effect of magnetic field on scale removal in drinking...

EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON SCALE REMOVAL IN DRINKING

WATER PIPELINE

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Environmental)

HON SIAU SHI

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

NOVEMBER 2014

To my lovely God

And my beloved parents, brother, friends and lecturers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people and parties as well

as references. They have contributed so much towards my understanding and

thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis

supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Johan Bin Sohaili, for the advices and guidance in this

thesis. I would also like to thank the staffs in Laboratory Environmental Engineering,

Faculty of Civil Engineering for their help.

Moreover, thanks to my friends Hoe Hsyiang Lung and Lok Siew Chin,

brothers and sisters from IVCC who wouldn’t hesitate to lend me a hand whenever

I’m in trouble in this project. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this

limited space. Finally yet importantly, I wish to extend my deepest thanks to my

family members who have been always pray for me and supportive in every decision

I made.

ABSTRACT

The presence of scale in drinking water pipeline causes economical and

environmental problems. It caused the corrosion of water pipeline, affected the water

pressure and distribution system. Magnetic field was proposed as a physical

treatment method on scale prevention. However, there is minimal study regarding the

removal of scale drinking water pipeline. This study also developed the magnetic

devices with different magnetic flux orientation to determine the effect on scale

removal, by determining the concentrations of Ca2+

and Mg2+

in the water. Several

parameters were investigated for preliminary tests, which were pH, turbidity and

total suspended solids. In preliminary test, three different of magnetic flux density

were conducted in the experiment, which were 0.120 Tesla, 0.050 Tesla and 0.025

Tesla. The treatment system without magnetic field acted as control sample. After

the preliminary test, two self-designed magnetic devices with the magnetic flux

density of 0.4 Tesla, 0.3 Tesla and 0.1 Tesla were developed. Three different flow

rates of 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s were studied throughout the experiments.

The systems conducted in a circulation flow system. Magnetic field reduced turbidity

and TSS of water sample around 50% and 20% respectively. In the outlet of water

sample of the system with magnetic field, the concentration of Ca2+

and Mg2+

were

90% and 20% higher than the system without magnetic field. Besides, with flow

rates of 1.5 mL/s, the self-designed inverted magnetic devices showed the

concentration of Ca2+

and Mg2+

of 13.45 mg/L and 4.91 mg/L respectively in the

outlet of water sample. Its concentration was 40% higher than non-inverted magnet

devices. The non-inverted magnetic devices were detected the concentration of Ca2+

and Mg2+

of 9.51 mg/L and 2.57 mg/L respectively. Compared between different

magnetic flux density, 0.4 Tesla inverted magnetic devices removed Ca2+

and Mg2+

,

which were 40% higher than 0.1 Tesla and 0.3 Tesla inverted magnetic devices with

the flow rates of 1.5 mL/s. Investigation of the effect of flow rates, 1.5 mL/s showed

higher concentration of Ca2+

and Mg2+

in effluent of water sample compared with 1.0

mL/s and 1.3 mL/s. It can be concluded that the presence of magnetic field reduced

the turbidity and TSS of water sample. It also enhances the removal of scale in

drinking water pipelines. With higher magnetic flux density and higher flow rates,

the removal of scale from the drinking water pipeline is higher.

ABSTRAK

Kehadiran kerak dalam saluran air menyebabkan masalah ekonomi dan alam

sekitar. Ia menyebabkan hakisan saluran paip air, menjejaskan sistem tekanan dan

pengagihan air. Medan magnet telah dicadangkan sebagai satu kaedah rawatan

fizikal untuk menyelesaikan masalah kerak dalam paip air. Walau bagaimanapun,

terdapat kajian yang minimum mengenai penyingkiran kerak dari saluran paip air

minuman. Kajian ini juga membina peranti magnet dengan pelbagai orientasi medan

magnet bagi menentukan kesan terhadap penyingkiran kerak, dengan menentukan

kepekatan Ca2+

dan Mg2+

dalam air. Beberapa parameter telah disiasat untuk ujian

awal, iaitu pH, kekeruhan dan jumlah pepejal terampai. Dalam ujian awal, tiga

ketumpatan fluks magnet yang berbeza telah digunakan dalam kajian ini, iaitu 0.120

