n d i n America, SOMMER a nd LIPMAN (17) early showed t h e favorable effects o f boron on t e growth of various plants. N o attempt is made to review t h e boron litera- ture. MCMURTREY (14) gives a rather recent summary o f i t . I t might b e expected that a n element needed i n such small amounts (0.5 p.p.m. is usually sufficient a n d m a y b e excessive) would never b e lacking i n t h e soil. B u t cases o f deficiency under natural conditions have recently been reported ( 9 , 13). There is also a large literature dealing with t h e toxic effects o n plants o f excessive amounts o f boron i n natural conditions in t h e soil a n d i n irrigation water ( 5 16), i n fertilizers (15), a n d i n nutrient solutions used experi- mentally (11, 19). Much o f t h e earlier literature i n regard t o t h e toxic effects o f boron i s reviewed b y BRENCHLEY (2). Although there i s a large literature o n t h e effects o f boron deficiency a nd excess i n th e growth o f plants, few inivestigations have used t h e sunflower. Since t h e results o f t he present investigation ar e rather striking, i t i s thought worth while t o place them o n record. This paper has developed from work done o n t h e effects o f sulphur defi- cienec o n t h e metabolism o f plants (7). I n this investigation a s described below boron deficiency developed; s o experiments were performed deter- mine t he proper concentration o f boron to u s e in these sulphur experiments. These experiments were extended into toxic realm. methods were essentially t h e same a s those already described (7). Chemicals o f C.P. o r reagent quality were b u t n o attempt w a s made t o further purify them. I n t h e case of t h e plus-boron cultures, boron w a s supplied i n t h e form o f boric acid. Th e plants were grown i n pure quartz sand, which w a s given n o other treatment than that of flushing it o u t thoroughly with distilled water before t h e seed w a s planted. Somewhat different results might have 9 5

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Page 1: Effects of Boron Deficiency and Excess on Plants

8/2/2019 Effects of Boron Deficiency and Excess on Plants

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/effects-of-boron-deficiency-and-excess-on-plants 1/13

EFFECTS OF BORON DEFICIENCYAND

EXCESSON PLANTS

S COTT V . E ATO N

( W I T H SEVEN F I G U R E S )

I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e r e i s a l a r g e l i t e r a t u r e i n r e g a r d t o t h e e f f e c t s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y o n

p l a n t s . B o r o n i s now commonly r e g a r d e d a s a n e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t f o r t h e

g r o w t h o f p l a n t s . M o s t o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h i s f a c t h a s a p -

p e a r e d d u r i n g t h e l a s t 1 5 y e a r s , a l t h o u g h c e r t a i n F r e n c h i n v e s t i g a t o r s ,

e s p e c i a l l y B E R T R A N D , AGULHON a n d M A Z E , s h o w e d t h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o f

b o r o n o n t h e g r o w t h o f p l a n t s mu ch e a r l i e r t h a n t h i s . BRENCHLEY ( 2 )r e v i e w s t h i s e a r l y l i t e r a t u r e .

I n E n g l a n d , BRENCHLEY a n d WARINGTON ( 1 , 1 9 ) , a n d i n A m e r i c a ,

S O M M E R a n d L I P M A N ( 1 7 ) e a r l y s h o w e d t h e f a v o r a b l e e f f e c t s o f b o r o n o n t h e

g r o w t h o f v a r i o u s p l a n t s . No a t t e m p t i s made t o r e v i e w t h e b o r o n l i t e r a -

t u r e . MCMURTREY ( 1 4 ) g i v e s a r a t h e r r e c e n t summary o f i t . I t m i g h t b e

e x p e c t e d t h a t a n e l e m e n t n e e d e d i n s u c h s m a l l a m o u n t s ( 0 . 5 p . p . m . i s u s u a l l y

s u f f i c i e n t a n d m a y b e e x c e s s i v e ) w o u l d n e v e r b e l a c k i n g i n t h e s o i l . B u t

c a s e s o f d e f i c i e n c y u n d e r n a t u r a l c o n di t i on s h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n r e p o r t e d

( 9 , 1 3 ) .T h e r e i s a l s o a l a r g e l i t e r a t u r e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e t o x i c e f f e c t s o n p l a n t s o f

e x c e s s i v e a m o u n t s o f b o r o n i n n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e s o i l a n d i n i r r i g a t i o nw a t e r ( 5 , 1 6 ) , i n f e r t i l i z e r s ( 1 5 ) , a n d i n n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n s u s e d e x p e r i -

m e n t a l l y ( 1 1 , 1 9 ) . Much o f t h e e a r l i e r l i t e r a t u r e i n r e g a r d t o t h e t o x i ce f f e c t s o f b o r o n i s r e v i e w e d b y BRENCHLEY ( 2 ) .

A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a l a r g e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e e f f e c t s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y a n d

e x c e s s i n t h e g r o w t h o f p l a n t s , f e w i n i v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e u s e d t h e s u n f l o w e r .

S i n c e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e r a t h e r s t r i k i n g , i t i s t h o u g h t

w o r t h w h i l e t o p l a c e t h e m o n r e c o r d .T h i s p a p e r h a s d e v e l o p e d f r o m w o r k d o n e o n t h e e f f e c t s o f s u l p h u r d e f i -

c i e n e c o n t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f p l a n t s ( 7 ) . I n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s d e s c r i b e d

b e l o w b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y d e v e l o p e d ; s o e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d t o d e t e r -

m i n e t h e p r o p e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b o r o n t o u s e i n t h e s e s u l p h u r e x p e r i m e n t s .

T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e e x t e n d e d i n t o t h e t o x i c r e a l m . T h e m e t h o d s w e r e

e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e a s t h o s e a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d ( 7 ) . C h e m i c a l s o f C . P . o r

r e a g e n t q u a l i t y w e r e u s e d , b u t n o a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o f u r t h e r p u r i f y t h e m .

I n t h e c a s e o f t h e p l u s - b o r o n c u l t u r e s , b o r o n w a s s u p p l i e d i n t h e f o r m o f

b o r i c a c i d . T h e p l a n t s w e r e g r o w n i n p u r e q u a r t z s a n d , w h i c h w a s g i v e n

n o o t h e r t r e a t m e n t t h a n t h a t o f f l u s h i n g i t o u t t h o r o u g h l y w i t h d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r b e f o r e t h e s e e d w a s p l a n t e d . S o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s m i g h t h a v e

9 5

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P L A N T P H Y S I O L O G Y

b e e n o b t a i n e d i f t h e c h e m i c a l s a n d t h e s a n d h a d b e e n f u r t h e r p u r i f i e d . M o s t

o f t h e d a t a h a v e t o d o w i t h t h e s u n f l o w e r , ' b u t i n t h e c a s e o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n e y

a f e w d a t a a r e r e c o r d e d f o r t h e s o y b e a n .

