effective airfield markings
TRANSCRIPT
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EFFECTIVE AIRFIELD MARKINGS
Donna Speidel, Sightline
ICAO REGIONAL WORKSHOPOn Air Navigation Visual Aids –
Airfield Markings and Lighting Systems6 to 8 July 2015
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Materials and EquipmentMaterials and Equipment
Coatings
Glass Beads
Airless Equipment
Atomize Equipment
Glass Bead systems
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Single Component Products Single Component Products TTTT--PP--1952E 1952E -- Waterborne traffic paint Waterborne traffic paint AA--AA--2886A 2886A -- Solvent traffic paint Solvent traffic paint Relatively simple applicationRelatively simple application
Plural Component Products
Epoxy PaintMethyl-Methacrylate paintMore complicated applicationMore durable than conventional paints
CoatingsCoatings
Preformed Thermoplastic
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TT-P-1952E (waterborne), Type I and II, is the most commonly used coating in the U.S. industry.
CoatingsCoatings
Type III was included in AC 150/5370-10E (2009).
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Properties of TTProperties of TT--PP--1952E1952E
NonNon--hazardous and nonhazardous and non--flammable.flammable.
Waterborne paint was developed in response to the rising Waterborne paint was developed in response to the rising demand for more environmentally friendly pavement marking demand for more environmentally friendly pavement marking products.products.
CoatingsCoatings
Low VOC (volatile organic compound).Low VOC (volatile organic compound).
Durable when applied properly.Durable when applied properly. Simple to clean up with water.Simple to clean up with water.
Excellent glass bead retention.Excellent glass bead retention.
Type I Type I –– dries in 10dries in 10--15 minutes under 85% humidity.15 minutes under 85% humidity.
Type III Type III –– is a highis a high--build acrylic.build acrylic.(up to 30 mils wft, flexible)(up to 30 mils wft, flexible)
Type II Type II –– fast dry (less than 5 minutes).fast dry (less than 5 minutes).
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Paint Type
Paint
Square feet per gallon, ft2/gal
(Sq m per liter, m2/l)
Glass Beads, Type I, Gradation A
Pounds per gallon of paint-lb/gal
(Km per liter of paint-kg/l)
Glass Beads,Type III
Pounds per gallon of paint-lb/gal
(Km per liter of paint-kg/l)
Glass Beads,Type IV
Pounds per gallon of paint-lb/gal
(Km per liter of paint-kg/l)
Waterborne
Type I, II, or III115 ft2/gal max
(2.8 m2/l)7 lb/gal min(0.85 kg/l)
10 lb/gal min(1.2 kg/l) --
Waterborne Type III 90 ft2/gal max(2.2 m2/l) -- 10 lb/gal min
(1.2 kg/l) 8 lb/gal min (1.0 kg/l)
Waterborne Type III 60 ft2/gal max(1.4 m2/l) 5-7 lb./gal. (0.6 kg/l) 6-8 lb/gal min (0.7
kg/l)
Solvent Base 115 ft2/gal max(2.8 m2/l)
7 lb/gal min(0.85 kg/l)
10 lb/gal min(1. 2 kg/l) --
Solvent Base 55 ft2/gal max(2.2 m2/l) -- -- 8 lb/gal min
(1.0 kg/l)
Epoxy 90 ft2/gal max(2.2 m2/l)
15 lb/gal min(1.8 kg/l)
20 lb/gal min(2.4 kg/l)
16 lb/gal min(1.9 kg/l)
Methacrylate 45 ft2/gal max(1.1 m2/l)
15 lb/gal min(1.8 kg/l)
20 lb/gal min(2.4 kg/l)
16 lb/gal min(1.8 kg/l)
AC 150/5370-10G, P620, Table 1
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115 ft2/gal. Type I or II
paint(2.8 m2/l)
7 lb./gal. minimum(0.85 kg/l)
10 lb./gal. minimum(1.2 kg/l)
Paint Type I beads Type III beads
115 ft²/gal = 15 mils (380 microns) wet film thickness
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Paint Type III beads60-90 ft2/gal.
Type III water-borne paint(1.4 m2/l)
5-7 lb./gal. minimum(0.6 kg/l)
6-8 lb./gal. minimum(0.7 kg/l)
Type IV beads
90 ft²/gal = 20 mils (500 microns) wft60 ft²/gal = 30 mils (760 microns) wft
115 ft²/gal = 15 mils (380 microns) wet film thickness
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Some solutions to common problemsSome solutions to common problemsCoatingsCoatings
Discoloration (iron staining) Discoloration (iron staining) –– a modified version of thea modified version of the1952E formula that resists iron staining (developed by1952E formula that resists iron staining (developed bySafety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)Safety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)
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30 months after installation.
