effectiveness of video assisted teaching on techniques of expressing and utilization of expressed...

7/26/2019 Effectiveness of video assisted teaching on techniques of expressing and utilization of expressed breast milk, to e

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CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and logical

technique to describe and illustrate, condense and evaluate data and hypothesis (The

office of research integrity, 2010). Interpretation is the process of making sense of the

result and examining their implication. (Polit and Beck, 2008)

This chapter explores the analysis of collected data and interpretation of the

results regarding effectiveness of video assisted teaching on exclusive breast feeding

techniques and identifying the difficulties in practicing exclusive breastfeeding among

working lactating mothers.

This chapter is organized under the following sections;

Demographic variables of the working lactating mothers.

Baseline data regarding infant breast feeding.

Knowledge, attitude and skill level of working lactating mothers in pre- test

and post test.

Comparison of knowledge, attitude and skill level of working lactating

mothers in pre test and post test.

Association of demographic variables on knowledge, attitude and skill level

of working lactating mothers.

Identification of infant feeding practices among the working lactating

mothers and their difficulties in practicing exclusive breast feeding.


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TABLE 4.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables of

working lactating mothers.

n=30

Sl.

No

Demographic variables Number of samples Percentage (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Age of the mothers

21-25 years

26-30 years

31-35 years

Age of infant

0-2 months

2-4 months

4-6 months

Mothers education

Secondary

Diploma

GraduatePost graduate

Family income

Rs. 80,000

Parity

One

Two

Three

Birth order

First

Second

6

19

5

15

11

4

1

2

1314

3

17

9

1

22

7

1

24

6

20

63

17

50

36.7

13.3

3.3

6.7

43.346.7

10

56.7

30

3.3

73.33

23.33

3.3

80

20


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Table 4.1 shows, among 30 working lactating mothers, majority of the mothers

63% (19) aged between 26-30 years and 20% (6) mothers belongs to 21-25 years and

17% (5) mothers aged above 30 years.

Regarding infant age, about 50% (15) of infants belongs to 0-2 months and

36.7 % (11) infants belong to 2-4 months and only 4 infants were aged between 4-6

months.

Majority of the working lactating mothers, 46.7% (14) were post graduates,

43.3 % ( 13) were graduates and 6.7 % ( 2) had diploma degree and only one 3.3%

had secondary education.

Among 30 working lactating mothers, 56.7% (17) mothers earned family

income between Rs.10,000 - Rs.4 0,000 and 30% (9) earned income ranging from

Rs.40,000- Rs.80.000. About 10 % (3) had income less than 10,000. Only one mother

(3.3%) earned more than Rs. 80,000.

Among 30 lactating mothers, majority 73.3% (22) mothers were primi mothers

and 23.33% (7) mothers had history of two pregnancy. Only 3.3%, one mother had

history of four pregnancies

In this study, 80% (24) mothers had their infants as first born child and 20%

(6) mothers had their infants as second child


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TABLE 4.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of work profile of the

working lactating mothers

n=30

Sl.

No

Work Profile Number of

Samples

Percentage (%)

1

2

3

4

5

Nature of work

Professional

Non Professional

Type of work firm

Government

Private

Duration of work

1-6 hours

6-8 hours

8-10 hours

>10 hours

Duration of break hours

15 minutes-30 minutes

30 minutes- 1 hour

1 hour-1 hours

1 hours- 2 hours

Maternity leave


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Table 4.2 reveals, among 30 working lactating mothers, 56.7% (17) mothers

were professional workers and 43.3% (13) were non professionals.

Majority of mothers 93.3% (28) were working in private firm except 6.7% (2)

mothers were government employees.

With regard to duration of work, almost 46.7 % (14) mothers worked for

8-10 hours and another 36.7 % (11) worked for 6-8 hours of work and 13.3% (4)

had1-6 hours of work. Only 3.3 % (1) mothers had working time more than 10 hours.

Majority of mothers, 53.5% (16) mothers had 30 minutes -1 hour of break and

33.3% (10) had only 15- 30 minutes break. Only 13.3 % (4) of mothers reported

break hour for more than up 1 hour.

Out of 30 mothers, half 50% (15) mothers had maternity leave for 3-4 months

and 40% (12) reported maternity leave less than 3 months. Only 10 % (3) mothers

informed that the maternity leave might be extended up to 6 months.