E x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a

B O R O N D E F I C I E N C Y

S O Y B E A N . - I n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 3 3 , a s t u d y w a s made o f t u e e f f e c t s o f

s u l p h u r d e f i c i e n c y o n t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f t h e s o y b e a n ( 7 ) . T h e Manchu

v a r i e t y o f s o y b e a n w a s g r o w n i n s a n d c u l t u r e . A b o u t 5 1 w e e k s a f t e r t h e

p l a n t i n g o f t h e s e e d m a n y o f t h e p l a n t s h a d d e a d t i p s . B o r o n i n t h e f o r m

o f b o r i c a c i d w a s a p p l i e d a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 5 p . p . m . I n a s h o r t t i m e

s i d e s h o o t s w e r e p u t o u t . T h e e a r l y s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y w e r e n o t

o b s e r v e d , b e c a u s e i t w a s n o t e x p e c t e d t h a t b o r o n w o u l d n e e d t o b e s u p p l i e d .

I n o t h e r w o r k , a d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t y o f s o y b e a n , W i s c o n s i n E a r l y B l a c k , h a d

b e e n g r o w n f o r 5 w e e k s w i t h o u t a n y s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y

d e v e l o p i n g ( 6 ) .I n t h e autumn o f 1 9 3 6 , t h e Manchu v a r i e t y o f s o y b e a n w a s g r o w n i n

s a n d c u l t u r e i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e i n o r d e r t o g e t m o r e d e f i n i t e s y m p t o m s o f

b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e s o y b e a n . T h e s a m e m e t h o d s w e r e u s e d a s i n t h e

1 9 3 3 e x p e r i m e n t . T h e r e w e r e t h r e e p o t s e a c h o f p l u s a n d m i n u s b o r o n

p l a n t s . B o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 5 p . p . m . w a s a p p l i e d t w i c e a w e e k

w h e nt h e p o t s w e r e f l u s h e d o u t w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r . T h e s e e d w a s p l a n t e d

o n O c t o b e r 3 . B y N o v e m b e r 1 8 , 4 6 d a y s f r o m t h e t i m e o f p l a n t i n g , d e f i n i t e

s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y h a d d e v e l o p e d . T h e m a i n symptom n o t i c e d

a t t h i s t i m e was a w h i t e n i n g b e t w e e n t h e v e i n s o f t h e y o u n g l e a v e s , t h e v e i n s

t h e m s e l v e s a p p e a r i n g much g r e e n e r t h a n t h e i n t e r v e i n a l a r e a s . B y D e c e m -

b e r 8 , 6 6 d a y s f r o m t h e t i m e o f p l a n t i n g , b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y s y m p t o m s w e r e

q u i t e p r o n o u n c e d . T h e m a i n s y m p t o m s w e r e : d y i n g o f t h e t i p s , t h e c r i n k l e d

c h a r a c t e r o f t h e u p p e r l e a v e s , t h e c u r l i n g d o w n w a r d s o f t h e t i p s o f t h e y o u n g

l e a v e s , a n d t h e l a c k o f g r e e n n e s s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e p l u s - b o r o n l e a v e s .

T h e l a c k o f g r e e n n e s s was m a n i f e s t e s p e c i a l l y b y w h i t e l i n e s b e t w e e n t h e

v e i n s o f t h e y o u n g l e a v e s , t h e v e i n st h e m s e l v e s

i n c l u d i n gn a r r o w a r e a s o n

e a c h s i d e w h i c h w e r e much g r e e n e r . W h i t e s p o t s o r s p l o t c h e s a l s o d e v e l -

o p e d o n t h e u p p e r l e a v e s . T h e m i n u s - b o r o n p l a n t s w e r e o f c o u r s e much

s h o r t e r t h a n t h e p l u s - b o r o n . F i g u r e 1 g i v e s s o m e i d e a o f t h e a p p e a r a n c e

o f t h e l e a v e s ; f i g u r e 2 c o m p a r e s t h e h e i g h t o f t h e p l a n t s o f t h e t w o s e r i e s .

T a b l e I g i v e s t h e w e i g h t s o f t h e p l a n t s . T h e p l a n t s w e r e h a r v e s t e d o n

D e c e m b e r 8 . T h e d a t a a r e f o r 1 0 p l a n t s , b u t t h e r e w e r e 1 4 p l u s - b o r o n a n d

1 3 m i n u s - b o r o n p l a n t s . I t i s r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e p l a n t s w e r e r a t h e r f e w i n

1 R e s u l t s q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e c o r d e d i n t h i s p a p e r w e r e o b t a i n e d b y M R . J . C .

F R A Z I E R i n t h e su m m er o f 1 9 3 5 i n c l a s s w o r k u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f D R . C H A R L E S A .

S H U L L . H e u s e d t h e w a t e r c u l t u r e m e t h o d , a n d s h o w e d t h e e f f e c t s o f b o t h d e f i c i e n c y a n d

e x c e s s o f b o r o n on t h e g r o w t h o f t h e s u n f l o w e r .

9 6

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EATON: B O RON DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS

. 1 k

. . . . .

F I G . 1 . Young l e a v e s o f s o y b e a n p l a n t s , D e c e m b e r 7 , 1 9 3 6 , 6 5 d a y s f r o m p l a n t i n go f s e e d : r i g h t , p l a n t s r e c e i v i n g n o b o r o n ; l e f t , p l a n t s r e c e i v i n g b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o no f 0 . 5 p . p . m .

F

F I G . 2 . S o y b e a n p l a n t s , D e c e m b e r 5 , 1 9 3 6 , 6 3 d a y s f r o m p l a n t i n g o f s e e d s h o w i n gr e l a t i v e h e i g h t : r i g h t , r e c e i v i n g n o b o r o n ; l e f t , r e c e i v i n g b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 5p . p . m .

9 7

,r

Ab-. A d b l k -..b

MP14.-,.

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

TABLE I

EFFECT O F BORON DEFICIENCY ON GROWTH O F SOY BEAN

GREEN WEIGHT PER 1 0 PLANTS

BORONLEAVES STEMS ToPs ROOTS ENTIRE PLANT

p . p . m . g m . g m . g m . g m . g m .

