effect on maximum dry density and optimum …moisture content (omc) increase upto an optimum value,...
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Effect on Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content
of Expansive Soil on Addition of Sawdust Ash
Himani Rai
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology, Dehradun
Abstract
Sawdust is by product which can be obtained from
sawmills. It has been observed that sawdust is very
oftenly treated as waste and instead of getting fully
utilised, very large part of it is dumped in the
dumping sites which additionally creates a problem
for the environment. In the present study sawdust
ash (SDA) has been used as an additive for
studying its effect on Maximum Dry Density
(MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of
expansive soil. Expansive soil and the soil mixed
with sawdust ash were subjected to grain size
analysis, Atterberg limit, specific gravity and
Standard Proctor test. Standard Proctor test have
been conducted for different samples of soil where
the soil has been mixed with 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25% of SDA and the results have been
analysed. It has been found that on addition of
SDA, the MDD of the soil shows a decreasing
trend and OMC for the soil shows an increasing
trend. The value of OMC increases upto certain
limit and then starts decreasing.
Keywords: Expansive soil, sawdust ash, standard
proctor test, optimum moisture content, maximum
dry density.
Materials
A. Expansive soil
Expansive soils have tendency to swell when come
in contact with moisture and shrink on removal of
moisture. Expansive soil used in the study is
moderate expansive and as per IS: 1498-1970, it
has been classified as CL (clay with low plasticity).
The soil has been procured from Sitarganj
(Khatima), U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand).
B. Sawdust ash
Sawdust is by product of processed wood. The
main chemical composition of sawdust is carbon
60.8%, hydrogen 5.19%, oxygen 33.83% and
nitrogen 0.90%.Sawdust in the present study has
been procured form Workshop, College of
Technology, GBPUAT, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). It
was dried in sun before burning. The burnt ash was
then sieved through 600 micron sieve for removal
of unwanted particles such as unburnt sawdust.
Testing programme
The soil was subjected various tests to determine
the basic properties of the natural soil (S). Different
percentage of sawdust ash was mixed and the
samples were subjected to some tests. A brief
experimental programme has been presented in
table 1.
Table 1: Experimental program
S.No. Sample Tests
conducted
No.
of
tests
1 Soil Grain size
analysis
Atterberg
limit
Specific
gravity
Standard
proctor test
1
1
1
1
2 Sawdust Ash Atterberg
limit
Specific
gravity
1
1
3 S + 2% SDA
S + 5% SDA
S + 10% SDA
S + 15% SDA
S + 20% SDA
S + 25% SDA
Standard
proctor test
1
Results and Discussion
A. Geotechnical Parameters of Soil
The results of different tests conducted on soil have
been presented in tabular form in table 2.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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Table 2: Physical properties of soil
B. Geotechnical Parameters of Sawdust Ash
(SDA)
The results of tests conducted on SDA have been
presented in table 3.
Table 3: Geotechnical properties of Sawdust
Ash (SDA)
C. Standard Proctor Test
Following are the graphs between maximum dry
density (ϒ d) and moisture content (w) showing the
results of Standard Proctor Test:
I. Soil with 0% SDA
Fig. 1: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil
II. Soil with 2% SDA
Fig. 2: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil with 2% SDA
III. Soil with 5% SDA
Fig. 3: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil with 5% SDA
15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18
7 11 15 19
ϒd
(kN
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 0% SDA
15
15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18
6 10 14 18 22
ϒd
(kN
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 2% (SDA)
15.5
16.1
16.7
17.3
8 12 16 20
ϒd
(kn
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 5% SDA
Parameters Results
Grain size distribution:
Clay size fraction (%)
Silt size fraction (%)
Sand size fraction (%)
Soil type as per IS: 1498-1970
11.92
80.52
7.56
CL
Liquid limit (%) 25.12
Plastic limit (%) 10.19
Shrinkage limit (%) 9.5
Plasticity index (%) 14.93
Specific gravity 2.51
Maximum dry density (kN/m3) 17.76
Optimum moisture content (%) 13.00
Parameters Results
Plasticity index Non-
Plastic
Specific gravity 1.96
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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IV. Soil with 10% SDA
Fig. 4: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil with 10% SDA
V. Soil with 15% SDA
Fig. 5: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil with 15% SDA
VI. Soil with 20% SDA
Fig. 6: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil with 20% SDA
VII. Soil with 25% SDA
Fig. 7: Dry density v/s water content relation
for soil with 25% SDA
The results show that on addition of SDA optimum
moisture content (OMC) increase upto an optimum
value, then decrease and maximum dry density
(MDD) decrease. The maximum value of OMC
attained was 18.5% for which maximum MDD was
16.58 kN/m3. Further the results have been
presented in table 4.
15
15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
10 14 18 22 26
ϒd
(kN
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 10% SDA
15
15.6
16.2
16.8
10 14 18 22 26
ϒd
(kN
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 15% SDA
14
14.6
15.2
15.8
16.4
17
10 14 18 22 26
ϒd
(kN
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 20% SDA
13.2
13.8
14.4
15
15.6
16.2
10 14 18 22
ϒd
(kN
/m3)
w (%)
Soil with 25% SDA
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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Table 4: OMC and MDD values of soil with
Sawdust Ash (SDA)
S.No. Material OMC
(%)
MDD
(kN/m3)
1 Soil + 2% SDA 13.5 17.71
2 Soil + 5% SDA 15.0 17.36
3 Soil + 10% SDA 17.0 17.27
4 Soil + 15% SDA 18.5 16.58
5 Soil + 20% SDA 18.0 16.28
6 Soil + 25% SDA 17.5 15.79
Figure 8 and 9 shows the variation MDD and OMC
respectively with varying percentage of sawdust
ash.
Fig. 8: Variation of MDD with different
percentage of SDA
Fig. 9: Variation of OMC with different
percentage of SDA
Conclusion
1. Optimum moisture content increased and
maximum dry density decreased on addition of
sawdust ash
2. The maximum value of OMC attained was
18.5% at which MDD was 16.58 kN/m2.
References
[1] Butt W.A., Gupta K. and Jha J.N. 2016.
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[2] Edeh J.E., Agbede I.O. and Tyoyila A. 2013.
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[3] Elinwa A.U. and Mahmood Y.A. 2002. “Ash
from timber waste as cement replacement
material”, Cement and Concrete
Composites, 24(2):219-222.
15.6
16.2
16.8
17.4
18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
MD
D (
kN
/m3)
SDA (%)
SDA Vs MDD
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
OM
C (
%)
SDA (%)
SDA Vs OMC
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 4 of 5
[4] Khan S. and Khan H. 2016. “Improvement of
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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