Tesla, 0.050 Tesla dan 0.025 Tesla. Sistem rawatan tanpa medan magnet bertindak

sebagai sampel kawalan. Selepas ujian awal, dua peranti magnet telah dibina dengan

ketumpatan fluks magnet 0.4 Tesla, 0.3 Tesla dan 0.1 Tesla. Tiga kadar aliran yang

berbeza iaitu 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s dan 1.5 mL/s telah dikaji sepanjang eksperimen.

Sistem yang dijalankan dalam sistem aliran edaran. Medan magnet mengurangkan

kekeruhan dan jumlah pepejal terampai sampel air sebanyak 50% dan 20% maing-

masing. Dalam outlet sampel air, sistem yang bermedan magnet, mangandungi

kepekatan Ca2+

dan Mg2+

yang tinggi sebanyak 90% dan 20% daripada sistem tanpa

medan magnet. Selain itu, dengan kadar aliran sebanyak 1.5 mL/s, peranti magnet

yang songsang magnet menunjukkan kepekatan Ca2+

dan Mg2+

sebanyak 13.45

mg/L dan 4.91 mg/L masing-masing di outlet sampel air. Kepekatannya adalah 40%

lebih tinggi daripada peranti magnet bukan songsang. Peranti magnet yang bukan

songsang menunjukkan kepekatan Ca2+

dan Mg2+

sebanyak 9.51 mg/L dan 2.57

mg/L masing-masing. Berbanding kesan ketumpatan fluks magnet, 0.4 Tesla peranti

magnet songsang menyingkirkan Ca2+

dan Mg2+

yang sebanyak 40% lebih tinggi

daripada 0.1 Tesla dan 0.3 Tesla peranti magnet songsang dengan kadar aliran

sebanyak 1.5 mL/s. Kajian atas kesan kadar aliran, 1.5 mL/s menunjukkan kepekatan