0 . 0 5 4 . 6 9 4 1 . 9 2 9 6 . 6 1 8 . 8 4 1 0 5 . 4 50 . 5 1 2 8 . 7 8 7 3 . 2 1 2 0 1 . 9 9 1 9 . 4 2 2 2 1 . 4 1

n u m b e r , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s o g r e a t t h a t t h e r e s u l t s a r e c e r t a i n l y

s i g n i f i c a n t .

I t w o u l d s e e m t h a t t h e s o y b e a n n e e d s a r a t h e r s m a l l a m o u n t o f b o r o nf o r n o r m a l g r o w t h . B o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 5 p . p . m . a p p l i e d t wi ce

a w e e k i s c e r t a i n l y s u f f i c i e n t . I n f a c t , i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 3 4 ( 7 ) , n o r m a l

p l a n t s w e r e s e c u r e d b y a p p l y i n g t w i c e a w e e k b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

0 . 2 5 p . p . m .

S U N F L O W E R . - C o n s i d e r a b l e p r e l i m i n a r y w o r k h a s b e e n d o n e i n a s t u d y

o f t h e e f f e c t s o f s u l p h u r d e f i c i e n c y o n t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f t h e s u n f l o w e r ,

v a r i e t y Mam moth R u s s i a n . O n e p h a s e o f t h i s w o r k was t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n

b y t h e t r i a n g u l a r m e t h o d ( 1 0 ) o f t h e b e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s a l t s o f t h e

n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n . T h e p l a n t s w e r e g r o w n i n s a n d c u l t u r e i n t h e s p r i n g

o f 1 9 3 5 b y t h e s a m e m e t h o d s a s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e s o y b e a n . T h e r e

w e r e 2 1 c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e s a l t s , a n d e a c h c o m b i n a t i o n was r u n i n t r i p l i c a t e .

B e c a u s e b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y h a d d e v e l o p e d i n t h e l o n g g r o w i n g o f s o y b e a n s , a s

p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d , i t w a s p l a n n e d t o a d d b o r o n d u r i n g t h e l a t e r s t a g e s

o f g r o w t h . I n l e s s t h a n 4 w e e k s , h o w e v e r , t h e u p p e r l e a v e s o f m a n y o f t h e

p l a n t s h a d a s s u m e d a n u n h e a l t h y a p p e a r a n c e . T h e y w e r e c r i n k l e d a n d

m o t t l e d , a n d r e s e m b l e d a g o o d d e a l m o s a i c i n f e c t e d l e a v e s . I n f a c t , a t f i r s t

t h e t r o u b l e w a s d i a g n o s e d a s m o s a i c , a n d u n s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s w e r e made

t o i n f e c t w i t h e x t r a c t s o f t h e s e l e a v e s h e a l t h y l e a v e s o f p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n

s o i l . L a t e r i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e s y m p t o m s w e r e t h o s e o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y

b u t t h i s was n o t t h o u g h t o f a t t h e t i m e b e c a u s e t h e t r o u b l e h a d d e v e l o p e d

s o s o o n a n d b e c a u s e t h e s y m p t o m s d i f f e r e d s o m e w h a t f r o m t h o s e o f b o r o n

d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e s o y b e a n .

S i n c e i t was e v i d e n t b e f o r e t h e e x p e r i m e n t was c o m p l e t e d t h a t t h e t r o u b l e

a b o v e d e s c r i b e d was c a u s e d b y b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y , i t was d e c i d e d t o t r y an

e x p e r i m e n t w i t h t h e o b j e c t o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e b e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b o r o n

f o r o p t i m a l g r o w t h o f t h e s u n f l o w e r . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e e x t e n d e d i n t o

t h e t o x i c r e a l m i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t o x i c e f f e c t s o f t h i s

e l e m e n t o n t h e s u n f l o w e r . F i g u r e 3 a n d t a b l e I I g i v e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

u s e d . T h e e x p e r i m e n t was t r i e d i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 3 5 a n d was r e p e a t e d

i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 3 6 . T h e same m e t h o d s were u s e d a s i n t h e s u n f l o w e r

9 8

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EATON: BORON DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS 99

210

1 80

150

X 0 1 2 C _ /

30

0 . 1 0.25 0-5 1-0 5. 0 10.0 1 5 -0

BORON .P.PeX.

F I G . 3 . G r e e n w e i g h t p e r 1 0 p l a n t s o f s u n f l o w e r p l a n t s , s u p p l i e d w i t h v a r i o u s amounts

o f b o r o n , November 2 5 , 1 9 3 5 , 5 3 d a y s from p l a n t i n g o f s e e d .

e x p e r i m e n t a b o v e d e s c r i b e d . The s e e d f o r t h e 1 9 3 5 e x p e r i m e n t was p l a n t e d

on O c t o b e r 3 and t h e p l a n t s were h a r v e s t e d on November 2 5 ; i n 1 9 3 6 t h e

s e e d was p l a n t e d on A p r i l 3 , and h a r v e s t i n g was d o n e on M a y 2 2 a n d 2 3 .

T a b l e I I g i v e s t h e w e i g h t s o f t h e p l a n t s o f t h e t w o e x p e r i m e n t s , and f i g u r e

TABLE I I

EFFECT OF VARIATION IN CONCENTRATION OF B O RON ON GROWTH OF SUNFLOWER

GREEN WEI G HT PER 1 0 PLANTS

AUTUMN, 1 9 3 5 S P R I N G , 1 9 3 6

BORON ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E N T I R E ENTIREToPs ROOTS PLANT ToPs ROOTS PLANT

p . p . n t . gm. gm. gm. gm. gm. g m .

0 . 0 3 8 . 5 1 . 2 5 3 9 . 7 5 4 3 9 . 8 3 7 0 . 0 5 0 9 . 8 30 . 1 1 4 4 . 0 6 . 4 1 5 0 . 4 7 4 0 . 6 6 1 4 2 . 5 8 8 8 3 . 2 40 . 2 5 1 8 8 . 3 5 9 . 5 8 1 9 7 . 9 3 7 0 0 . 5 8 1 5 2 . 9 1 8 5 3 . 4 90 . 5 1 6 5 . 2 4 . 5 1 6 9 . 7 7 5 9 . 4 9 1 9 0 . 8 3 9 5 0 . 3 21 . 0 1 9 6 . 0 7 . 5 4 2 0 3 . 5 4 8 7 8 . 6 3 2 0 7 . 2 7 1 0 8 5 . 95 . 0 1 3 5 . 0 8 5 . 1 6 1 4 0 . 2 4 5 1 2 . 5 7 1 0 5 . 2 1 6 1 7 . 7 8

1 0 . 0 1 2 3 . 0 9 4 . 5 4 1 2 7 . 6 3 5 0 9 . 4 1 1 0 0 . 5 0 6 0 9 . 9 11 5 . 0 9 0 . 5 8 3 . 9 0 9 4 . 4 8 5 3 1 . 9 9 8 6 . 5 4 6 1 8 . 5 3

3 r e p r e se n t s g r a p h i c a l l y t h e w e i g h t s o f t h e p l a n t s o f t h e 1 9 3 5 e x p e r i m e n t .

