effects and interactions of logging and fire in siberiapcomeau/ibfra2013/wednesday/salon 5... ·...

Effects and Interactions of

Logging and Fire in Siberia

Natural Resources Canada

Canadian Forest Service

Elena A. Kukavskaya,

Galina A. Ivanova, Ludmila V. Buryak,

Olga P. Kalenskaya, Anna V. Bogorodskaya, Sergey V. Zhila,

Douglas J. McRae, Susan G. Conard

Fires in Boreal Forest of Russia

Annual area burned 2-20 Mha

2

IBFRA, October 7-10, 2013

Smoke from wildfires, August 2013

Fire severity in Russian boreal forests

Low High

Moderate-severity fire

High-severity crown fire Low-severity fire

Fire impact varies depending on fire severity and ecosystem type

High-severity fire


3

Area burned in Siberia

The map depicts fire datasets from the V.N. Sukachev Institute. 4


Increase of fire severity in places with high fuel load left after logging

Logging in Boreal Forest of Siberia

Area logged during winter 2011-2012 (Boguchany region)

Photo courtesy of I. Kosov

Photo courtesy of SRI

5


Photo courtesy of A. Privalihin

Fire spreading to an undisturbed forest from a logged area


The total area burned in the unlogged forests surrounding logged sites can be as much as 5-12 times the area burned in the logged areas where the

ignition occurred (Ponomarev 2008, Ivanov et al 2009). 6

FOREST Unburned/unlogged

FIRE

CLEARCUT LOGGING

PARTIAL LOGGING

FIRE REPEATEDLY BURNED/

LOGGED BURNED/ LOGGED

LEGAL

LOGGING

ILLEGAL

CLEARCUT LOGGING

PARTIAL LOGGING

PARTIALLY LOGGED/

UNBURNED

LOGGED/ UNBURNED

FIRE FIRE

BURNED/ PARTIALLY LOGGED

BURNED/ LOGGED

PARTIALLY LOGGED/

UNBURNED

PARTIAL LOGGING

FIRE

BURNED/ PARTIALLY LOGGED

BURNED/ UNLOGGED Live forest

BURNED/ UNLOGGED Dead forest

FIRE

CLEARCUT LOGGING

REPEATEDLY BURNED/

UNLOGGED

FIRE

BURNED/ PARTUALLY

LOGGED

FIRE

BURNED/ LOGGED

REPEATEDLY BURNED/ PARTUALLY LOGGED

REPEATEDLY BURNED/ LOGGED

Flow chart of

potential

fire/logging

interactions

in Siberia

7


Angara region / Southern taiga

Zabaikal region / Mountain taiga

Shushenskoe-Minusinsk/ Forest-steppe

Regions of investigation

8

23 sample areas (89 units)


Locations of disturbance “hot spot areas” in Siberia IBFRA, October 7-10, 2013

9 From Achard et al 2005 Identifications of “hot spot areas” of forest cover changes in boreal Eurasia

Area logged and burned in Krasnoyarsk krai

(Angara and Shushenskoe/Minusinsk regions)

EGU, April 7-12, 2013

10

Annual area burned: 0.1 – 3.0 mln ha

0 20 40 60 80 100

Clearcut logging

Partial logging

Area logged, %

Coniferous species

Deciduous species

0

20

40

60

80

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Are

a lo

gg

ed

, th

ou

sa

nd

ha

Clearcut logging

Partial logging

CLEARCUT LOGGING

FIRE

unlogged/unburned unlogged/burned

logged/unburned logged/burned

FIRE

South taiga (Angara region)

11


Forest-Steppe (Minusinsk/Shushenskoe)

Partial logging

FIRE

FIRE

PARTIAL LOGGING

unlogged/unburned unlogged/burned

logged/burned logged/unburned

12


Fires in Minusinsk region in 2007

May 3-4, 2007 :

High-severity surface fire and crown fire in Minusinsk region.

Area burned ~ 8.5 thousand ha.

