POTENTIAL OF POULTRY MANURE AS A SOURCE OF NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTED WITH MINERAL NITROGEN IN

LATE SOWN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

RANA MUHAMMAD KASHIFPAGF13-E056M.Sc. (Hons.)

Department of AGRONOMYUniversity College of Agriculture,

University of Sargodha

Introduction Wheat Nitrogen Poultry Manure Review of Literature Materials & Methods References

Wheat

Wheat is a grass, belongs to Poaceae family and cultivated all

over the world.

Technical name of wheat is Triticum aestivum L.

It is the cheapest source of calories, protein, and fiber in

human nutrition.

It occupies an important position among cereal grains with

respect to production and utilization.

In Pakistan major cultivated area is devoted to wheat.

Malival et al. (2001)

Wheat grain is used to

make flour for flat and

steamed breads, biscuits,

cookies, cakes, breakfast

cereal, pasta, noodles and

for fermentation to make

beer.

Wheat is a leading food grain of Pakistan and being the

staple diet of the people.

It occupies a central position in agricultural policies.

It contributes 10.3 percent to the value added in agriculture

and 2.2 percent to GDP.

Annual production during 2013-14 is 25.3 million tons.

Area under wheat is 9.03 million hectares in 2013-14.

GOP, (2013-14)

WHEAT

Halo Bight

Flag Smut

NitrogeN

Crop production is significantly influenced by a number of

nutrients particularly with Nitrogen.

Sufficient amount of N promotes vigorous growth and dark

green color.

Nitrogen availability at critical growth stages is of supreme

importance.

Among the agronomic practices, the rate and technique of

N fertilization has been used effectively to improve protein

contents and grain quality.

Mattas et al. (2011)

Cont…

Nitrogen is the third most important environmental factor

for wheat production which influences yield and quality of

grain.

Appropriate amount of nitrogen increases number of

productive tillers, leaf area index and grain yield.

Nitrogen as a structural part of chlorophyll increases plant

ability to synthesize photosynthetic proteins.

Kindred et al. (2008)

Poultry MaNure

Poultry manure is the organic waste material from poultry

consisting of animal feces and urine.

Poultry manure is an excellent fertilizer material because of

its high nutrient content, especially for nitrogen.

Its proper application increased soil and plant nutrient status,

increases soil organic matter and water holding capacity.

Agbede et al. (2008)

Cont… Manures decompose (mineralize) in the soil releasing

nutrients for crop uptake.

Poultry manure contains 3-5% Nitrogen, 1.5-3.5%

Phosphorus, 1.5-3% Potassium and considerable amount of

micronutrients and its pH is 6-7.

Poultry Manure application registered over 53% increase of

Nitrogen level in the soil, from 0.09% to 0.14%.

Boateng et al. (2006)

In comparison with all other available manures, poultry manure

is considered the best one due to its better decomposition rate

and timely availability of nutrients.

Reddy et al. (2010)

Late Sowing of Wheat… A Major Problem• In Pakistan yield of wheat is too low as compared to other

countries of the world, one of the possible reasons in this

context is the late sowing of wheat.

•Area that is under the late sowing of wheat is 5.05 million

hectares, which is 56% of total cropped area of wheat.

•Out of many factors like fixed crop rotation i.e. rice-wheat,

cotton-wheat, increasing prices and unavailability of

nutrients at the time of sowing are also responsible for this

delay.

Nazir et al. (2000) & PAK-SCMS, (2013)

Each day delay in sowing of wheat after 20th November

onward decreases spike length, No. of spikelet’s per spike,

plant height, grains weight and whole yield.

Hussain et al. (2000)

Role of Poultry Manure & Nitrogen in late Sown Wheat

• Combine use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients

not only supply essential nutrients but also have some

positive interaction to increase nutrient use efficiency in late

sown wheat.

• In late sown wheat, manure and nitrogen management

practices can give good results.

•One of the possible options to maximize the crop production

in late sown wheat by using of organic manure.

Khaliq et al. (2004)

Cont…

•Application of manure in combination with fertilizer releases

more nutrients.

• Combine use of chemical and organic nitrogen sources can

play an important role in soil fertility.

• Integrated use of poultry manure and nitrogen in late sown

wheat results in higher yield and improve other components

of yield.

Hammad et al. (2011)

Objectives of Study

Keeping in this view, the present trial was planned to deal

with following objectives:

Estimate the influence of different combinations of Poultry

manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality parameters of

wheat grain.

Identify the best combination of Poultry manure and inorganic

fertilizer with respect to yield and quality of wheat grain.

