EFFECT OF SALINITY ON VINES AND WINES

BEN AMI BRAVDO

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

THE CAUSES OF SOIL SALINITY

HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SALTS IN IRRIGATION WATER OR FERTILIZER

INSUFFICIENT IRRIGATION TO LEACH SALT OUT OF THE ROOT ZONE

POOR SOIL STRUCTURE THAT LIMITS DRAINAGE OR LEACHING OF SALTS OUT OF THE ROOT ZONE

NON UNIFORM WATER APPLICATION ACROSS THE IRRIGATED AREA, RESULTING IN LOCALIZED PATHCHES OF

INADEQCUATE LEACHING

SALINATION OF THE ROOT ZONE BY HIGH WATER TABLES WHICH MAY BRING SALTS FROM OTHER AREAS OR FROM SOIL

THE BELOW

AUSTRALIAN SOURCES

SENSITIVE TO MODERATELY SENSITIVE 3.6dS/m

OWN ROOTS –V.VINIFERA e.g. SULTANA,SHIRAZ,CHARDONNAY

MODERATELY TOLERANT TO TOLERANT 6.6 dS/m

ROOTSTOCKS: e.g. RAMSEY, 1103 PAULSEN, 140 RUGGERI, 101-14,RUPESTRIS ST. GEORGE

HIGH SALINITY

SALT ACCUMULATION

VERY HIGHSALINITY

DRIPPER PONDINGAREA

LEACHED AREA

1.22.7

4.2Salt creeck

Ruggeri

Cc

Bb

BaAc AbAa

0

5000

10000

Concentration (ppm)

Salinity (dS/m

EFFECT O F SALINITY O N PETIO LE CHLO RIDE CO NTENT CV CABERNET SAUVIGNO N O N 2 RO O TSTO CKS AT BLO O M R.

NEGEV 1996

Salt creeck

Ruggeri

1.2 2.7 4.2

RUGGERI

SALT CREEK

aa a

a a a

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

CO

NT

EN

T

(pp

m)

SALINITY TREATMENTS (ds/m)

FIG 1 : EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON PETIOLE Cl CONTENT, RAMAT NEGEV 25/8/96

RUGGERI

SALT CREEK

1.22.74.2

RUGGERI

SALT CREEK

aa a

a

b

b

010002000

30004000

5000

CO

NT

EN

T

(pp

m)

SALINITY TREATMENTS

(dS/m)

EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON Cl BLADES CONTENT RAMAT NEGEV 5/5/96

RUGGERI

SALT CREEK

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON , RAMAT NEGEV SPRING 2/5/99

b bb

aa

a

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1.2 2.7 4.2

salinity

Cl-

[pp

m]

ruggeri

salt creek

A

C

B

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON , RAMAT NEGEV

SUMMER 8/8/99

AA

B

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1.2 2.7 4.2

salinity

CL-

[ppm

]

ruggeri

salt creek

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN BLADES, CABERNET SAUVIGNON, RAMAT NEGEV

(8.8. 99)

B

A A

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1.2 2.7 4.2

SALINITY

CL-

[pp

m]ruggeri

salt cr.

FIG.13 EFFECT OF SEASONS ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON ON TWO ROOTS STOCK

RUGGERI AND SALT CREEK, RAMAT NEGEV

1996 1997 1998 1999

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

rsm

s.csm

rspr

s.cspr

rsm

s.csm

rspr

s.cspr

rsm

s.csm

rspr

s.cspr

rsm

s.csm

rspr

s.cspr

Cl-

(p

pm

)