T h e w e i g h t s a r e f o r 1 0 p l a n t s , b u t t h e a c t u a l number o f p l a n t s r a n g e d f r o m

8 ( o n l y o n e s e r i e s l e s s t h a n 1 0 ) t o 1 2 i n t h e 1 9 3 5 e x p e r i m e n t a n d f r o m 1 1

t o 1 8 i n 1 9 3 6 . T h o u g h t h e p l a n t s a r e f e w , t h e w e i g h t s d i f f e r s o d e c i d e d l y

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

t h a t t h e y a r e n o d o u b t s i g n i f i c a n t . F i g u r e 4 c o m p a r e s t h e h e i g h t o f t h e

p l a n t s o f t h e 1 9 3 6 e x p e r i m e n t u p t o a n d i l n c l u d i n g t h e s e r i e s 5 . 0 p . p . m .

0ttm O ~ 0 2 5 O 1 / C.t

F I G . 4 . R e l a t i v e h e i g h t o f s u n f l o w e r p l a n t s s u p p l i e d w i t h v a r i o u s a m o u n t s o f b o r o n ,

Ma y 2 0 , 1 9 3 6 , 4 7 d a y s f r o m p l a n t i n g o f s e e d . ( P h o t o g r a p h b y D r . J . W. M I T C H E L L . )

A s s h o w n b y f i g u r e s 3 a n d 4 a n d t a b l e I I , b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

0 . 1 p . p . m . , c a u s e d a v e r y g r e a t i n c r e a s e i n t h e h e i g h t a n d w e i g h t o f t h e

p l a n t s . B u t t h e g r e a t e s t g r o w t h w a s i n t h ec a s e o f

t h e p l a n t ss u p p l i e d w i t hb o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 0 p . p . m . T h i s w a s t r u e i n e a c h e x p e r i m e n t ,

t h o u g h i n 1 9 3 5 t h e r o o t s o f t h e 0 . 2 5 p . p . m . w e i g h e d t h e m o s t . Y e t a s i sm e n t i o n e d l a t e r , 1 . 0 0 p . p . m . w a s d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c . T h e o p t i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n

s h o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , b e r e g a r d e d a s l y i n g b e t w e e n 0 . 5 p . p . m . a n d 1 . 0 p . p . m .T h e d e c r e a s e i n t h e w e i g h t o f t h e p l a n t s i n t h e 0 . 5 p . p . m . s e r i e s o f t h e 1 9 3 5

e x p e r i m e n t s h o u l d n o t b e r e g a r d e d a s s i g n i f i c a n t b u t a t t r i b u t e d t o i n d i v i d u a lv a r i a t i o n o f p l a n t s . T h e n u m b e r o f p l a n t s was r a t h e r f e w .

T h e g r o w i n g p e r i o d o f t h e 1 9 3 5 e x p e r i m e n t w a s a f e w d a y s l o n g e r t h a nt h e 1 9 3 6 e x p e r i m e n t ; y e t , a s s h o w n b y t a b l e I I , t h e 1 9 3 6 p l a n t s made much

b e t t e r g r o w t h t h a n t h e 1 9 3 5 p l a n t s . T h i s i s t o b e e x p e c t e d s i n c e t h e l i g h twas b e t t e r a n d t h e d a y s l o n g e r i n t h e s p r i n g t h a n i n t h e a u t u m n . B u tb e c a u s e o f t h i s g r e a t e r g r o w t h , i t w o u l d a l s o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t b o r o n d e f i -c i e n c y w o u l d d e v e l o p s o o n e r , w o u l d b e more p r o n o u n c e d , a n d w o u l d h a v e ag r e a t e r e f f e c t o n t h e w e i g h t o f t h e p l a n t s i n t h e s p r i n g t h a n i n t h e a u t u m n .T h e r e v e r s e was t r u e . As m e n t i o n e d l a t e r , b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y d i d n o t d e v e l o pa s s o o n i n t h e s p r i n g a s i n t h e a u t u m n , a n d t a b l e I I s h o w s t h a t l e a v i n g b o r o no u t o f t h e n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n d i d n o t h a v e a s g r e a t an e f f e c t o n t h e w e i g h to f t h e p l a n t s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e p l u s - b o r o n s e r i e s i n t h e s p r i n g a s i n t h ea u t u m n . F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h a t t h e m i n u s - b o r o n p l a n t s g r e w t o a c o n s i d e r -a b l e

h e i g h t .T h i s n o d o u b t

i n d i c a t e ssome

b o r o n c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n t h e

1 0 0

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EATON: BORON DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS

s p r i n i g e x p e r i m e n t a t l e a s t i n t h e m i n u s - b o r o n s e r i e s . As s t a t e d b e l o w ,

f u r t h e r w o r k s e e m e d t o p r o v e t h a t t h i s w a s t r u e .

D e f i n i t e s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n i c y d e v e l o p e d i n s e v e r a l p l a n t s o f t h e

1 9 3 5 e x p e r i m e n t i n t w o w e e k s , w h i l e i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 3 6 n o d e f i n i t e s y m p -

t o m s w e r e n o t i c e d u n t i l 2 5 d a y s a f t e r p l a n t i n g , a n d t h e n o n l y o n e o r t w o

p l a n t s s h o w e d t h e e f f e c t s . T o t e s t o u t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h i s l a t e r d e v e l -

o p m e n t o f t h e s y m p t o m s i n t h e s p r i n g t h a n i n t h e autumn i n d i c a t e d s o m e

b o r o n c o n t a m i n a t i o n a t l e a s t i n t h e m i n u s - b o r o n s e r i e s , a f e w m o r e p o t s o f

c a r e f u l l y w a s h e d s a n d w e r e p l a n t e d w i t h s u n f l o w e r s e e d o n May 1 , 1 9 3 6 .