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FIGURE 4.3: Bar diagram showing percentage distribution of working hours of

the working lactating mothers

FIGURE 4.4: Bar diagram percentage distribution of break hours allotted for

the working lactating mothers

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1-6 hours 6-8 hours 8-10 hours >10 hours

13.3%

36.7%

46.7%

3.3%

Percentage

Working hours

33.3%

53.3%

13.3%

0%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60





Percentage

Breakhours


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TABLE 4.3: Frequency and percentage distribution of previous education

regarding breast feeding

n=30

Sl.No Previous education Number of

samples

Percentage

(%)

1

1.1

1.2

Previous education

Yes

No

Topics

Benefits of breast feeding

Breast feeding techniques

Exclusive breast feeding

Factors influencing breast milk

secretion

Through

Mass media /public teaching

Individual counseling

Class room teaching

4

26

4

4

4

4

0

0

4

13.3

86.7

100

100

100

100

0

0

100

Table 4.3 shows, only 13.3% (4) working mothers with medical field

experience and class room teaching had previous knowledge regarding benefits of

breast feeding, breast feeding techniques, exclusive breast feeding and factors

influencing breast milk secretion. 86.7% (26) mothers had no previous education

sessions.


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TABLE 4.4: Frequency and percentage distribution of baseline data regarding

infant feeding

n=30

Sl.

No

Baseline data Number of

samples

Percentage

(%)

1

2

2.1

2.2

3

Type or infant feeding practice

Only breast milk

Breast milk with formula feed

Breast milk with cows milk

Only formula feed or cows milk

Practice of expressing and

collecting breast milk

Yes

No

Frequency of expression of

breast milk

Occasionally

Once dailyTwice daily

Storage of expressed breast milk

Room temperature

Refrigerator

Support for exclusive breast

feeding for six months

Husband

Family members

Friends

Colleagues

None

25

4

1

0

7

23

3

22

7

0

8

20

0

0

2

83.3

13.3

3.3

0

23.3

26.7

42.9

28.528.5

23.3

0

26.67

66.67

0

0

6.66


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Table 4.4 shows, among 30 lactating mothers, at the time of data collection,

83.3% (25) mothers were practicing breast milk feeding and 16.7% (4) were

practicing breast milk and formula feeding at one month and three months of infant

life. One mother (3.3%) started to practice cows milk feeding at three months of

infant life.

Out of 30 mothers, only 23.3% (7) mothers practiced expression of breast milk

for infant feeding, using hand expression technique. 42.9% (3) mothers had collected

breast milk once or occassionly.28.5% (2) mothers collected once daily and one

mother (11.28%) collected twice daily. One more mother (11.8%) collects thrice daily.

All the 7 mothers used to store the expressed breast milk in room temperature.

Among 30 mothers, 40% (20) mothers got support from all the family

members for exclusive breast feeding and 26.7% (7) mothers got support from their

husbands. About 6.7% (2) mothers reported no support from their husband, family

members, friends and colleagues.


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FIGURE 4.5: Bar diagram showing percentage distribution of support for

exclusive breastfeeding

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Husband Family

members

Friends Colleagues None

26.67%

66.67%

0% 0%

6.66%

Percentage

Support for exclusive breast feeding


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TABLE 4.5: Frequency and percentage distribution of occupation factors

influencing feeding pattern

n=30

Sl.No Occupation factors Number of

samples

Percentage (%)

1

2

3

4

5

Going home for feeding during

break hours

Yes

No

Distance between work place

and home

30kms

Mode of transport

Two wheelerFour wheeler

Walking

Public vehicle

Crche facility

Yes

No

Facilities for collection and

storage of breast milk

Yes

No

1

29

19

8

1

2

92

2

17

1

29

1

29

3.3

96.7

63

26.7

3.3

6.7

306.7

6.7

56.66

3.3

96.7

3.3

96.7


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Table 4.5 reveals, majority 96.7% (29) mothers reported that there might be

inconvenience to go home for feeding due to time constrains, distance and transport

facility. Only one mother (3.3%) was able to go home for feeding purpose at the time

of data collection

About 63% (19) working mothers had less than 10 kilo meters distance and

26.7% (8) had less than 20 kilo meters of distance. One mother (3.3%) had less than

30 kilo meters and 6.7% (2) mothers had to travel more than 60 kilometers.

Almost more than half of the mothers 56.66% (17), travel by public transport

to their working area and home. 30% (9) mothers had their own two-wheeler vehicle.

About 6.7% (2) mothers had own four wheeler vehicle and another 6.6% (2) mothers

reported walk able distance to their working area.

Almost 96.7% (29) reported no crche facilities for their infants near to their

working area. Only one mother (3.3%) had crche facility near working area.

None of the 30 mothers had facilities for collecting and storing breast milk in

their working area.


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TABLE 4.6: Knowledge level of working lactating mothers on exclusive breast

feeding in pre test and post test-II n= 30

Sl No Level of knowledge Pre test Post test-II

f % f %

1 Adequate 0 0 11 36.7

2 Moderately adequate 11 36.7 18 60

3 Inadequate 19 63.3 1 3.3

Table 4.6 depicts among 30 working lactating mothers, more than half of the

mothers 63.3% (19) had inadequate knowledge and 36.7% (11) had moderately

adequate knowledge and none of the mothers had adequate knowledge. After the

video assisted teaching, 36.7% (11) had adequate knowledge and 60% (18) had

moderately adequate knowledge. Only one mother 3.3% (1) had inadequate

knowledge.