MIN

MAX

r =ruggeri sm =summers.c =salt creek spr =spring

FIG 5. CUMULATIVE Cl- CONCENTRATIONS IN CABERNET SAUVIGNON BLADES ON TWO ROOTSTOCK RUGGERI AND SALT

CREEK, RAMAT NEGEV

1996 1997 1998 1999

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

rsm

scsm

rspr

scspr

rsm

scsm

rspr

scspr

rsm

scsm

rspr

scspr

rsm

scsm

rspr

scspr

MIN

MAX

RU

GG

ER

I

SA

LT C

RE

EK

1.22.7

4.2

b a

ab aa

a

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

CO

NT

EN

T

(pp

m) 1.2

2.7

4.2

SALINITY dS/m

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON PETIOLE Na CONTENT OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON AT BLOOM RAMAT NEGEV 1999

1.2 2.7 4.2

ruggeri

Ca

Ba Aa

Ca

Ba

Aa

0

5000

10000

15000

pp

m

SALINITY

A: salinitya:

EEFECT OF SALINITY ON Na PETIOLE CONTENTRAMAT NEGEV AUGUST 97

1.22.7

4.2

ruggeri

salt creek

Ba Ba

Aa

Aa Aa Ab

0100200

300

400500

600

700

ppm

salinity (dS/m)

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON CABERNET SAUVIGNON BLADE Na CONTENT AT BLOOM. RAMAT NEGEV 1996

ruggeri

salt creek

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON CHLORIDE CONTENT OF PETIOLES AT BLOOM SDE BOKER 1999

B

BB

B

A

A

AA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Cabernet s. Chardonnay Merlot Sauvignon b.

VARIETY

CL

- [

ppm

]

RUGG

S.CREEK

b aabb

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON CHLORIDE CONTENT OF BLADES AT BLOOM SDE BOKER 1999

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cabernet.s. Chardonnay Merlot Savignon b.

VARIETY

CL-

[ppm

]

RUGG

S.CREEK

A ABBAB

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON LEAF CL Sauv.Blanc 23.5.08

R. Negev

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

101/14 216/3 paulsen ruggeriroots toc k

1.2

2.7

4.2

A

A

A

AB

B

A

ABB

A

A

A

A

ppm

salinity

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON LEAF CL CONTENT Sauv Blanc 08.08

R. NEGEV

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

101/14 216/3 P AUL S E N R UG G E R I

roots toc k

ppm

1.2

2.7

4.2

B

AB

A

A

B

AB

AA

A

AA

A

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON LEAF Na CONTENT Sauv. Blanc

23.05.08 R. Negev

020406080

100120140160180200

101/14 216/3 P AUL S E N R UG G E R I

roots toc k

ppm

1.2

2.7

4.2

A

A AA

AA

A

A

AA

A

A

salinity

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Na LEAF CONTENT Sauv.Blanc 08.08

R. NEGEV

050

100150200250300350400450500

101/14 216/3 P AUL S E N ruggeri

roots toc k

ppm

1.2

2.7

4.2A

A

A

AA A

AA

A

A

AA

Ds/m

1.22.7

4.2

mulched

control

Ba Ba

Aa

BbABa

Ab0

100

200

300

400

500

Na (ppm)

SALINITY dS/m

EFFECT OF MULCHING ON Na SOIL CONTENT AT 30-60cm DEPTH Sauvignon Blanc R. NEGEV 2001

A: salinitya:mulch

. EFFECT OF SLINE WATER IRRIGATION ON CROP YIELD OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON R.N

1999

BAB

A

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1.2 2.7 4.2

SALINITY (dS/m)

Kg/

0.1h

a ruggeri

s.creek

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON PHENOLS CONTENT OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON

WINES R.N. 1999

AB

0

200

400

600

800

1000

RUGGERI SALT CREEKROOTSTOCK

mg

/ l

EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON MUST BRIX - RAMAT NEGEV CABERNET SAUVIGNON 12/8/96+21/8/96

b

a

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

ruggeri salt creek

BR

IX

(%)

B

A

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

Ruggeri Salt Creeck

aroma compounds

%

area

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON LIMONENE 1 CONTENT OF MUST R.N.1999