Review of LiteRatuRe

Hammad et al. (2011) conducted a trial in which different combinations of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer were used. It was concluded that yield and other yield components of wheat were significantly increased with the combine application of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer.

Kiani et al. (2005) conducted an experiment in which different combinations of organic and inorganic sources were used. It consists of 100%, 50% and 25% N from PM and N. It was concluded that combine use of organic and synthetic fertilizer have significant improvement with 35 % increase in wheat yield of late sown wheat.

Cont…

Shah and Ahmad (2006) investigated that by the application of N from PM and urea @ 120 kg per hectare from two sources in ratios 0:100, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25, 100: 0 and 0:0. It was found that treatment in which N was applied from manure and urea in the ratio of 25:75 gave the highest seed yield.

Xin et al. (2009) studied the effects of combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on grain yield and qualitative traits of wheat. They applied chicken manure and urea. They concluded that combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased grain yield as well as quality traits such as starch improvement in wheat grain.

Materials & Methods

Experimental site University college of agriculture,

Sargodha

Cultivar Punjab 2011

Design RCBD with split plot arrangement

Plot Size 2.2m x 6.0m

Treatments of Study

• T1: Control

• T2: 100% N from inorganic fertilizer

• T3: 100% N from poultry manure

• T4: 50% N from inorganic fertilizer & 50% N from poultry

manure

• T5: 25% N from inorganic fertilizer & 75% N from poultry

manure

• T6: 75% N from inorganic fertilizer & 25% N from poultry

manure

• Recommended doses of Nitrogen was applied @ 120 kg ha-1

• Recommended doses of poultry manure was applied @ 4

tons ha-1

• Recommended doses of Phosphorus & Potassium was

applied.

• Full doses of P,K & PM was applied on sowing time while

half dose of N was applied on sowing time & half at the time

of first irrigation..

• Crop was sown with the help of hand drill.

• keeping line to line distance of 22cm apart.

Parameters

• Total Number of tillers (m-2)

•Number of productive tillers (m-2)

•Number of non-productive tillers (m-2)

• Plant height at maturity (cm)

• Spike length (cm)

•Number of spikelet’s per spike

•Number of grains per spike

• 1000-grain weight (g)

Cont…

•Grain yield (t ha-1)

• Biological yield (t ha-1)

•Harvest Index (%)

•Quality analysis

• Statistical analysis

• The data collected for all the parameters will be subjected to

analysis of variance techniques.

Steel et al. (1997)

References

• Agbede TM, Ojeniyi SO, Adeyemo AJ (2008). Effect of poultry manure on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of sorghum in Southwest Nigeria. Ame-Eurasian J. Sustainable Agric. 2(1): 72-77.• Boateng, S., A.J. Zickermann and M. Kornaharrens. 2006. Effect of poultry

manure on growth and yield of maize. West Africa J. App. Eco., 9:1-11.• Food and Agriculture Organization. 2014. Annual Wheat Report. Internet

source: www.fao.org/ world food situation.• Hammad, H.M., A. Khaliq, A. Ahmad, M. Aslam, A.H. Malik and W, Farhad.

2011. Influence of different organic manures on wheat productivity. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 13: 137-140.• Hussain, A., M. Maqsood, A. Ahmad, S. Aftab and Z. Ahmad. 2000. Effect of

irrigation during various development stages on yield, component of yield and harvest index of different wheat cultivars. Pak .J. Agric. Sci., 34: 104-107. • Kiani, M.J., M.K. Abbasi and N. Rahim. 2005. Use of organic manure with mineral

nitrogen fertilizer increases wheat yield at Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 51: 299-309.

Cont…

• Malival, P.L. 2001. Agronomy at a glance. Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur.Pp.78-80.

• Nazir, S., M.A. Jabbar, Z. Waheed, A. Ghaffar and M. Aslam. 2000. Response of late sown wheat to seeding density and nitrogen management. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3:998-1001.

• Pakistan:Satellite Based Crop Monitoring System (2013). Volume 111, Issue 2.

• Shah, Z. and M.I. Ahmad. 2006. Effect of integrated use of farm yard manure and urea on yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 1: 60-65.

• Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics, a biometrical approach, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York. pp. 352-358.

• YingXin, X., XiaoMing, W., Huacen, W., YongHua, W., Yunji, Z and Tiancai, G. 2009. Combine effect o.f organic and inorganic fertilizer on grain yield and

starch pasting traits of winter wheat. J. Triticeae cro., 29:299-302.

Q&A &

Thanks