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FIGURE 4.6: Bar diagram showing knowledge on exclusive breast feeding among

working lactating mothers in pre test and post test-II

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Adequate Moderatelyadequate

Inadequate

0%

36.7%

63.3%

36.7%

60%

3.3%

Percentage

Knowledge level

Pre test

Post test-II


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TABLE 4.7: Section wise knowledge level of working lactating mothers on

exclusive breast feeding in pre- test and post test-II n=30

Knowledge

level

Sections

Knowledge

on basics of

breast

feeding

Knowledge

on

exclusive

breast

feeding

Knowledge

on

collection

of breast

milk

Knowledge

on storing

of

expressed

breast milk

Knowledge

on thawing

technique

Pre-

test

Adequate

knowledge

f % f % f % f % f %

1 3.3 17 56.7 2 6.6 1 3.3 5 16.6

Moderate

adequate

knowledge

5 16.6 8 26.7 9 30 12 40 4 13.7

Inadequate

knowledge 24 80 5 16.6 19 63 17 56.7 21 70

Post

test

-II

Adequate

knowledge 5 16.6 18 60 17 56.7 7 23.3 6 20

Moderate

adequate

knowledge

10 33.3 10 33.3 12 23.3 15 50% 14 46.7

Inadequate

knowledge 15 50 2 6.6 1 20 8 26.7 10 33.3


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Table 4.7 depicts, section wise knowledge level of working lactating mothers

Knowledge on basics of breast feeding:

Among 30 working lactating mothers, majority of 80% (24) mothers had

inadequate knowledge and 16.6% (5) had moderately adequate knowledge and 3.3% (1)

mother had inadequate knowledge. After video assisted teaching, 16.6% (5) gain

adequate knowledge, 33.3% (10) had moderately adequate knowledge and 50% (15)

had inadequate knowledge

Knowledge on exclusive breast feeding:

More than half of the mothers, 56.7% (17) had adequate knowledge, 26.7% (8)

had moderately adequate knowledge and 16.6% (5) had inadequate knowledge

regarding exclusive breast feeding. On post test, 60% (18) had adequate knowledge,

33.3% (10) mothers had moderately adequate knowledge. Only 6.6% (2) had

inadequate knowledge.

Knowledge on collection of breast milk:

Almost 63% (19) mothers had inadequate knowledge, 30% (9) had moderately

adequate knowledge and 6.6% (2) had adequate knowledge. After the intervention,

56.7% (17) had adequate knowledge, 40% (12) had moderately adequate knowledge

and only 3.3% (1) had inadequate knowledge.

Knowledge on storing of breast milk:

During pre-test, more than half of the mothers 56.7% (17) had inadequate

knowledge, 40% (12) had moderately adequate knowledge. 3.3% (1) had adequate

knowledge. After the intervention, 50% (15) had moderately adequate knowledge,

23.3% (7) had adequate knowledge and 26.7% (8) had inadequate knowledge.

Knowledge on thawing technique:

Majority, 70% (21) had inadequate knowledge, 16.6% (5) had adequate

knowledge and 13.7% (4) had moderately adequate knowledge. On post test, 20% (6)

mothers had adequate knowledge, 46.7% (14) had moderately adequate knowledge, and

about 33.3% (10) had inadequate knowledge.


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TABLE 4.8: Attitude level of working lactating mothers on exclusive breast

feeding during pre test and post test-II n= 30

Sl. No Levels of attitude

Pre-test Post test -II

f % f %

1 Favorable 5 16.7 17 56.7

2 Moderately favorable 25 83.3 13 43.3

3 Un favorable 0 0 0 0

Table 4.8 shows, about 16.7% (5) had favorable attitude towards exclusive

breast feeding and 83.3% (25) had moderately favorable attitude. During post test,

56.7% (17) has favorable attitude and 43.3% (13) had moderately favorable attitude.

None of them had unfavorable attitude in pre test and post test.

TABLE 4.9: Skill level on expressing breast milk among working lactating

mothers during pre test and post test-I n=30

Table 4.9 shows, with regard to skill in expressing breast milk, 43.3% (13) had

adequate skill and 50% (15) had fair skill. Only 6.7% (2) had inadequate skill. On post

test, majority of the mothers, 96.7% (29) had adequate skill, 3.3% (1) had fair skill and

none of them had inadequate skill.

Sl.