yang lebih tinggi daripada Ca2+

dan Mg2+

dalam efluen sampel air berbanding

dengan 1.0 mL/s dan 1.3 mL/s. Ini dapat membuat kesimpulan bahawa dengan

kehadiran medan magnet dapat mengurangkan kekeruhan dan jumlah pepejal

terampai sampel air. Ini juga meningkatkan penyingkiran Ca2+

dan Mg2+

dari saluran

paip air. Dengan kepadatan fluks magnet yang lebih tinggi dan kadar aliran yang

lebih tinggi, penyingkiran Ca2+

dan Mg2+

dari saluran paip air minuman adalah lebih

tinggi.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study Background 1

1.2 Problems Statement 2

1.3 Objectives of Research 4

1.4 Scope of Study 4

1.5 Significance Study 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Formation of Scale in Water 6

2.2 Effect of Formation of Scale

2.2.1 Physical Effects 9

2.2.2 Human’s Health 11

2.3 Traditional Scale Removing Method 12

2.4 Introduction to Magnetic Field 13

2.5 The Mechanism of Magnetic Field

2.5.1 Hydration Effects 15

2.5.2 Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) 19

2.6 Performance of Magnetic Field on Scale

Prevention and Scale Removal

22

2.6.1 Formation of CaCO3 23

2.6.2 Morphology of CaCO3 24

2.6.3 Solubility 26

2.7 Enhancement of Magnetic Field Treatment 26

2.7.1 Magnetic Flux Density 27

2.7.2 Turbulence 27

2.7.3 Velocity 30

2.7.4 Circulation Flow 31

2.7.5 Direction of Water Flow to Magnetic Field 32

2.7.6 Influenced of pH 33

2.7.7 Other Factors 34

2.8 Application of Magnetic Field on Commercial

Devices

34

2.9 Application of Magnetic Field in Other Treatment

System

37

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 38

3.2 Experiment Flow 39

3.3 Equipment and Instrumentation 39

3.3.1 Permanent Magnets and Magnet Devices 40

3.3.2 Peristaltic Pump 41

3.3.3 Rubber pipe 42

3.3.4 Glass Apparatus 42

3.3.5 FESEM Test 42

3.3.6 Analytical Method 42

3.4 Operational Procedure 43

3.5 Formula of Scale Removal Efficiency 45

3.6 Summary of analytical Method 46

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 The Effect of Magnetic Field on Characteristic of

Water

4.2.1 pH 48

4.2.2 Turbidity 50

4.2.3 Total Suspended Solids 52

4.3 The Effect of Magnetic Field on Scale Removal 53

4.3.1 The Concentration of Calcium and

Magnesium ions

54

4.3.2 The Effect of Orientation of

Permanent Magnets

58

4.3.3 The Effect of Magnetic Flux Density 70

4.3.4 The Effect of Flow Rate 81

4.4 Analysis Summary of Study 86

5 CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion 87

5.2 Recommendation 88

REFERENCES 90

APPENDICES 96

LIST OF TABLES

NO. TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Example increases in energy consumption as a function

of scale thickness

10

2.2 Category of Hardness level 11

2.3 Softening chemicals required to remove hardness from

water

12

3.1 Method and instruments used for considered parameter 43

4.1 The effects of geometric arrangement of 0.3 Tesla

permanent magnets on the concentration of calcium

ions, Ca2+

in three different flow rates, which were (a)

1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

60


permanent magnets on the concentration of magnesium

ions, Mg2+


1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

62

4.3 The effects of magnetic flux density in non-inverted

magnetic devices on the concentration of calcium ions,

Ca2+

in flow rates of 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s

72

4.4 The comparison constant value a and b varying 1.0

mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s with 0.4 Tesla inverted

magnetic devices on scale removal

83

LIST OF FIGURES

NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Formation of scale in drinking water pipelines 8

2.2 Morphology of scale (a) hexagonal shaped of vaterite,

(b) trigonal-rhombogedral shaped of calcite and (c)

needle-like shaped of aragonite

8

2.3 Severe reduction in water pipeline diameter due to

annual deposition of calcium carbonate

10

2.4 The model to illustrate how magnetic field can strain

the particles interface of a nucleus of critical size

14

2.5 Schematic drawing of reduction of zeta potential 18

2.6 The ion travelling through the magnetic field 21

2.7 Scheme of Lorentz counterious flowing around a

spherical dispersed particle in the case of positively

charged solid surface

22

2.8 Morphology of precipitates (a) without magnetic field

(b) with magnetic field treatment

25

2.9 The inversion and non-inversion of permanent magnets 28

2.10 the variation of the magnetic induction in the gap for

(a) inverted pairs of permanent magnets and (b) non-

inverted pairs of permanent magnets

29

2.11 Measured of magnetic field strength in the flow

direction three section

30

3.1 Experiment flow chart 39

3.2 (a) Permanent magnet with size L50mm x W50mm x T

10mm (b) and (c) the configuration of permanent

magnet in magnet devices

40

3.3 The schematic drawing of self-designed (a) Inverted

magnets devices, (b) Non-inverted magnets devices

and (c) cross-section of devices

41

3.4 The schematic drawing of circulation flow system 44

3.5 The schematic drawing of the orientation of magnet to

the sample flow

44

3.6 The circulation magnetic flowing system 45

4.1 Effect of magnetic field on pH of water sample 48

4.2 Comparison of turbidity with magnetic field and

without magnetic field

50

4.3 (a) Comparison of turbidity of water sample on 3

different magnetic flux density and a control sample

without magnetic field, the water outlet of the

treatment, and the comparison the outlet water sample

(b), (c) and (d) with magnetic field (clear condition)

and (e) without magnetic field (dirt condition)