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7 years after installation.
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Some solutionsSome solutionsCoatingsCoatings
Discoloration (iron staining) Discoloration (iron staining) –– a modified version of thea modified version of the1952E formula that resists iron staining1952E formula that resists iron staining (developed by(developed bySafety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)Safety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.) Algae obscuring markings Algae obscuring markings –– introduce biocide into paintintroduce biocide into paint,,
developed by Dow Chemical (Rohm and Haas). (Page 31)developed by Dow Chemical (Rohm and Haas). (Page 31)
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31
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Some solutionsSome solutionsCoatingsCoatings
Discoloration (iron staining) Discoloration (iron staining) –– a modified version of thea modified version of the1952E formula that resists iron staining1952E formula that resists iron staining (developed by(developed bySafety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)Safety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)
Bleed through of asphalt into white paint makes theBleed through of asphalt into white paint makes thepaint appear brown. paint appear brown. Apply a primer coat (200Apply a primer coat (200--250 SF/gal)250 SF/gal)to seal the oils from the new coating.to seal the oils from the new coating.
Algae obscuring markings Algae obscuring markings –– introduce biocide into paintintroduce biocide into paint,,developed by Dow developed by Dow Chemical.Chemical.
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Prior to applying paint on any unpainted surface, a best practice is to apply a primer coat (1/2 rate, no beads)Prior to applying paint on any unpainted surface, a best practice is to apply a primer coat (1/2 rate, no beads)
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Primer Coat on Unpainted Surface
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Some solutionsSome solutions
Premature pavement deterioration Premature pavement deterioration –– Type III paintType III paint..
CoatingsCoatings Discoloration (iron staining) Discoloration (iron staining) –– a modified version of thea modified version of the
1952E formula that resists iron staining1952E formula that resists iron staining (developed by(developed bySafety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)Safety Coatings of Foley, Alabama.)
Bleed through of asphalt into white paint makes theBleed through of asphalt into white paint makes thepaint appear brown. paint appear brown. Apply a primer coat (200Apply a primer coat (200--250 SF/gal)250 SF/gal)to seal the oils from the new coating.to seal the oils from the new coating. Flaking and peeling of new coating Flaking and peeling of new coating –– surface preparation.surface preparation.
Algae obscuring markings Algae obscuring markings –– introduce biocide into paintintroduce biocide into paint,,developed by Dow Chemical (Rohm and Haas). (Page 31)developed by Dow Chemical (Rohm and Haas). (Page 31)
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Compatibility of CoatingsCompatibility of Coatings New coating must be compatible with existing coating.New coating must be compatible with existing coating.
CoatingsCoatings
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Glass Beads Glass Beads TTTT--BB--1325D1325D
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Glass Beads Glass Beads TTTT--BB--1325D1325D
Low Index (1.5 IOR) compositionLow Index (1.5 IOR) composition Generally made from recycled glassGenerally made from recycled glass Two typesTwo types
Standard Standard –– Type I Type I “Big Bead” (1 mm) “Big Bead” (1 mm) –– Type IV Type IV
HiHi--index (1.9 IOR) composition index (1.9 IOR) composition --Type IIIType III Made from virgin materialsMade from virgin materials Higher reflectivity Higher reflectivity Greater distance recognitionGreater distance recognition
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Glass Beads Glass Beads provide markings with two provide markings with two important characteristicsimportant characteristics::
DurabilityDurability RetroRetro--reflectivity reflectivity for for nighttime nighttime visibilityvisibility
Glass BeadsGlass Beads
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The unit measured is expressed in The unit measured is expressed in millicandelas per square metermillicandelas per square meter per lux per lux ((mcd/mmcd/m²/lux). ²/lux). The The higher values are brighter, higher values are brighter, and provide and provide greater visibility, and distance greater visibility, and distance recognitionrecognition..
RetroRetro--reflectivity reflectivity is the amount of is the amount of lightlightreturned to returned to the source.the source.
Glass BeadsGlass Beads
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No beads -Visible for 7 meters.
Hi-index beads -Visible for 30 meters.