B y Ma y 2 0 , d e f i n i t e s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y h a d d e v e l o p e d i n t h e

m i n i u s - b o r o n p l a n t s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s y m p t o m s w e r e p r e s e n t a f e w

d a y s b e f o r e t h i s d a t e .

T h e m a i n s y m p t o m i s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e s u n f l o w e r a r e a s f o l l o w s .

T h e y o u n g l e a v e s a r e l i g h t e r i n c o l o r . O f t e n t h e y a p p e a r s i l v e r y w h i t e ,e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e l o w e r h a l f , a n d t h e y m a y a l s o h a v e a b r o n z e t i n g e . T h e

l i g h t e r c o l o r f r e q u e n t l y t a k e s t h e f o r m o f a m o t t l i n g o f t h e l e a v e s , t h o u g h

t h i s i s p r o b a b l y m o r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f o l d e r s t a g e s o f t h e d e f i c i e n c y . T h e

y o u n g l e a v e s o f t e n b e n d d o w n w a r d s a g a i n s t t h e s t e m . T h e c r i n i k l e d c h a r a c -

t e r o f t h e l e a v e s a n d t h e c u r l i n g u n d e r o f t h e t i p s a n d e d g e s a r e p r o m i n e n t

c h a r a c t e r s . S o m e t i m e s t h e u p p e r l e a v e s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y d i s s e c t e d o r l o b e d .

F i g u r e s 5 a n d 6 s h o w some o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e p l u s - b o r o n l e a v e s

a r e n o t q u i t e n o r m a l b e c a u s e o fa

s l i g h t w i l t i n g .

0 . 0 R p m I . 0 . 5 , P T / 1 .

F I G . 5 . Young l e a v e s o f p l u s - a n d m i n u s - b o r o n s u n f l o w e r p l a n t s , M a y 2 5 , 1 9 3 6 , 2 4

d a y s from p l a n t i n g o f s e e d .

Though we d i d n o t d e t e r m i n e t h e optimum c o n c e n t r a t i o n f or t h e g r o w t h

o f t h e s o y b e a n , i t i s c l e a r f r o m t h i s w o r k t h a t t h e s u n f l o w e r r e q u i r e s m o r e

b o r o n t h a n d o e s t h e s o y b e a n . I n g r o w i n g s u n f l o w e r s i t i s b e s t t o h a v e

b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a b o u t 0 . 5 p . p . m . c o n s t a n t l y i n t h e n u t r i e n t s o l u -

1 0 1

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P L A N T P H Y S I O L O G Y

t i o n , w h i l e s o y b e a n s d o w e l l w i t h a n a p p l i c a t i o n t w i c e a w e e k a t a c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n o f 0 . 2 5 t o 0 . 5 p . p . m .

0 . 5 P f f N .

F I G . 6 . Young l e a v e s o f p l u s - a n d m i n u s - b o r o n s u n f l o w e r p l a n i t s , Ma y 2 1 , 1 9 3 6 , 4 8

d a y s f r o m p l a n t i n g o f s e e d .

BORON TOXICITY

S O Y BEAN.-No w o r k w a s d o n e o n t h e s o y b e a n t o d e t e r m i n e a t w h a t c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n b o r o n h a s a t o x i c e f f e c t . I t m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t a

p l a n t w h i c h n e e d s l i t t l e b o r o n f o r o p t i m a l g r o w t h a s c o m p a r e d w i t h s o m e

p l a n t s , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e s u n f l o w e r , w o u l d b e v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o a n e x c e s s o ft h i s e l e m e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o s o m e o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h i s i s t r u e . C O L L I N G S

( 4 ) f o u n d t h a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 1 t o 0 . 2 p . p . m . i n t h e n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o np r o d u c e d d e f i n i t e s y m p t o m s o f t o x i c i t y o n t h e l e a v e s o f t h e s o y b e a n . I t i s

i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h o u g h t h i s v e r y l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s

d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c t h e r e w a s i n c r e a s e d g r o w t h , t h o u g h n o t a r e g u l a r i n c r e a s e ,

up t o a c o l n c e n t r a t i o n o f 2 . 5 p . p . m .

S U N F L O W E R . - T h e minimum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b o r o n a t w h i c h t o x i c i t y

d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t w a s 1 . 0 p . p . m . T h e s y m p t o m s w e r e d e f i n i t e

a t t h i s c o n c e l n t r a t i o n , t h o u g h n o t s o v e r y p r o n o u n c e d . As m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r

t h i s i s a l s o t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n g i v i n g t h e g r e a t e s t g r o w t h . As t h e c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n w a s i n c r e a s e d a b o v e 1 . 0 p . p . m . , t o x i c i t y , a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e a p p e a r -

a n c e o f t h e l e a v e s , i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e w e i g h t s d e c r e a s e d . As s h o w n b y t a b l e

I I , t h i s d e c r e a s e w a s q u i t e r e g u l a r i n t h e 1 9 3 5 e x p e r i m e n t , b u t t h e p l a n t s

o f t h e 1 5 . 0 p . p . m . s e r i e s o f t h e 1 9 3 6 e x p e r i m e n t w e i g h e d m o r e t h a n t h o s e

o f t h e 1 0 . 0 p . p . m . T h i s i s n o d o u b t t o b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t

v a r i a t i o n . T h e number o f p l a n t s w a s r a t h e r s m a l l .

B o r o n t o x i c i t y i n t h e s u n f l o w e r i s i n d i c a t e d f i r s t b y a m o t t l i n g o f t h e t i p s

a n d e d g e s o f t h e l o w e s t l e a v e s . L a t e r t h e s e m o t t l e d a r e a s d i e . I n s e v e r e

c a s e s o f i n j u r y p r a c t i c a l l y t h e e n t i r e l e a f m ay b e a f f e c t e d . F i g u r e 7 g i v e s

s o m e i d e a o f t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e l e a v e s . T h e u n i n j u r e d l e a v e s d o n o t

1 0 2

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P L A N T P H Y S I O L O G Y

s y m p t o m s s h o w e d up much l a t e r i n t h e s o y b e a n t h a n i n t h e s u n f l o w e r , a n d

s i n c e n o r m a l s o y b e a n p l a n t s w e r e g r o w n b y a n a p p l i c a t i o n t w i c e a w e e k o f

b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 2 5 t o 0 . 5 p . p . m . , w h i l e f o r b e s t g r o w t h o f t h e

s u n f l o w e r b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a b o u t 0 . 5 p . p . m . w a s k e p t c o n s t a n t l y

i n t h e n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n , i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t t h e o p t i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r

t h e g r o w t h o f t h e s o y b e a n i s l e s s t h a n t h a t f o r t h e s u n f l o w e r .