13


Forest-Steppe (Minusinsk)

Clearcut logging

FIRE

FIRE

CLEARCUT LOGGING

unlogged/burned

unlogged/unburned

logged/repeatedly burned logged/burned

14


0 20 40 60 80 100

Clearcut logging

Partial logging

Area logged, %

Coniferous species Deciduous species

Area logged and burned in the Zabaikal region

Tree volume Illegally logged: 25-49 thousand m3 (by official data)

15

Annual area burned: 0.3-6.5 mln ha


0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2011 2012

Are

a lo

gged,

thousa

nd h

a

Clearcut logging

Partial logging

Mountain forests (Zabaikal region)

FIRE

FIRE

CLEARCUT LOGGING

unlogged/unburned

logged/burned logged/burned

unlogged/burned

16



at sites with total tree mortality

FIRE FIRE

FIRE

CLEARCUT LOGGING

EGU, April 7-12, 2013

logged/burned logged/ repeatedly burned

unlogged/ repeatedly burned unlogged/burned unlogged/unburned

17


Illegal logging

FIRE

FIRE

PARTIAL LOGGING

unlogged/burned

logged/unburned logged/burned

unlogged/burned

18


X – Base line starting point

30-50 m

50 m

30-50 m

Every 30-50 m

Ba

se t

ranse

ct

Sample Transect 1

Sample Transect 3

Sample Transect 2

21 3

5 64

8 97

Sample transect starting point



Road

Sampling procedures

19


y = 0.841x + 1.09R² = 0.88

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

D1..3(cm)

D0 (cm)

Larix

20


y = 0.778x + 0.25R² = 0.94

0

10

20

30

40

0 10 20 30 40 50

D1.3(cm)

D0 (cm)

Betula

y = 0.924x - 0.80R² = 0.98

0

10

20

30

40

0 10 20 30 40 50

D1.3(cm)

D0 (cm)

Abies

y = 0.903x + 0.73R² = 0.95

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

D1.3(cm)

D0 (cm)

Pine

y = 0.95x - 0.73R² = 0.98

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10 20 30 40 50

D1.3(cm)

D0 (cm)

Picea

y = 0.863x + 0.39R² = 0.97

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

D1.3(cm)

D0 (cm)

Aspen

Relationships between basal diameter (D0) and DBH (D1.3) for reconstructing stand characteristics on logged areas

0

20

40

60

80

100

Unlogged/ Unburned

Unlogged/ Burned

(low severity)

Unlogged/ Burned

(high severity)

Logged/ Unburned

Logged/ Burned

Burned/ Logged/ Burned

Loadin

g, t/

ha

duff litter moss, lichen down woody fuel shrubs and grasses

Changes in surface and ground fuel

loads after fires and logging

Angara region

21


0

20

40

60

80

100

Unlogged/ Unburned

Unlogged/ Burned

(low severity)

Unlogged/ Burned

(high severity)

Logged/ Unburned

Logged/ Burned


Lo

adin

g, t

/ha


0

20

40

60

80

100

Unurned/ Unlogged

Burned (low severity)/

Unlogged

Burned (high severity)/

Unlogged

Unburned/ Partially

logged

Burned/ Partially

logged

Burned/ Clear logged

Burned/ Clear logged /

Burned

Load

ing

, t/

ha

grass, small shrubs down woody fuels moss and lichen litter duff


loads after fires and logging Shushenskoe/Minusinsk region

22


0

20

40

60

80

100

Unlogged/ Unburned

Unlogged/ Burned

(low severity)

Unlogged/ Burned

(high severity)

Logged/ Unburned

Logged/ Burned


Lo

adin

g, t

/ha


0

20

40

60

80

100

Unurned/ Unlogged

Burned (surface fire)/

Unlogged

Burned (crown fire)/ Unlogged

Repeatedly Burned/

Unlogged

Unburned/ Illegally logged

Burned/ Illegally logged

Unburned/ Legally logged

Burned / Legally logged

Burned/ Legally logged/ Burned

Loadin

g, t/

ha

grass, small shrubs down woody fuels moss and lichen litter duff


loads after fires and logging Zabaikal region

23


0

20

40

60

80

100

Unlogged/ Unburned

Unlogged/ Burned

(low severity)