No

Skill level Pre test Post test- I

f % f %

1 Adequate 13 43.3 29 96.7

2 Fair 15 50 1 3.3

3 Inadequate 2 6.7 0 0


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FIGURE 4.7: Bar diagram showing attitude level of working lactating mothers on

exclusive breast feeding during pre test and post test-II.

FIGURE 4.8 Bar diagram showing skill level on expressing breast milk among

working lactating mothers during pre test and post test-I

16.7%

83.3%

0%

56.7%

43.3%

0%0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Favorable Moderately

favorable

Un favorable

Percentage

Attitude level

Pre test

Post test-II

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Adequate Fair Inadequate

43.3%

50%

6.7%

96.7%

3.3%0%

Percentage

Skill level

pre test

post test-I


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TABLE 4.10 Comparison of pre test and post test knowledge, attitude and skill level

of working lactating mother through student ttest.

n= 30

Sl.

no

Test Pre test Post test t

value

Table

value

95%

CI

p

value

Mean SD Mean SD

1 Knowledge

on

exclusive

breast

feeding

12.63 4.36 21.4 3.092 9.31 3.65 (-10.95, -6.84)

2 Attitude on

exclusive

breast

feeding

51.63 7.004 55.46 5..507 3.186 2.75 (-6.25,-1.41)

3 Skill level

on

expression

of breast

milk

36.033 7.073 45.36 2.774 8.294 3.65 (-11.48,-7.11)

Statistically Significant**p


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Null hypothesis H01:There will be no significant improvement in the knowledge and

attitude on exclusive breast feeding and skill performance in expressing breast milk

among lactating working mothers.

Table 4.10 depicts, the mean post test knowledge score (21.4) with SD 3.092

was greater when compared with mean pre test knowledge score (12.63) with SD 4.36.

Thepaired ttest was computed. The calculated tvalue was 9.31 at df (29) was higher

than the table value (3.59) which is significant at p< 0.001. Hence research hypothesis H1

(Page No: 7) is accepted and null hypothesis (H01) is rejected.

The mean post test attitude score (55.46) was greater with SD 9.433 when

compared with mean pre test knowledge score (51.63) with SD 7.004. The calculated

tvalue was 2.75 at df (29) was higher than the table value (2.75) which is significant at

p


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TABLE 4.11 Association of demographic variables and knowledge level of working

lactating mothers

n=30

Sl.No Variables Knowledge score Chi square Table

value

P value

0-13 14-40

1 Age of the

mother

21-25 years

26-30years

31-35years

5

9

3

1

10

2

47.433 13.82 0.001**

2 Education status

of the mother

Graduates

Post graduates

7

10

9

4

3.59 3.84 0.5

3 Nature of work

Professional

Non professional

6

11

11

2

0.314 3.84 NS

4 Parity

Primi

Multi

10

4

4

9

8.99 6.63 0.01*

5 Previous

education

Yes

No

6

11

11

2

1.138 3.84 0.5

Statistically Significant**p


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TABLE 4.12 Association of demographic variables and attitude of working

lactating mothers

n=30

Sl.

No

Variables Attitude score Chi

square

Table

value

P value

0-55 56-75

1 Age of the

mother

21-25 years

26-30years

31-35years

5

16

3

1

3

2

55.113 13.82 0.001**

2 Education status

of the mother

Graduates

Post graduates

14

10

2

4

0.033 3.84 NS

3 Parity

Primi

Multi

19

5

5

1

0.638 3.84 0.5

4 Previous

education

Yes

No

3

21

1

5

0.883 3.84 0.5

Statistically Significant-**p


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TABLE 4.13 Association of demographic variables and skill of working lactating

mothers

n=30

Sl.

No

Variables Skill competency

score

Chi

square

Table

value

P value

0-35 36-75

1 Age of the

mother

21-25 years

26-30years

31-35years

3

9

4

3

10

1

42.08 13.82 0.001**

2 Education status

of the mother

Graduates

Post graduates

7

9

9

5

0.222 3.84 NS

3 Infant birth

order

First

Second

10

6

12

2

3.415 3.84 0.10

4 Previous

education

Yes

no

1

15

3

11

3.091 3.84 0.10

Statistically Significant- -**p


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TABLE 4.14: Frequency and percentage distribution of working lactating

mothers during phone follow up in post test- III

n=30

Sl.

no

Participants

Nature

Follow up-I

One week before

rejoining for

work

Follow up-II

One week after

rejoining for

work

Follow up-III

Two weeks

after rejoining

for work

f % f % f %

1

2

Phone attended

Indented to

work

Starts to work

Extended

leave

temporarily

Extended

leave for more

than 6 months

Phone not attended

29

23

2

0

4

1

96.7

77

0 .7

0

13.33

3.3

29

0

24

1

4

1

96.7

0

82.75

3.3

13.33

3.3

29

-

25

-

4

1

96.7

-

86.2

0

13.33

3.3

Table 4.14 shows, Among 30 working lactating mothers, 29 participated in the

three phone follow ups.