T h e s e r e s u l t s c o m p a r e f a i r l y w e l l w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s .

S O M M E R a n d L I P M A N ( 1 7 ) u s e d 0 . 5 p . p . m . o f b o r o n f o r t h e i r c o n t r o l s i n t h e i r

s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y o n t h e g r o w t h o f t h e s u n f l o w e r a n d

o t h e r p l a n t s , t h o u g h t h e y d i d n o t d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h i s w a s t h e o p t i m a l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n . McHAROuE a n d C A L F E E ( 1 1 ) f o u n d 0 . 7 p . p . m . o p t i m a l f o r

t h e g r o w t h o f l e t t u c e , a n d S W A N B A C K ( 1 8 ) 0 . 4 p . p . m . f o r t o b a c c o . On t h e

o t h e r h a n d , C O L L I N G S ( 4 ) f o u n d t h a t 0 . 1 t o 0 . 2 p . p . m . w a s t o x i c t o t h e s o y

b e a n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s s t i m u l a t i o n o f g r o w t h up t o a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

2 . 5 p . p . m . T h i s w o u l d s e e m t o s u p p o r t o u r c o n c l u s i o n g i v e n a b o v e t h a t t h e

s o y b e a n r e q u i r e s l e s s b o r o n t h a n t h e s u n f l o w e r . BRENCHLEY a n d WAR-

I N G T O N ( 3 ) s h o w e d t h a t b o r o n i s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e n o r m a l g r o w t h o f t h e s o y

b e a n , s c a r l e t r u n n e r b e a n , c r i m s o n , r e d , y e l l o w , a n d w i l d w h i t e c l o v e r , a n d

t h e b r o a d b e a n . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e y f o u n d t h a t t h e p e a , b a r l e y , a n d

c a n d y t u f t c o u l d c o m p l e t e t h e i r e n t i r e l i f e c y c l e , i n c l u d i n g f l o w e r a n d f r u i t

d e v e l o p m e n t , w i t h o u t a n y b o r o n i n t h e n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n , a s s h o w n b y s p e c -

t r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n . I t i s a d m i t t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e t w o g r o u p s m a y

d i f f e r m e r e l y i n t h e a m o u n t o f b o r o n r e q u i r e d , t h a t i f s t i l l l o w e r a m o u n t s

o f b o r o n c o u l d b e a c h i e v e d t h e s e c o n d g r o u p m i g h t m e r g e i n t o t h e f i r s t . T h e

s e e d o f t h e p l a n t s o f t h e l a t t e r g r o u p nay c o n t a i n e n o u g h b o r o n f o r t h e i r

c o m p l e t e d e v e l o p m e n t . T h u s t h e s e r e s u l t s d o n o t e x c l u d e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y

t h a t b o r o n m ay b e n e e d e d b y a l l h i g h e r p l a n t s .T h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e p l a n t i s g r o w n a f f e c t s i t s s e n s i t i v e n e s s

t o l a c k o f b o r o n . T h e Manchu s o y b e a n d i d n o t d e v e l o p s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n

d e f i c i e n c y a s s o o n when g r o w n i n t h e autumn a s when g r o w n i n t h e s p r i n g .

S i m i l a r l y , W A R I N G T O N ( 2 0 ) f o u n d i n t h e c a s e o f v a r i o u s p l a n t s t h a t t h e

d e f i c i e n c y s y m p t o m s w e r e l e s s p r o n o u n c e d a n d t h e i r p r o g r e s s r e t a r d e d u n d e r

a s h o r t d a y a s c o m p a r e d w i t h a l o n g d a y . MCMURTREY ( 1 2 ) f o u n d t h a t

a e r a t e d c u l t u r e s o f t o b a c c o g r e w more v i g o r o u s l y a n d d e v e l o p e d more p r o -

n o u n c e d s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y t h a n u n a e r a t e d .

B O R O N T O X I C I T Y

W h i l e b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y s y m p t o m s d e v e l o p f i r s t on t h e y o u n g e s t l e a v e s

o f t h e p l a n t , b o r o n t o x i c i t y s h o w s up f i r s t on t h e m a t u r e l e a v e s a t t h e b a s e

o f t h e p l a n t . T h e m a i n s y m p t o m s a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e s u n f l o w e r a r e a m o t -

t l i n g o f t h e t i p s a n d e d g e s o f t h e l o w e r l e a v e s , l a t e r f o l l o w e d b y t h e d e a t h

o f t h i st i s s u e . I n s e v e r e c a s e s

p r a c t i c a l l yt h e e n t i r e l e a f i s a f f e c t e d . T h e s e

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EATON: B O R ON DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS

s y m p t o m s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d b y o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( 5 , 1 1 ,1 6 , 1 9 ) .

P l a n t s o f c o u r s e v a r y d e c i d e d l y a s t o t h e i r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o b o r o n e x c e s s .I n t h e c a s e o f t h e s u n f l o w e r , t o x i c i t y w a s f i r s t o b s e r v e d a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f 1 . 0 p . p . m . , t h o u g h i f a c l o s e r s e r i e s h a d b e e n r u n , t h i s c r i t i c a l t o x i c c o n i -c e n t r a t i o n i m i g h t h a v e b e e n l o w e r e d s o m e w h a t . T h e r e w a s , h o w e v e r , n oe v i d e n c e o f t o x i c i t y a t 0 . 5 p . p . m . McHARGUE a n d C A L F E E ( 1 1 ) f o u n d t h a t