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Retro-ReflectivityRetro-Reflectivity
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Certain airfield markings in the U. S.are required to be reflective.
AC 150-5370-10G, P620 has established target retro-reflectivity values at installation:Type I beads – 300 white; 175 yellowType III beads – 600 white; 350 yellowType IV beads – 400 white; 225 yellow
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Index of Refraction Index of Refraction refers to the bending of light. The higherrefers to the bending of light. The higherthe the IORIOR, the greater degree of bending, or refraction; and the more, the greater degree of bending, or refraction; and the morelight will be returned to the source.light will be returned to the source.
How glass beads workHow glass beads work
Glass BeadsGlass Beads
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• Type III
1.9-1.93 IOR
• Type I and IV
1.5-1.55 IOR
Focal Point: Length of light incidence on the bottom of the glass sphere. Longer results in more diffuse reflection. Shorter results in more direct reflection.
Focal Point: Length of light incidence on the bottom of the glass sphere. Longer results in more diffuse reflection. Shorter results in more direct reflection.
Glass BeadsGlass BeadsHow glass beads workHow glass beads work
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TYPE IIITYPE III
TYPE ITYPE I
Arrowheads with Type III
beads are highly visible
from 200 feet.
Tails with Type I recede from
view in the distance
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900
750
600
450
300
150
0
retr
oref
ectiv
ity(m
cd)
40353025201510
50
10168897626355083812541270
mils
microns
Type IVGradation A
Low Index (1.5 IOR)
Direct Melt
Type IVGradation B
Low Index (1.5 IOR)
Direct Melt
Type III
High Index (1.9 IOR)
Virgin Materials
Type IGradation A
Low Index (1.5 IOR)
Recycled Glass
NOTE: Suggested performance at installation.Wait at least 24 hours to evaluate reflectivity.
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Factors that affect Retro-ReflectivityFactors that affect Retro-ReflectivityEmbedmentEmbedment
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EmbedmentEmbedment
Under-embedment
Factors that affect Retro-ReflectivityFactors that affect Retro-Reflectivity
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19
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Type I beads with excellent embedment,
distribution, and population.
Type III beads with poor embedment, good distribution, fair population.
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EmbedmentEmbedment
Over-embedment
Factors that affect Retro-ReflectivityFactors that affect Retro-Reflectivity
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Over-Population
“Stacking”
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Bead Population and DistributionBead Population and DistributionFactors that affect Retro-ReflectivityFactors that affect Retro-Reflectivity
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Bead Population and DistributionBead Population and DistributionFactors that affect Retro-ReflectivityFactors that affect Retro-Reflectivity
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Bead Population and DistributionBead Population and DistributionFactors that affect Retro-ReflectivityFactors that affect Retro-Reflectivity
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Measuring devices:
LTL-X RetrometerMirolux 30Mobile retrometer
RetroRetro--reflectometersreflectometers
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Marking EquipmentMarking Equipment
Airless spray equipmentAirless spray equipment
Atomized (pneumatic) spray Atomized (pneumatic) spray equipmentequipment
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Airless Airless spray equipmentspray equipment applies material at 1500applies material at 1500--3000 psi3000 psi provides very sharp edgesprovides very sharp edges requires diligent maintenancerequires diligent maintenance push machines not designed well for glass bead push machines not designed well for glass bead
dispensersdispensers truck mounted units can spray two colorstruck mounted units can spray two colors
simultaneouslysimultaneously
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Atomize (pneumatic) spray equipment:Atomize (pneumatic) spray equipment:
applies material at 40applies material at 40--80 psi.80 psi. edges are distinct, but less sharp than airless equipment.edges are distinct, but less sharp than airless equipment. easier to use and maintain.easier to use and maintain. push machines designed with glass bead dispensers push machines designed with glass bead dispensers
actuated with air.actuated with air. truck mounted units can spray two colors simultaneouslytruck mounted units can spray two colors simultaneously..
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Glass Bead DispensersGlass Bead Dispensers“Glass beads shall be distributed upon themarked areas at the locations shown onthe plans to receive glass beads immediatelyafter application of the paint. A dispensershall be furnished which is properly designedfor attachment to the marking machine andsuitable for dispensing glass beads.”
FAA AC 150/5370-10, P-620.3-5
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Kamber pressurized bead guns
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RobobeaderGravity fed system for
Airless Stripers
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Select material suitable to environment.
SUMMARY
Select the right equipment for the job.