During the first follow up, 2 (.7%) mothers were started to work and 77 % (23)

mothers planed to rejoin work within a week. 13.33% (4) mothers planned to extent

their maternity leave upto 6 months.

During the second phone follow up, among 29 mothers, 82.75% (24) mothers

started to work. 1 (3.3%) mother extended the leave temporarily. 4 (13.33%) mothers

continued their maternity leave.

At the time of third follow up, all the mothers 86.2 % (25) mothers started to

work except the (13.3%) mothers who extended their maternity leave for 6 months.


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TABLE 4.15: Frequency and percentage distribution of base line information

regarding infant care during phone follow up in post test- III

n=29

No Base line

information

Follow up-I

One week before

rejoining for work

Follow up-II

One week after

rejoining for

work

Follow up-III

Two weeks

after rejoining

for work

f % f % f %

1

2

3

Age of the infants

1 month

2 months3 months

4months

5months

6months

Caretaker of

infant in mothers

absence

Grand mother

Other relatives

Home maid

Conveys video

information to

the caretaker

Yes

No

0

913

6

1

0

21

4

4

17

12

0

31.0344.82

20.68

3.44

0

72.41

13.8

13.8

58.62

41.37

0

513

9

2

0

21

4

4

23

6

0

17.2444.82

31.03

6.89

0

72.41

13.8

13.8

79.31

20.68

0

25

15

7

0

21

4

4

28

1

0

6.8917.24

51.72

24.13

0

2.41

13.8

13.8

96.55

3.44


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Table 4.15, shows, Among 29 mothers, 72.41% (21) mothers responded that the

grandmothers take care of the child in their absence. 13.8% (4) reported other family

members like sister or aunt takes care of the child. Another 13.8% (4) mothers had

home maid for taking care of the infant. These rates were constant for all the follow

ups.

At the time of first follow up only 58.62% (17) mothers conveyed the video

information to the care takers. The rate increased to 79.31% (28) during second follow

up. Almost 96.55% (28) mothers conveyed information to the care take by third follow

ups.

Regarding percentage distribution of infant age, during the first follow up, majority of

infants 44.82% (13) were aged 3 months.31.03% (9) infants aged 2 months, 20.68% (6)

infants grouped in 4 months. Only 3.44% (1) infant were in 5 months. None of them

were in one month and 6 months of age

During the second follow up, 44.82% (13) infants were aged 3 months.31.03%

(9) infants were aged 4 months. 17.24% (5) infants were aged 2months. Only 6.89% (2)

infants aged 5 months.

At the time of third follow up, 51.72% (15) infants were 4 months.24.13% (7)

infants were aged 5 months. Only 17.24% (5) were aged 3months and 6.89% (2) infants

were 2months.


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TABLE 4.16: Frequency and percentage distribution of mothers going home for

break hours during phone follow up in post test- III

Table 4.16 shows, during the first follow up, only 2 mothers start to work and

none of the mothers were going home for feeding.

During the second follow up, 37.5% (9) mothers were able to go home during

break hours for infant feeding and 41.4% (10) mothers responded that they were able to

go home during the break hours.

Sl.

No

Base line

information

Follow up-I

One week before

rejoining for

work

n=29

Follow up-II

One week

after rejoining

for work

n= 24

Follow up-III

Two weeks

after rejoining

for work

n= 24

f % f % f %

1 Going home in

break hours for

feeding

Yes

No

0

29

0

100

9

15

37.5

62.5

10

14

41.6

58.33


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TABLE 4.17: Frequency and percentage distribution of infant feeding practices

and method of administration during phone follow up in post test- III

n=29

Sl.

No

Base line informationFollow up-IOne week

before

rejoining for

work

Follow up-IIOne week after

rejoining for

work

Follow up-IIITwo weeks

after

rejoining for

work

f % f % f %

1

2

Type of infant feed

Breast milk only

Formula feed only

Cows milk only

Breast milk and formula feed

Breast milk and cows milk

Formula feed and cows milk

Method of administering

expressed breast milk /

formula feed

Sangu feeding

Cup and spoon feeding

Bottle feeding

Sangu + bottle feeding

20

0

1

6

2

0

5

1

4

1

68.96

0

3.44

20.68

6.89

0

17.24

3.44

13.49

3.44

13

0

1

13

2

0

1

4

14

1

44.82

0

3.44

44.82

6.89

0

3.44

13.49

48.27

3.44

13

1

1

11

2

1

2

4

16

0

44.82

3.44

3.44

37.93

6.89

3.44

6.89

13.79

55.17

0


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61

Table 4.17 reveals, during first follow up about 68.96% (20) of infants received

exclusive breast feeding. 20.68% (6) of infants received breast milk and formula feed.