0 . 9 p . p . m l l . o f b o r o n w a s t h e l o w e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o x i c t o l e t t u c e . On t h e

o t h e r h a n i d , t h e s o y b e a n a p p e a r s t o b e i n j u r e d b y a mu ch l o w e r c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n o f b o r o n t h a n e i t h e r t h e s u n f l o w e r o r l e t t u c e . W e d i d n o t d e t e r m i n e

t h e c r i t i c a l t o x i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r t h e s o y b e a n , b u t s i n c e o u r w o r k i n d i c a t e st h a t t h e s o y b e a n r e q u i r e s l e s s b o r o n f o r o p t i m a l g r o w t h t h a n d o e s t h e s u n -

f l o w e r , i t w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t h a t t o x i c i t y w o u l d s h o w up a t a l o w e r c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n . T h e w o r k o f C O L L I N G S ( 4 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s i s t r u e . He f o u n dt h a t 0 . 1 t o 0 . 2 w a s d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c t o t h e s o y b e a n . S i m i l a r l y , W A R I N G T O N ' s( 1 9 ) r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t b o r o n w a s m u c h m o r e t o x i c t o s o m e p l a n t s t h a nt o o t h e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , b o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a b o u t 0 . 0 6 p . p . m . w a st o x i c t o b a r l e y , w h i l e i n t h e c a s e o f t h e b r o a d b e a n i t t o o k a c o n c e n t r a t i o no f a b o u t 1 . 6 p . p . m . o r h i g h e r f o r t o x i c e f f e c t s t o s h o w u p . EATON ( 5 ) c l a s s i -f i e s a number o f c r o p s i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s a s r e g a r d s t h e i r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o

b o r o n e x c e s s : s e n s i t i v e , s e m i t o l e r a n t , a n d t o l e r a n t .T h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e p l a n t i s g r o w n a f f e c t t h e t o x i c i t y o f

b o r o n . F o r e x a m p l e , B R E N C H L E Y ' S ( 1 ) r e s u l t s s h o w e d t h a t p l a n t s c a n s t a n da h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t o x i n s i n t h e summer t h a n i n t h e e a r l y s p r i n g a n dt h e l a t e a u t u m n , a n d W A R I N G T O N ( 1 9 ) f o u n d t h a t b o r o n w a s n o t a s t o x i ct o t h e b r o a d b e a n when i t w a s g r o w n i n t h e s u m m e r a s when i t w a s g r o w ni n t h e e a r l y autumn o r s p r i n g , o w i n g p e r h a p s t o t h e m o r e v i g o r o u s g r o w t hi n t h e s u m m e r . I n t h e c a s e o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y , a s p o i n t e d o u t e a r l i e r , t h e

m o r e v i g o r o u s t h e g r o w t h , t h e m o r e p r o n o u n c e d a r e t h e d e f i c i e n c y s y m p t o m s ,o w i n g n o d o u b t t o t h e g r e a t e r n e e d o f b o r o n .

As p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , t h e g r e a t e s t g r o w t h m ay b e a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h a t

a r e c l e a r l y t o x i c a s s h o w n b y t h ee f f e c t s

o n t h el e a v e s .

Ac o n c e n t r a t i o n o fb o r o n o f 1 . 0 p . p . m . w a s d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c t o t h e s u n f l o w e r ; t h e p l a n t s o f t h i s

s e r i e s , h o w e v e r , w e r e d e c i d e d l y l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e g r o w n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o no f 0 . 5 p . p . m . w h i c h w a s n o t t o x i c . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e s o y b e a n , C O L L I N G S( 4 ) f o u n d t h a t t h o u g h 0 . 1 t o 0 . 2 p . p . m . w a s d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c t h e r e w a s i n -c r e a s e d g r o w t h t h o u g h n o t a r e g u l a r i n c r e a s e up t o 2 . 5 p . p . m .

T h e r a n g e b e t w e e n t o x i c i t y a n d d e f i c i e n c y o f b o r o n i s q u i t e n a r r o w . Ata c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 5 p . p . m . t h e r e w a s g o o d g r o w t h o f t h e s u n f l o w e r , b u t1 . 0 p . p . m . p r o v e d d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c ; a s m e n t i o n e d a bo v e , t he l a t t e r c o n c e n t r a -t i o n a f f o r d e d b e t t e r g r o w t h . McHARGUE a n d C A L F E E ( 1 1 ) f o u n d t h a t 0 . 7p . p . m . w a s o p t i m a l f o r t h e g r o w t h o f l e t t u c e a n d t h a t

0 . 9p . p . m . w a s

s l i g h t l yt o x i c a n d 1 . 2 p . p . m . d e c i d e d l y s o .

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P L A N T P H Y S I O L O G Y

Summary

1 . T h e m a i n s y m p t o m s o f b o r o n d ef i ci en cy i n t h e s u n f l o w e r a n d t h e s o y

b e a n a r e : a d y i n g o f t h e s t e m t i p , a c h l o r o s i s o f t h e y o u n g l e a v e s , a n d c e r t a i nm a l f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e s e l e a v e s . T h e m a i n symptom o f b o r o n t o x i c i t y i n t h e

s u n f l o w e r i s a m o t t l i n g o f t h e o l d e r l e a v e s , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e t i p s a n d e d g e s ,f o l l o w e d l a t e r b y t h e d e a t h o f t h i s t i s s u e .

2 . B o r o n d e f i c i e n c y a f f e c t s t h e y o u n g e s t l e a v e s o f t h e p l a n t f i r s t ; b o r o n

t o x i c i t y , t h e o l d e s t . T h i s i s w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e s u n f l ow er .

3 . P l a n t s d i f f e r d e c i d e d l y a s t o t h e i r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y

a n d e x c e s s . T h e s u n f l o w e r r e q u i r e s a r a t h e r l a r g e a m o u n t o f b o r o n f o r

o p t i m a l g r o w t h a n d i s n o t i n j u r e d u n t i l t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e c o m e s q u i t e

h i g h ; o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s o y b e a n r e q u i r e s a r a t h e r s m a l l a m o u n t o fb o r o n , b u t , a c c o r d i n g t o C O L L I N G S ( 4 ) i s i n j u r e d b y v e r y l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f t h i s e l e m e n t .4 . T h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e p l a n t i s g r o w n a f f e c t s i t s s u s c e p t i b i l -

i t y t o b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y a n d e x c e s s . T h e m o r e v i g o r o u s t h e g r o w t h t h e m o r e

p r o n o u n c e d a r e t h e b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y s y m p t o m s , b u t t h e l e s s p r o n o u n c e d a r e

t h e b o r o n t o x i c i t y s y m p t o m s . T h e s o y b e a n d i d n o t d e v e l o p b o r o n d e f i c i e n c ys o s o o n w h e n grown i n autumn a s w h e n g r o w n i n t h e s u m m e r ; o n t h e o t h e r

h a n d , t h e w o r k o f o t h e r s h a s s h o w n g r e a t e r t o x i c i t y o f b o r o n when t h e p l a n t

i s g r o w n i n t h e autumn o r s p r i n g t h a n when g r o w n i n t h e s u m m e r .

