effect of intercropping cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) with kales (brassica oleraceae l.) on the growth...

RESEARCH PROJECT

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING COWPEAS (Vigna unguiculata) WITH KALES (Brassica oleraceae L.) ON THE GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF KALES

Emmanuel Soita WamalwaReg No: A93/2802/2011

Supervisor: Dr. Catherine Muui

INTRODUCTION• Kale (Brassica oleracea L.), commonly called ‘sukuma

wiki’ is an inexpensive vegetable which, besides cabbage, forms the backbone of Kenya’s vegetable market.

• The crop is a member of the cabbage family which has a comparatively wider adaptability, growing both in the greenhouse conditions and in the open field either under irrigation or under rain fed conditions (Jean, 1998).

• Kale is an important vegetable crop since it serves as food, source of employment and income generation.

05/01/2023 Prepared by Emmanuel Soita Wamalwa 2

05/01/2023 Prepared by Emmanuel Soita Wamalwa

3

• Declining of soil fertility is a matter that requires not just urgent but also an unwavering attention. The battle against food insecurity will forever remain a dream unless attention is paid towards inventing safe soil fertility restoration measures.

• It goes without saying that use of synthetic/ inorganic fertilizers does help in boosting G&D of crops but how safe is it? Is it readily accessible by the poor farmer?

PROBLEM STATEMENT


4

• Intercropping of cowpeas with kales can help boost crop’s G&D.• Use of N fixing plants can serve as a cheap way of

helping boost G&D of crops• Use of N fixing plants is environmental friendly• Double benefit

JUSTIFICATION


5

Broad Objective• To determine the effect of intercropping cowpeas with kales on the growth and development of kale.

Specific Objective• To find out the effect of different intercropping patterns on the growth and development of kales,

OBJECTIVES & HYPOTHESIS


6

HYPOTHESIS• Intercropping cowpeas with kale has an effect on the

G&D of the latter

• Different intercropping patterns have different effects on the growth and development of kale

Cont…


7

Experimental Site• The Research Project Was Carried Out At The Kenyatta

University Agriculture Farm.

Establishment of the Crop• Allocated virgin land• Primary cultivation• Secondary cultivation• Establishment of the nursery• Transplanted (K)/ planted (C) after 3 weeks

MATERIALS AND METHODS


8

• Watering

Experimental Design & Plot Layout • Plot size – 1.5m x 1.5m• K Spacing – 45cm x 45cm (Giving a Max p.p. of 9)• Cattle ‘boma’ manure – 2Kg.• Subsequent watering – after every 2 days• Weeding – started in Wk 2

Cont…


9

• 4 Treatments + a control; replicated 3 times laid out in a RCBD• Treatment 1 – CK_Same_Hole + 2Kg Manure• Both C & K – spacing 45cm x 45cm

• Treatment 2 – CK_Alternating_Rows + 2Kg Manure• Treatment 3 – CK_Alternating_Doube_Rows +2Kg

Manure• Treatment 4 – C_Around_K + 2Kg Manure• Control – 2Kg Manure

Cont…


10

Control CK_Same_Hole C_Around_K CK_Alternati

ng_Rows2_Alternatin

g_ Rows

C_Around_K CK_Alternating_Rows

2_Alternating_Rows

CK_Same_Hole Control

CK_Same_Hole

2_Alternating_Rows Control C_Around_K CK_Alternati

ng_Rows

EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT - RCBD


11

Data Collection• Data on G & D of k plants was collected at weekly

intervals for a period of 5 consecutive weeks. • 3 parameters collected.

Data Analysis• The data was then analyzed using the SPSS Data

analysis software. The treatment means were compared using LCD at 5% level of significance.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS


12

Comparison of Means (SD in mm) Treatment N Sum MeanCK_Same_Hole 15 105 6.97CK_Alternating_Rows 15 94.30 6.29CK_Alternating_Doube_Rows 15 101.80 6.79C_Around_K 15 109.40 7.29Control 15 106.90 7.13

Table 1: Comparison of means for stems diameters


13

Comparison of Means (H in cm) Treatment N Sum MeanCK_Same_Hole 15 183.45 12.23CK_Alternating_Rows 15 192.90 12.86CK_Alternating_Doube_Rows 15 170.90 11.39C_Around_K 15 208.20 13.88Control 15 196.70 13.11

Table 2: Comparison of means for crop heights


14

Comparison of Means (NL)Treatments N Sum MeanCK_Same_Hole_NL 15 139 9CK_Alternating_Rows_NL 15 146 10CK_Alternatinng_Double_Rows_NL 15 160 11C_Around_K_NL 15 167 11Control_NL 15 156 10

Table 3: Comparison of means for Number of Leaves


15

Figure 1: Comparison of Means of No of leaves across all the treatments

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.00

10.50

11.00

11.50

9.30

9.70

10.70

11.10

10.40 CK_Same_Hole_HCK_Alternating_Rows_HCK_Alternatinng_Double_Rows_HC_Around_K_HControl_H

Treatments

Heig

ht (c

m)


16

6.7

6.8

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.0

6.9

7.2

7.3

7.1 CK_Same_Hole_SDCK_Alternating_Rows_SDCK_Alternatinng_Double_Rows_SDC_Around_K_SDControl_H

Treatments

Stem

Dia

met

er (m

m)

Figure 2: Comparison of Means of stem diameter across all the treatments


17

.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

13.8813.26

11.3911.94

13.11

CK_Same_Hole_NL

CK_Alternating_Rows_NL

CK_Alternatinng_Double_Rows_NL

C_Around_K_NL

Control_NL

Treatments

Num

ber o

f Lea

ves

Figure 3: Comparison of Means of Number of leaves across all the treatments


18

• From the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the level of significance was less than α=0.05,• This showed that the applied treatments had effects on

growth and development of kales• The real effects were evident when the means of the

different parameters were compared as tabulated in Tables 1, 2 and 3 above.• Growth and development in CK_Same_Hole,• Growth and development in CK_Alternating Rows

Discussion


19

• Significance of plant height and stem diameter• Significance of the number of leaves.• CK_Alternating_Double Rows and C_Around_K

intercropping patterns showed more G & D (+ve for no of leaves and stem diameter)

Cont…


20

• CK_Alternating_Double Rows and C_Around_K are give the best results.

CONCLUSION


21

• Recommendation for further studies• Farmers producing kale for the organic market can rely

on CK_Alternating_Doube_Rows and C_Around_K.

RECOMMENDATIONS


22

THANK YOU!

effect of intercropping cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) with kales (brassica oleraceae l.) on the growth...

Documents