Almost 6.89% (2) infants received breast milk and cows milk. 3.44% (1) infant was

started feeding with cows milk. None of them depended on formula feed alone.

At the time of second follow up, the breast milk only rate decreased to 44, 82%

(13). About 37.93% (11) infants were introduced to formula feed along with breast milk.

Two mothers introduced cows milk along with breast milk. One infant on cows milk

were continuing same in this follow up.

In the third follow up, the infants continuing breast milk only and cows milk

with breast milk remains same. The rate of infants feeding with breast milk and formula

feed became 37.93%. (11) The infants on formula feed only and cows milk only was

3.44% (1) in each.

Table 4.17 shows, for administering the expressed breast milk or formula feed.

17.24% (5) care takers used sangu and 13.49% (4) used bottle for feeding, during the

first follow up. The use of bottles were increased to 48.27% (16) in the second follow up

and further increased to 55% in the third follow up. The use of cup and spoon 13.49%

(4) for feeding remains same during second and third follow up.


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62

Figure 4.9: Bar diagram showing percentage distribution of type of infant feed practiced by working lactating mothers during

post test- III

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

68.96%

0 3.44%

20.68%

6.89%

0

44.82%

0

3.44%

44.82%

6.89%

0

44.82%

3.44%3.44%

37.93%

6.89%

3.44%

Percentage

Type of feed

Follow up-I

Follow up-II

Follow up-III


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63

TABLE 4.18: Frequency and percentage distribution of feeding frequency during

phone follow up in post test- III n=29

Sl.

No

Base line information

Follow up-I

One week

before

rejoining for

work

Follow up-II

One week after

rejoining for

work

Follow up-

III

Two weeks

after

rejoining for

work

f % f % f %

1 Frequency of feedings

Breast milk

Often (more than 10 times)

Less often (8-10 times)

Very few (4-8 times)

Occasionally (less than 4

times)

None

Formula feed





times)

None

Cows milk





times)

None

22

1

4

1

1

2

0

3

1

23

1

0

0

1

27

75.86

3.44

13.79

3.44

3.44

6.89

0

10.34

3.44

79.3

3.44

0

0

3.44

93.10

21

3

3

1

1

0

2

6

5

16

1

0

0

2

26

72.41

10.34

10.34

3.44

3.44

0

6.89

20.68

17.24

55.17

3.44

0

0

6.89

89.65

5

10

10

1

3

1

1

8

1

18

1

1

1

1

25

17.24

34.48

34.48

3.44

10.34

3.44

3.44

27.5

3.44

62.06

3.44

3.44

3.44

3.44

86.20


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64

Table 4.18 shows; the frequency of breast milk feeding in the first follow up was

more than 10 times among 75.86% (22) of mothers. During the third follow up it is

reduced to 17.24% (5). Thirty four percent of mothers were use to feed 8-10 times in the

third follow up.

The use of formula feed in the first follow up was none among. Seventy nine

percent (23) mothers and 10.34% (3) mothers used 4-8 times, 2(6.89%) used often. In the

second follow up, the number of mothers not using formula feeds were reduced to 16

(55.17%) but it was raised to 62% (18) during third follow up. About 27.5% (8) of

mothers were practicing formula feeding for their infants in the third follow up.

One mother, (3.4%) were feeding her infant with cows milk from the first follow

up. Only one mother was feeding occasionally. In the third follow up, a total of 4

mothers practiced cows milk for their infant feeding and majority 86% (25) were not

used cows milk.


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65

TABLE 4.19 Frequency and percentage distribution of lactating mothers regarding

collection of expressed breast milk during phone follow up in post test- III

n=29

Sl.

No

Base line informationFollow up-I

One week

before

rejoining

for work

Follow up-II

One week

after rejoining

for work

Follow up-III

Two weeks

after

rejoining

for work

f % f % f %

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

Expresses breast milk for

infant feeding

Yes

No

Method of expressing

breast milk

Hand expression

Pump expression

Both hand and pump

Frequency of expressing

breast milk

More than thrice a day

Twice a day

Once a day

Occasionally

Container used for

collecting expressed breast

milk

Steel containers

Feeding / pump bottle

10

19

8

2

0

0

1

0

9

10

0

34.48

65.51

80

20

0

0

10

0

90

100

0

18

11

13

3

2

1

9

4

4

14

4

62.06

37.93

72.2

16.6

11.11

5.55

50

22.2

22.2

77.77

22.22

16

13

10

4

2

1

9

3

3

9

7

55.17

44.82

62.5

25

12.5

6.25

56.25

18.75

18.75

67.25

43.75


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66

Regarding expression of breast milk Table 4.19 shows, in the first follow up, only

10 (34.48%) mother were expressing. Most of them 90% (9) express occasionally.