51

4.4 Effect of magnetic field on total suspended solids 53

4.5 Morphology of scale sample from existing drinking

water pipeline

54

4.6 Effect of magnetic field on concentration of calcium

ions, Ca2+

on the water sample after circulated via

water pipeline

55

4.7 Effect of magnetic field on concentration of

magnesium ions, Mg2+

on the water sample after

circulated via water pipeline

56



ions, Ca2+


1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

59



ions, Ca2+


1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

61



ions, Mg2+


1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

64



ions, Mg2+


1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

66

4.12 Morphology of scale under influenced of 0.4 Tesla (a)

Inverted magnet device and (b) non-inverted deivce at

the flow rate of 1.5 mL/s

67

4.13 The content of elements in the inner wall of drinking

water pipeline under influenced of 0.4 Tesla (a)

Inverted magnet device and (b) non-inverted magnet

device at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/s, where C: CaCO3,

O: SiO2, Mg: MgCO3, Al: Al2O3, SiO2, Fe: Fe and Zn:

Zn

68

4.14 The effect of magnetic flux density on the

concentration of calcium ions, Ca2+

inverted magnet

devices in (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c) 1.5 mL/s

71


concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+

inverted

magnet devices in (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c)

1.5 mL/s

73


concentration of magnesium ions, Mg2+

non-inverted

magnet devices in (a) 1.0 mL/s, (b) 1.3 mL/s and (c)

1.5 mL/s

75

4.17 Comparison of three different magnetic flux density on


from duration of 10 hours to 40

hours with flow rates of 1.0 mL/s , 1.3 mL/s and 1.5

mL/s ( represented 10 hours, represented

20 hours, represented 30 hours and 40

76

hours)

4.18 Comparison of three different magnetic flux density on


from duration of 10 hours to 40

hours with flow rates of 1.0 mL/s , 1.3 mL/s and 1.5

mL/s ( represented 10 hours, represented

20 hours, represented 30 hours and 40

hours)

77

4.19 The effect of magnetic flux density of inverted magnet

device (a) 0.4 Tesla, (b) 0.3 Tesla (c) 0.1 Tesla and (d)

without magnetic field on morphology of scale sample

at flow rates of 1.5 mL/s

78

4.20 The effect of magnetic flux density of inverted magnet

device (a) 0.4 Tesla, (b) 0.3 Tesla (c) 0.1 Tesla and (d)

without magnetic field on spectrum of scale sample at

flow rates of 1.5 mL/s

79

4.21 The results of (a) concentration of Ca2+

and (b)

concentration of Mg2+

in 1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5

mL/s with the application of 0.4 Tesla inverted

magnetic devices

82

4.22 The plot constant value a and b varying flow rate of

1.0 mL/s, 1.3 mL/s and 1.5 mL/s with the application

of 0.4 Tesla magnetic device on scale removal

83

4.23 The effect of flow rates of (a) 1.0 mL/s (b) 1.3 mL/s (c)

1.5 mL/s on morphology of scale sample with the

magnetic flux density of 0.4 Tesla inverted magnet

device

84

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

APHA

American Public Health Association

ANOVA Analysis of Variances

AWWA American Water Works Association

Ca2+

Calcium ions

CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate

CO32-

Carbonate ions

FESEM Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope

H+

Hydrogen ions

HCO3-

Hydrated carbonate ions

Mg2+

Magnesium ions

MgCO3 Magnesium Carbonate

MHD Magneto-hydrodynamic

mg/L milli gram per Litre

mL milli Litre

mL/s milli Litre per second

mm milli Meter

mT milli Tesla

MTD Magnetic Treatment Devices

MWT Magnetic Water Treatment

NdFeB Neodynmium-Feerrite-Cobalt

Q Flow rates

T Tesla

TSS Total Suspended Solids

WHO World Health Organization

LIST OF SYMBOLS

ψ Potential

ψm Potential after magnetic exposure

B Magnetic Field

C Concentration of the mineral in the water sample

Co Original of concentration of the mineral in the water

sample

FL Lorentz Force

R Concentration of Removal

T Duration

v Velocity

Vi Initial volume of water sample

V Volume of water sample

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study Background

Scale is a composed of calcite which formed from calcium carbonate present

in the water. The soluble salt calcium carbonate sparingly presents in water. After a