5 . T h e r e m a y b e b e t t e r g r o w t h a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o r o n t h a t a r e d e f i -n i t e l y t o x i c . B o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 0 p . p . m . w a s t o x i c t o t h e s u n -

f l o w e r , b u t t h e p l a n t s o f t h i s s e r i e s w e r e l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e s u p p l i e d w i t h l e s s

b o r o n .

6 . T h e r a n g e b e t w e e n b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y a n d t o x i c i t y i s q u i t e n a r r o w .

B o r o n a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 5 p . p . m . a f f o r d e d g o o d g r o w t h o f t h e s u n f l o w e r ,b u t 1 . 0 p . p . m . was d e f i n i t e l y t o x i c .

THE U N I V E R S I T Y OF C H I C A G O

LITERATURE CITED

1 . B R E N C H L E Y , W I N I F R E D E . On t h e a c t i o n o f c e r t a i n c o m p o u n d s o f z i n c ,a r s e n i c , a n d b o r o n o n t h e g r o w t h o f p l a n t s . A n n . B o t . 2 8 : 2 8 3 -

3 0 1 . 1 9 1 4 .2 . . I n o r g a n i c p l a n t p o i s o n s a n d s t i m u l a n t s . 2 n d e d i t i o n ,

C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 1 9 2 7 .3 . , a n d W A R I N G T O N , K A T H E R I N E . T h e r o l e o f b o r o n i n t h e

g r o w t h o f p l a n t s . A n n . B o t . 4 1 : 1 6 7 - 1 8 7 . 1 9 2 7 .4 . C O L L I N G S , G I L B E R T H . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f b o r o n o n t h e g r o w t h o f t h e s o y -

b e a n p l a n t . S o i l S c i . 2 3 : 8 3 - 1 0 5 . 1 9 2 7 .

5 . E A T O N , FRANK M . B o r o n i n s o i l s a n d i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r s a n d i t s e f f e c t

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E A T O N : B O R O N ; D E F I C I E N C Y AND E X C E S S

o n p l a n t s , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o t h e S a n J o a q u i n V a l l e y o f

C a l i f o r n i a . U . S . D e p t . A g r . T e c h . B u l l . 4 4 8 . 1 9 3 5 .

6 . E A T O N , S C O T T V . E f f e c t s o f v a r i a t i o n i n d a y - l e n g t h a n d c l i p p i n g o fp l a n t s on n o d u l e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d g r o w t h o f s o y b e a n . B o t . G a z .

9 1 : 1 1 3 - 1 4 3 . 1 9 3 1 .7 . . I n f l u e n c e o f s u l p h u r d e f i c i e n c y o n t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f

t h e s o y b e a n . B o t . G a z . 9 7 : 6 7 - 1 0 0 . 1 9 3 a .8 . H A A S , A . R . C . , a n d K L O T Z , L . J . S o m e a n a t o m i c a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l

c h a n g e s i n c i t r u s p r o d u c e d b y b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y . H i l g a r d i a 5 : 1 7 5 -

1 9 7 . 1 9 3 1 .

9 . K O T I L A . J . E . , a n d C o o N s , G . H . B o r o n d e f i c i e n c y d i s e a s e o f b e e t s .

F a c t s A b o u t S u g a r 3 0 : 3 7 3 - 3 7 6 . 1 9 3 5 .1 0 . L I V I N G S T O N , BURTON E . ( E d i t o r ) . A p l a n f o r c o o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h o n

t h e s a l t r e q u i r e m e n t s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l p l a n t s . 2 n d

e d i t i o n . B a l t i m o r e . 1 9 1 9 .1 1 . M c H A R G U E , J . S . , a n d C A L F E E , R . K . F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t b o r o n i s

e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e g r o w t h o f l e t t u c e . P l a n t P h y s i o l . 8 : 3 0 5 - 3 1 3 .

1 9 3 3 .

1 2 . M C M U R T R E Y , J . E . T h e e f f e c t o f b o r o n d e f i c i e n c y o n t h e g r o w t h o f

t o b a c c o p l a n t s i n a e r a t e d a n d u n a e r a t e d c u l t u r e s . J o u r . A g r . R e s .

3 8 : 3 7 1 - 3 8 0 . 1 9 2 9 .

1 3 . . B o r o n d e f i c i e n c y i n t o b a c c o u n d e r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s .J o u r . A m e r . S o c . A g r o n . 2 7 : 2 7 1 - 2 7 3 . 1 9 3 5 .

1 4 . . D i s t i n c t i v e p l a n t s y m p t o m s c a u s e d b y d e f i c i e n c y o f a n y

o n e o f t h e c h e m i c a l e l e m e n t s e s s e n t i a l f o r n o r m a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

B o t . R e v . 4 : 1 8 3 - 2 0 3 . 1 9 3 8 .1 5 . S C H R E I N E R , O S W A L D , BROWN, B . E . , S K I N N E R , J . J . , a n d S H A P O V A L O V , M .

C r o p i n j u r y b y b o r a x i n f e r t i l i z e r s . U . S . D e p t . A g r . D e p t . C i r c .8 4 . 1 9 2 0 .

1 6 . S C O F I E L D , C A R L S . , a n d W I L C O X , L . V . B o r o n i n i r r i g a t i o n i w a t e r s . U .

S . D e p t . A g r . T e c h . B u l l . 2 6 4 . 1 9 3 1 .1 7 . S O M M E R , A . L . , a n d L I P M A N , C . B . E v i d e n c e o n t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e

n a t u r e o f z i n c a n d b o r o n f o r h i g h e r g r e e n p l a n t s . P l a n t P h y s i o l .

1 : 2 3 1 - 2 4 9 . 1 9 2 6 .

1 8 . S W A N B A C K , T . R O B E R T . T h e e f f e c t o f b o r i c a c i d o n t h e g r o w t h o f t o -

b a c c o p l a n t s i n n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n s . P l a n t P h y s i o l . 2 : 4 75 - 4 8 6 .

1 9 2 7 .1 9 . W A R I N G T O N , K A T H E R I N E . T h e e f f e c t o f b o r i c a c i d a n d b o r a x o n t h e

b r o a d b e a n a n d c e r t a i n o t h e r p l a n t s . A n n . B o t . 3 7 : 6 2 9 - 6 7 2 .

1 9 2 3 .2 0 . . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f l e n g t h o f d a y o n t h e r e s p o n s e o f p l a n t s

t o b o r o n . A n n . B o t . 4 7 : 4 2 9 - 4 5 7 . 1 9 3 3 .

1 0 7