Majority 80% (8) were using hand technique for expression of breast milk.

During second follow up, the number of mothers practicing expression of breast

milk was increased to 62% (18). Among 18 mothers, 13(72.2%) were using hand

expression, 3 (16.6%) were using pump and 11.11% (2) were using both hand and pump.

Half of the mothers 50% (9) expresses twice a day.

During third follow up, 55.17 % (16) mothers were expressing breast milk for

infant feeding. Out of them, 6% of mother expresses more than thrice a day. Majority

56.25% (9) mothers were expressing twice a day. Sixty two percent (10) of mothers were

expressing with hand expression.

Regarding containers used, all the 10 mothers were used steel containers during

first follow up. In the third follow up, 67.25% (9) were using steel containers and the

remaining were using feeding or pump bottle.


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67

TABLE 4.20 Frequency and percentage distribution of lactating mothers regarding

storing of expressed breast milk during phone follow up in post test- III

Sl.

No

Base line information

Follow up-I

One week

before

rejoining

for work

n=10

Follow up-II

One week after

rejoining for

work

n=18

Follow up-III

Two weeks

after rejoining

for work

n=16

f % f % f %

1

2

3

Container used for storing

expressed breast milk

Steel containers

Feeding / pump bottle

Place of storing expressed

breast milk

Room temperature

Refrigerator

Both

Duration of storing

expressed breast milk

More than 6 hours

Within 4-6 hours

Within 2-4 hours

Within 1-2 hours

Within 1 hour

10

0

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

100

0

100

0

0

0

0

0

0

100

14

4

14

1

3

3

2

6

3

4

77.77

22.22

77.77

5.55

16.6

16.6

11.11

33.33

16.6

22.22

9

7

11

1

4

4

4

4

2

2

56.25

43.75

68.75

6.25

25

22.22

22.22

22.22

11.11

11.11


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68

Table 4.20 shows, all the mothers who used to express milk during first follow

up, were storing the milk in steel containers in room temperature for less than 1 hour.

Among 18 mothers who express breast milk during second follow up, 77.77%

(14) stored the expressed breast milk in steel container, in room temperature. 22% (4)

mothers were storing in feeding or pump bottle. 16.6% (3) of mother used to store

expressed milk in both room temperature and refrigerator. Majority 33.33% (6) of the

mothers utilized the expressed milk within 2-4 hours.

During the third follow up, 56.25% (9) of mothers stored expressed breast milk

in steel container.43.75% (7) of mothers stored in feeding or pump bottle and majority of

mothers 68.75% (11) stored the expressed breast milk in room temperature. The majority

of mothers 66.66% (12) fed the child within 6 hours only 22.22% (4) mothers stored the

expressed breast milk for more than six hours.


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69

TABLE 4.21 Frequency and percentage distribution of difficulties faced by

mothers in practicing exclusive breast feeding during phone follow up in post

test- III

n=29

Sl.

No

Difficulties faced

Follow up-I

One week

before

rejoining for

work

Follow up-II

One week

after

rejoining for

work

Follow up-

III

Two weeks

after

rejoining

for work

f % f % f %

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Working hours are more.

No facilities for collection

and storage of expressed

breast milk

Milk secretion is less

Unsatisfied mother and child

Difficulty in expressing milk

Poor family support

Medical complaints

(Mastitis)

Others ( own convenience)

1

1

8

1

2

1

1

0

3.44

3.44

27.55

3.44

6.89

3.44

3.44

0

7

6

12

3

5

1

1

2

24.13

20.6

41.37

10.34

17.24

3.44

3.44

6.89

7

6

12

3

5

2

1

3

24.13

20.6

41.37

10.34

17.24

6.89

3.44

10.34

Table 4.21 depicts, during the first follow up, the major problem faced by the

mother in practicing exclusive breast feeding were poor secretion (28%).

In the second follow up, the 41.37%(12) mothers responded poor milk

secretion and 24.13%(7) responded more working hours as major problem and around

20.6%(6) of mothers perceived lack of facilities for collection and storage of breast

milk. Seventeen percent (5) mothers reported difficulty in expressing breast milk.

During the third follow up, poor milk secretion 41.37% (12) continues as the

major problem in the working mothers. The percentage of other perceived problems like

more working hours and lack of facilities for collection and storage and difficulty in

expression of breast milk remain same.


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70

Figure 4.10 Line graph showing percentage distribution of difficulties faced by mothers in practicing exclusive breast feeding during

post test- III

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Working hoursare more.

No facilities forcollection and

storage ofexpressed breast

milk

Milk secretionis less

Unsatisfiedmother and child

Difficulty inexpressing milk

Poor familysupport

Medicalcomplaints

(Mastitis)

Others ( ownconvenience)

Percentage

Difficulties faced by working lactating mothers

Follow up-I

Follow up-II

Follow up-III


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71

TABLE 4.22 Assessment of infant feeding pattern and practice of exclusive breast feeding in first phone follow up during post test- III

n=29

Sl.