Unlogged/ Burned

(high severity)

Logged/ Unburned

Logged/ Burned


Lo

adin

g, t

/ha


0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Car

bo

n e

mis

sio

ns,

t/h

a

Sample area

Unlogged

Logged

Comparison of fire carbon emissions on

logged and unlogged sites

Estimated carbon emissions on logged units were 55-560% higher than on unlogged units

Angara region

24


0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Carb

on e

mis

sion

s, t

/ha

Sample area

Unlogged

Logged


logged and unlogged sites

Shushenskoe/ Minusinsk region

Estimated carbon emissions on logged units were 10 – 80% of those on unlogged units 25


0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Carb

on e

mis

sion

s, t

/ha

Sample area

Unlogged

Logged


logged and unlogged sites Zabaikal region

Estimated carbon emissions on unlogged units were 55 – 90% of those on legally logged units, 40 – 70% of those on illegally logged units, and 4-20 times more on

repeatedly burned unlogged units compared to logged units.

Legal logging Illegal logging Repeatedly burned

26


0 10 20 30 40

Experimental FIRE BEAR data*

Angara region

Shushenskoe/Minusinsk region

Zabaikal region

Zabaikal region_repeatedly burned

Angara region

Shushenskoe/Minusinsk region

Zabaikal region_legally logged

Zabaikal region_illegally logged

Zabaikal region_repeatedly burned

* data from Mcrae et al. 2006, Kukavskaya and Ivanova 2006, Kukavskaya 2009, Ivanova et al. 2007; 2011.

Comparison of estimated carbon emissions

27


Carbon emissions, t/ha

Forest

Logged sites

Post-fire differences in

soil respiration on logged

and unlogged areas

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Logged/Unburned

Logged/Burned

Unlogged/Unburned

Unlogged/Burned

Tem

pera

ture

(oC

)

Soil

respiration (

mgC

O2/m

2/h

r)

СО2 Т

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Logged/Unburned

Logged/Burned

Unlogged/Unburned

Unlogged/Burned

Tem

pera

ture

(oC

)

Soil

respiration (

mgC

O2/m

2/h

r)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Logged/Unburned

Logged/Burned

Unlogged/Unburned

Unlogged/Burned

Tem

pera

ture

(oC

)

Soil

respiration (

mgC

O2/m

2/h

r)

28


Fire and logging impacts on tree regeneration

29


Grassland in the Zabaikal region

established on a former pine forest

site after three fires (2000, 2001, and

2008) and logging (2004).

Region Density of healthy seedlings (thousand per ha ± standard error)

Unlogged/

unburned

Unlogged/

burned

Logged/

unburned

Logged/

burned

Logged/

repeatedly burned

Angara 21.2 ±4.2 24.5±3.8 44.3±8.2 6.3±1.7 1.5±0.6

Shushenskoe/

Minusinsk 33.4±3.2 63.8±9.7 38.2±3.2 2.4±0.4 0.8±0.5 or none

Zabaikal 6.1±1.5 9.0±1.4 5.1±0.2 2.2±0.4 0.4±0.2 or none

Fires and logging are the main disturbance factors in boreal forests of Siberia that contribute substantially to the current carbon cycle.

Fire and logging effects are region and site specific and depend on forest types, type of logging activity, and weather conditions prior to and during burning.

Understanding current interactions between fire and logging is important for modeling ecosystem processes and for managers to develop strategies of sustainable forest management.

The negative impacts of fire and logging on air quality, the carbon cycle, and ecosystem sustainability could be decreased by:

better slash removal in the Angara region;

removal of trees killed by fire in the Zabaikal region;

tree planting after fires on drier sites.

Changing patterns in the harvest of wood products can be expected to increase the emissions and ecosystem damage from wildfires, inhibit recovery of natural ecosystems, and exacerbate impacts of wildland fire on climate and air quality.

Take-home Messages

30


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Photo by Privalihin A.V.

effects and interactions of logging and fire in siberiapcomeau/ibfra2013/wednesday/salon 5... ·...

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