effect of hybrid coconut-oil palm shell aggregate in concrete

ISSN 2394-3777 (Print) ISSN 2394-3785 (Online)

Available online at www.ijartet.com International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET)

Vol. II, Special Issue X, March 2015 in association with HOLY GRACE ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING

ORGANIZESNATIONAL LEVEL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIVE ENGINEERING

(16-20TH MARCH 2015)

All Rights Reserved © 2015 IJARTET 108

Effect of Hybrid Coconut-Oil Palm Shell Aggregate in Concrete

Jayakrishnan E U1, Annie Joy2

M-Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Toc- H Institute of Science & Technology, Ernakulam, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Toc- H Institute of Science & Technology, Ernakulam, India2

Abstract: The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting the economy of civil engineering structures. This has necessitated research in to alternative materials for construction. This study presents the results of an investigation carried out on the strength characteristics of concrete produced using crushed agricultural solid wastes such as coconut shell and oil palm shell in combination as substitute for conventional coarse aggregates in gradation of 0%, 10% and 20% using M25 grade concrete mix. The properties such as compressive strength and split tensile strength using hybrid coconut-oil palm shell aggregate concrete were studied. The results were comparable with control specimen. The use of coconut shells and oil palm shells as partial replacement for conventional aggregates should be encouraged as an environmental protection and construction cost reduction measure.

Keywords: Coconut shell, Oil palm shell, sustainable concrete, strength properties

I. INTRODUCTIONConcrete is the most widely used construction material

in the world. With the increasing industrialization and urbanization, large quantity of natural resources and raw materials are being used for concrete production. To eliminate or minimize its negative environmental impact and to promote environmental sustainability of the concrete industry, the use of agro-wastes for concrete making is considered as an alternative solution for preventing the excessive usage of raw materials. The wide availability of agricultural wastes suitable for aggregate in concrete is proving as a dependable alternative for aggregate in concrete, wherever available[1],[2],[3],[4],[20],[21].

The possible use of agricultural wastes such as oil palm shell (OPS) and coconut shell (CS) in varying combination were studied with 0%, 10% and 20% replacement of coarse aggregate using M 25 concrete. It aimed to promote the idea of using these wastes by elaborating upon their engineering properties. The application of agricultural wastes for sustainable construction materials provides a solution which offers reduction in using natural resources as well as energy. This summary of existing knowledge about the successful use of agricultural wastes in the concrete industry helps to identify other existing waste products for use in concrete making.

II. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

A. Materials used and Mix proportionsOrdinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used

throughout the project. Coarse aggregate used with size 20mm downgraded was collected from local crushers. Natural river sand was used as fine aggregate. Fly ash was used in the mixes as cement replacement and was collected from Hindustan Newsprint Ltd, Velloor.

Coconut shells were collected from local houses. It was broken using hammer into pieces and sieved to sizes16mm to 4.75mm [7].

. Oil palm shells were collected from factory of Oil Palm India Ltd at Kollam. It was already in broken stage and was sieved to sizes 12mm downgraded [].

The physical and mechanical properties of gravel, sand, coconut shell and oil palm shell are shown in table 1.





(16-20TH MARCH 2015)


Fig. 1 – Crushed coconut and Oil palm shells

M 25 concrete was designed using IS: 10262; 2009. The mix proportion adopted was 1 :1.53 :2.74 with w/c ratio of 0.45. The shells used for mixing with concrete, in this investigation were in saturated surface dry condition.

TABLE 1 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

Physical and Mechanical

properties

River

sand

Gravel CS OPS

Maximum size, mm 4.75 20 16 12.5

Shell thickness, mm - - 2–8 0.5–8

Flakiness index, % - 25 100 61.7

Elongation index, % - 17 8.8 14.2

Bulk density (compacted),

kg/m3

- 1440 630 570

Water absorption, % - 0.6 25.05 27.27

Aggregate impact value, % - 21 11 13

Aggregate crushing value, % - 31.4 2.76 8.52

Aggregate abrasion value, % - 24 1.63 4.8

B. Test programTest samples of concrete were prepared using crushed

coconut and oil palm shells as partial substitutes for gravel in gradation of 0%, 10% and 20%. For 10% and 20% replacement, CSs and OPSs were mixed in varying combinations such as 25%: 75%, 50%: 50% and 75%: 25%.

The compressive strength and split tensile strength of CS-OPS concrete was studied using concrete cube specimens of size (150x150x150) mm and cylinderspecimens of diameter 150mm and 300 mm height

respectively. In all cases batching was done by weight. Curing was done in water tanks.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Scanning Electron MicroscopyThe following figures show the scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) images of surface texture of the coconut and oil palm shell conducted by SEM instrument. It can be seen that the surface is rough and the capillaries present in both, allow liquid movement, and are also responsible for the hydrophilic nature of CS and OPS and in turn hydration of cement. The shells when mixed with cement could potentially affect the water cement ratio; this could limit the water available for hydration due to migration of water into the pores in the shells. Hence it is immersed in water for 24 hours and surface dried prior to mixing.

Fig. 2 SEM Image of Coconut and Oil palm shells

B. Compressive Strength

The concrete cube specimens were tested for compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of curing as per IS 516: 1959. The results showing the variation in compressive strength is given in Fig. 3. The compressive strength of hybrid CS-OPS concrete was found to be less than conventional concrete, but the results show that it can be considered as structural concrete. More coconut shell content resulted in more compressive strength and equal quantity of both shells resulted in less compressive strength. The compressive strength of concrete with 7.5% CS and 2.5% OPS was 27.3 MPa and that with 2.5% CS and 7.5% OPS was 25.6 MPa, which are good results when compared to the characteristic strength of concrete.





(16-20TH MARCH 2015)


Fig. 3 Compressive strength

C. Split Tensile Strength

The cylinder specimens were tested for split tensile strength after 7 and 28 days of curing as per IS 5816: 1999. Variation in split tensile strength is shown in Fig. 4. The split tensile value was found to be increasing as the OPS content increased. The results were less than strength of conventional concrete, but it can be utilized for structural applications. The split tensile strength ofconcrete with 2.5% CS and 7.5% OPS gave a comparable result with conventional concrete.

Fig. 4 Split Tensile Strength

IV. CONCLUSION

The M 25 grade concrete using hybrid Coconut – Oil palm shells (in gradation 2.5% and 7.5%) gave a comparable compressive and split tensile strength results with conventional concrete strength. The values were slightly lower than the target strength, but better than characteristic strength of control concrete, and can be categorised as structural. The concrete using hybrid Coconut – Oil palm shells can be recommended for structural as well as non-structural concrete.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Toc-H Institute of Science & Technology for providing facilities to do this project; Oil Palm India Ltd, Kottayam for providing Oil Palm Shells; Hindustan Newsprint Ltd, Kottayam for providing Fly ash; STIC, Kochi for SEM analysis.

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[3] Basri, M.A.Mannan and M.F.M. Zain, “Concrete using waste oil palm shells as aggregate”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, pp.619-622, 1999.

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S.M. Shirazi, “Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength properties of palm kernel shell concrete”, International Journal of the Physical Sciences, vol.5(12), pp.1848-1856, 2010.

effect of hybrid coconut-oil palm shell aggregate in concrete

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