No

Age of the

infants

Number of

infants

Breast

feeding

only

Expressed

breast milk

feeding

Formula

feed only

Breast

feeding

+formula

feed

Cows

milk

only

Breast

feeding

+cows

milk

Bottle

feeding

Mothers

going

home

forbreak

1 1 month 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 months 9 6 3 0 2 0 0 0 0

3 3 months 13 8 4 0 4 0 0 0 0

4 4 months 6 5 3 0 0 1 0 0 0

5 5 months 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 6 month 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 29 20

(68.96%)

10

(34.48%)

0

(0%)

6

(20.68%)

1

(3.44%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)


40/44

72

Table 4.22 reveals the number of infants in each month of age and their feeding

pattern during first follow up. Here majority of infants belongs to second and third month

of age.

Total of 68.96% (20) mothers were feeding their infants with breast milk only.

34.48% (10) mothers were feeding the infants with expressed breast milk, and 20.68%

(6) infants were fed with both breast feeding and formula feed. Only 3.44% (1) mother

started to feed cows milk. None were using bottle for feeding. Among 29 mothers, only

2 mothers started to work in the first follow up and none of the mothers were going home

for feeding during break hours.

The mean exclusive breast feeding duration in the first follow up was 3.05

months.


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73

TABLE 4.23 Assessment of infant feeding pattern and practice of exclusive breast feeding in the second phone follow up during post

test- III n=29

Sl.

No

Age of

the

infants

Number

of

infants

Breast

feeding

only

Expressed

breast

milk

feeding

Formula

feed only

Breast

feeding +

formula feed

Cows

milk only

Breast

feeding +

cows milk

Bottle

feeding

Mothers

going

home for

break

1 1 month 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 months 5 1 4 0 3 0 1 3 1

3 3 months 13 7 9 0 5 0 1 3 5

4 4 months 9 5 3 0 3 1 0 3 1

5 5 months 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2

6 6 months 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 29 14

(48.27%)

18

(62.06%)

0

(0%)

12

(41.37%)

1

(3.44%)

2

(6.89%)

10

(34.48%)

9

(31.03%)


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74

Table 4.23 shows, the number of infants in each month of age and their feeding

pattern during first follow up. Here majority of infants belongs to third and fourth month

of life.

Over all 48.27% (14) mothers were feeding their child with breast milk only.

Among the working lactating mothers 62.08% (18) mothers were expressing breast milk

for their infants. 41.37% (12) mothers introduced formula feed along with breast milk

and 6.89% (2) mothers were feeding the child with cows milk and breast milk. Only one

mother withheld breast feeding to the infant. Almost 34.48% (10) mothers were using

bottle for feeding the infants. Among the 24 mothers, who started to work, 31.03% (9)

mothers reported going home during break for infant feeding.

The mean exclusive breast feeding duration in the second follow up was 3.42

months.


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75

TABLE 4.24 Assessment of infant feeding pattern and practice of exclusive breast feeding in the third follow up during post test- III

n=29

Sl.

No

Age of the

infants

Number

of

infants

Breast

feeding

only

Expressed

breast milk

feeding

Formula

feed only

Breast

feeding

+formula

feed

Cows

milk only

Breast

feeding

+cows

milk

Bottle

feeding

Mothers

going

home for

break1 1 month 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 months 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 0

3 3 months 5 2 3 0 1 0 1 2 4

4 4 months 15 7 10 1 6 0 1 10 5

5 5 months 7 5 2 0 2 1 0 2 2

6 6 months 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 29 14

(48.27 %)

16

(55.17%)

1

(3.44%)

11

(37.93%)

1

(3.44%)

2

(6.89%)

16

(55.17%)

11

(37.93%)


44/44

Table 4.24 shows, the number of infants in each month of age and their feeding

pattern during first follow up. Here majority of infants belongs to four months of age.

Nearly half mothers 48.27% (14) continued practicing exclusive breast milk

feeding and 55.17% (16) mothers were practicing expression of breast milk for infant

feeding. 37.93% (11) mothers were feeding the infant with both breast milk and formula

feed. Two (6.88%) mothers withheld breastfeeding for their infant. The usages of feeding

bottle were further increased to55.16%. Among the 25 mothers, who started to work,

37.93% (11) mothers responded that they were able to go home for feeding during break

hours.

The mean exclusive breast feeding duration in the third follow up was 4.2

months. This shows that continuous reinforcement and education can improve the rate of

exclusive breast feeding.

effectiveness of video assisted teaching on techniques of expressing and utilization of expressed...

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