long time it flows through the water pipeline, the soluble calcium carbonate will

form an encrustation on susceptible surface in the water pipeline (Baker and Judd,

1996; Alimi et al., 2009). Glater et al. (1980) stated scale usually forms in high

temperature, different flow rate, high pressure and some very adherent conditions.

Since the scale form in these critical conditions, it has strongly bond with the

material of water pipe especially metal water pipe. Hence, it is very difficult to

remove scale from water pipe.. Scale deposit in natural waters is a common problem

that always leads to economical issues. In the review paper from Baker and Judd

(1996) and Wu and Li (2011), there are many results that show the buildup of scale

deposits poses costly problem. The buildup of scale on the internal wall of metal

pipes will reduce the internal bore and ultimately restricting flow and reduce water

pressure at the faucet. This will cause the wastage of water and influence the water

quality.

The traditional scale control known as water softening method involves a lot

of chemical reagents such as lime and soda ash. These chemical reagents are used to

convert the soluble calcium carbonate compounds into insoluble calcium carbonate

(Darshan, 2006). Another traditional method of scale removal is deposing water

pipeline which is full of scale. Some mechanical methods such as drilling or

2

hammering have been used to remove strong bonded scale from metal surface

(Glater et al., 1980). However, if the amount of chemical does not control or monitor

properly, it will affect the drinking water quality. It is harmful to human and it will

cause pollution. Deposing water pipeline or drilling methods are eventually very

costly and not environmental friendly methods.

However, magnetic field in water treatment is a simple physical treatment. It

is conducted by flowing water through magnetic fields. Baker and Judd (1996)

suggested some possible mechanism in their review paper. They suggested that the

magnetic fields able to change the electron configuration and coordination of the

water ions. Besides, they also summarized that magnetic fields can also affect in zeta

potential and dissolution. Many researchers such as Gehr et al. (1995) and Baker and

Judd (1996) claimed that due to the characteristic of magnetic fields, it can change

the physicochemical properties of the particles that exposed to it. According to

Beruto and Giordani (1995), the magnetic fields able to redistribute the surface

charge of the particles or molecules when it passing through the magnetic fields.

Therefore, this phenomenon will enhance the coagulation and precipitation of the

particles.

They are many researches regarding the effect of magnetic fields on scale in

the water distribution system. Their researches mostly focus on scale prevention.

Barrett and Parsons (1998), Parsons et al. (1997), Kozic and Lipus (2003) and Fathi

et al. (2006) claimed that magnetic fields can change the physicochemical properties

of water molecules when the water sample passed through a magnetic field.

Therefore, it will help to prevent the crystallization of calcium carbonate in water

sample and this leads to prevent the formation of in water pipeline.

1.2 Problems Statement

Hardness in water is caused by calcium and magnesium ions resulting from

water coming in contact with geologic formation (Warren Viessman and Mark,

3

2005). This condition can cause increased soap consumption and scale deposition in

the water distribution system (WHO, 2011). When calcium carbonates formed in the

water pipelines, it reduces the efficiency of the water pipelines. This will lead to

corrosion tendencies of water pipelines. Corrosion can be associated with health

risks.