EFFECT OF SALINITY TREATMENTS ON WINE HARMONY - RAMAT NEGEV CABERNET SAUVIGNON

21/8/96

aaa

b

aa

1112131415

1.2 2.7 4.2

SALINITY TREATMENTS (dS/m)ruggeri

salt creek

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCKS ON SENSORY EVALUATION SCORE R.N 1999

B

A

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

Ruggeri Salt creeck

Rootstock

sco

re

List of sixteen volatiles (some of them unidentified) out of thirty-six compounds in the 1997 wines which were found to be significantly affected by saline water irrigation treatments: 

Scan # Order Name Ion trace

228 1* 1-butanol (?) 41

236 2* Amyl acetate (iso or N) 70

265 3* Oxirane (4 methyl 2,3 epoxy pentane) 41

308 4* ? 70

318 5 Hexanoic acid hexyl ester 144

342 6 Acetic acid hexyl ester 61

350 7 ? 77

376 8 ? 55 + 56

382 9 Propanoic acid, 2 hydroxy ethyl ester 45 + 118389 10 1 Hexanol 84394 11 3 Methyl 1,4 Pentadiene 67400 12* ? 58427 13 Octanoic acid ethyl ester 172434 14* acetic acid 60 + 61482 15* ? 56486 16* ? 70489 17 3 Methyl 2 butanol 73495 18 1 Propoxy 2 propanol (?) 59509 19* ? 87513 20 Decanoic acid ethyl ester 156 + 199 + 200527 21* Butanoic acid diethyl ester 174575 22* ? 87

580 23 Phenyl ethyl acetate 104

583 24 Beta Demascenone 121 + 190

590 25* Nerol 68 + 69 + 93

600 26* Benzyl alcohol 107 + 108

608 27* Ethyl 3 ethylbutyl butanedioate 129

613 28 2 Phenyl ethanol 91

653 ? 128 + 151

662 30 Octanoic acid 60

679 31 ?

726 Pyranone (?) 144

738 3 ? 93

762 34* Butanedioic acid diethyl ester 101

841 35 ? 173

904 36? 149

* = Significant

•THANK YOU

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON Cl- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLES CABERNET SAUVIGNON , RAMAT NEGEV

SUMMER 8/8/99

AA

B

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1.2 2.7 4.2

salinity

CL-

[ppm

]

ruggeri

salt creek

השפעת הכנה על ריכוז מינראלים בפטוטרות קברנה סוביניון רמת נגב 6.9.01

B

A

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

רוג'רי סלט קריק

כנה

P[pp

m] 1.2

2.7

4.2

השפעת הכנה על ריכוז מינראלים בפטוטרות קברנה סוביניון רמת נגב 6.9.01

A

B

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

רוג'רי סלט קריק

כנה

Cl-[

ppm

]

1.2

2.7

4.2

EFFECT OF ROOT STOCK ON NO3- CONCENTRATION IN PETIOLE LEAFES SAUVIGNON RAMAT NAGEV ' 99

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

ruggerisalt cr.

ROOT STOCK

NO

3- [

pmm

]

1.2

2.7

4.2A B

השפעת הכנה על ריכוז מינראלים בפטוטרות קברנה סוביניון רמת נגב 6.9.01

B

A

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

רוג'רי סלט קריק

כנה

P[pp

m] 1.2

2.7

4.2

FIG. 1. EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK AND SALINITY ON PETIOLE CLORIDE CONCENTRATION PETIOLE, CABERNET SAUVIGNON RAMAT NEGEV (8.8.99)

bb a

aa

a

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

RuggeriSalt creeck

ROOTSTOCK

CL-

[ppm

] 1.2

2.7

4.2

A B

1.2 2.7 4.2

ruggeri

Ba Ba

Aa

Aa Aa Ab

0

200

400

600

800

ppm

salinity (dS/m)

Fig. 1. Effect of salnity treatments on Na content of the petioles at bloom time. (Capital and small letters denote

differences between rootstocks and salinities respectively )

ruggeri

salt creek