From year 2003 to year 2005, Johor state consumed at least RM 155.3 million

in pipe replacement (Ranhill Utilities, 2006). A total of 222,741 m of water pipes

were replaced. Ranhill Utilities (2006) estimated another 620km of pipelines need to

replace until year 2008. Most of the pipe had been deposed due to the condition of

installation, environment of the pipe being exposed and the water pressure during

distribution. Formation of scale affects the pressure in water distribution system. It

leads to the damage of the water pipe. To overcome the formation of scale issues,

some chemicals such as strong acids or polyphosphates have been used in the water

treatment. However, over usage of chemical is harmful for human and deleterious for

the environment (Fathi et al., 2006).

Many researchers are conducting the researches mostly concentrate on the

effects of magnetic fields on scale precipitation. In another words, most of the

researches are focus on scale prevention. Saksono et al. (2009) applied magnetic

fields in high super-saturated calcium carbonate solution, to determine the effects of

magnetic fields on reduced precipitation of calcium carbonate. Alimi et al. (2007;

2009) also conducted experiments on increasing precipitation by using magnetic

fields with different pipe materials. Furthermore, magnetic fields can reduce 99% of

water hardness by using weak magnets (Banejad and Abdosalehi, 2009). Another

precipitation research by using magnetic field is conducted by Dong et al. (2011).

They found that magnetic field can promote the precipitation of aragonite polymorph

of calcium carbonate precipitation (Dong et al., 2011). From their observation, the

crystal shaped of CaCO3 completely changed from hexagonal crystal calcite to

needle-like aragonite.

However, all of the studies mostly point to scale prevention in water

distribution system. In Malaysia, there is lack of studies regarding the application of

4

magnetic fields in water treatment. In addition, there is no study regarding the

magnetic fields on scale removal in existing drinking water pipeline. Therefore, this

study is important to determine the effects of magnetic fields on scale removal.

1.3 Objectives of Study

(i) To determine the effects of magnetic field on characteristic of water (pH,

turbidity and Total Suspended Solids) in water pipeline.

(ii) To determine the effect of magnetic field on scale removal (concentration of

Ca2+

and Mg2+

) in the water pipeline.

(iii) To determine the effect of two different magnetic devices unit (Inverted

permanent magnets and non-inverted permanent magnets) o from drinking

water pipeline.

(iv) To determine effects of flow rates, Q and magnetic flux density, B on


and Mg2+

removal from drinking water pipelines.

1.4 Scope of Study

This study was conducted by using the permanent magnets to determine the

effects of magnetic field on water characteristic and scale removal. Self-designed

magnet devices, which categorized into inverted and non-inverted magnet devices,

were used to determine its on scale removal. Furthermore, this study continued with

the determination of effects of magnetic flux density and flow rates on scale removal.

All the samples were passing through circulation system with attachment of magnetic

field. The circulation system without magnetic field was used as control sample. 0.1

Tesla, 0.3 Tesla and 0.4 Tesla magnets were used in the experiments. Flow rates

from 1.0 mL/s to 1.5 mL/s were estimated. Besides, the parameters of this study are

calcium ions, Ca2+

and magnesium ions, Mg2+

. The analysis was conducted at

Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia.

5

1.5 Significant Study

When the drinking water pipelines, which contained scale, exposed with

magnetized water, it will reduce the turbidity and total suspended solids of the water.

By passing through magnetic field, the concentration of Ca2+

and Mg2+

in the outlet

of water sample will increase due to the removal of Ca2+

and Mg2+

from the drinking

water pipeline. Furthermore, the inverted magnetic devices will increase the

efficiency of Ca2+

and Mg2+

removal due to its variation of the magnetic induction in

the gap for inverted pairs. Besides, as magnetic flux density increases, the


and Mg2+

removal also will increase in the outlet of water

sample. From this study, the flow rate also has been investigated. It expects with a

higher flow rates in the circulation system, the concentration of Ca2+

and Mg2+

in

effluent of water sample is higher. This study can be a potential finding for real

application in solving scale problem in drinking water pipeline.

87

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effect of magnetic field on scale removal in drinking...

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