eet 2259 unit 12 data acquisition
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EET 2259 Unit 12 Data Acquisition. Read Bishop, Chapter 8. Lab # 12 and Homework # 12 due next week. Data Acquisition. The text’s Chapter 8 covers several kinds of material: Data acquisition hardware (Sections 8.1 to 8.5): Not much on LabVIEW in these sections. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
EET 2259 Unit 12Data Acquisition
Read Bishop, Chapter 8.
Lab #12 and Homework #12 due next week.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Data Acquisition
The text’s Chapter 8 covers several kinds of material:
Data acquisition hardware (Sections 8.1 to 8.5): Not much on LabVIEW in these sections.
LabVIEW data acquisition without the DAQ Assistant (Sections 8.6 to 8.8): This is how you had to do it before LabVIEW version 7.0, and how some people still prefer to do it.
LabVIEW data acquisition using the DAQ Assistant (Sections 8.9 to 8.12): You’re already familiar with much of this.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Data Acquisition Hardware Outline:
Components of a DAQ System (§8.1) Types of Signals (§8.2) Transducers and Signal Conditioning (§8.3) Signal Grounding and Measurements (§8.4) Analog-to-Digital Conversion (§8.5)
Each of these topics could occupy us for a week, so we’ll just hit the high points.
For lots more detail, see NI’s website: LabVIEW Measurements Manual Measurement Fundamentals Main Page
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Components of a DAQ System (§8.1)
Image from NI’s website
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Types of Signals (§8.2)
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Transducers and Signal Conditioning (§8.3)
A transducer (or sensor) is a device that converts a physical quantity (such as temperature, pressure, light intensity, …) to an electrical signal (such as voltage or current).
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Some Common Transducers
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Signal Conditioning In many cases the electrical signal
coming from the transducer must be conditioned in some way before it is converted into digital format for use by the computer.
Examples of signal conditioning include: Amplifying a weak signal Filtering out noise from the signal
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Signal Conditioning For Some Transducers
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Signal Grounding and Measurements (§8.4)
Signal sources can be either: Grounded (also called referenced) Floating (also called non-referenced)
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Grounded Signal Source Examples:
Function generator or power supply whose negative terminal is tied to earth ground through the power cord.
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Floating Signal Source Examples:
Our red trainer’s function generator or power supply, whose negative terminal is not tied to earth ground through the power cord.
Battery-powered devices Transformers Thermocouples
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Measurement System Configuration Measurement systems can be
configured as either: Differential Referenced Single-Ended (RSE) Non-Referenced Single-Ended (NRSE)
The PCI-6221 cards inside our computers can be configured in any of these modes.
The myDAQ can only be configured in differential mode.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Differential Measurement System
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Referenced Single-Ended (RSE) Measurement System
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Non-Referenced Single-Ended (NRSE) Measurement System
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Matching Signal Grounding to Measurement Configuration
Image from LabVIEW Measurements Manual.
See also pages 11-14 of NI myDAQ User Guide and Specifications
.
See also NI tutorial onGround Loops and Returns.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (§8.5)
Before a computer can process analog information, we must first use an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to transform the analog values into digital binary values.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed
• The ADC periodically samples the analog signal, and converts each sampled value of the analog signal into a binary code.
• An ADC’s sampling rate tells how often the circuit “takes a snapshot” of the signal being digitized.
• It’s expressed either as number of samples per second or as a frequency.• Example: 1000 samples/sec or 1 kHz.
Sampling Rate
• The more bits that are used to represent the value of each smaple, the better the ADC’s resolution is. Better resolution results in a more accurate representation of the original signal.
• The following slides (from Floyd’s Digital Electronics) show an example of how using 4 bits results in much better resolution than using 2 bits.
Number of Bits and Resolution
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Digital Fundamentals, Tenth EditionThomas L. Floyd
Figure 12.8 Light gray = original waveform. Blue = Reconstructed waveform using four quantization levels (2 bits).
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Digital Fundamentals, Tenth EditionThomas L. Floyd
Figure 12.10 Light gray = original waveform. Blue = Reconstructed waveform using sixteen quantization levels (4 bits).
• There are several common ways of specifying an ADC’s resolution:• Number of bits, n• Number of output codes, = 2n
• Step size (which Bishop calls code width), = Vref / 2
n
Resolution
Resolution: Examples
Formula 4-bit ADC 10-bit ADCNumber of bits n 4Number of output codes
2n 16Step size (assuming 5 V reference voltage)
Vref / 2n 312.5 mV
• Let’s find the resolution and sampling rate for the ADCs inside our equipment.• NI myDAQ User Guide and Specifications• NI PCI-6221 Specifications
Specs for Our Equipment
LabVIEW Data Acquisition without the DAQ Assistant (§§8.6 – 8.8)
Before the DAQ Assistant was introduced, LabVIEW programmers had to use the functions on the Measurement I/O > NI-DAQmx palette to perform data acquisition.
Express VIs Express VIs (the DAQ Assistant is one
example) were introduced in LabVIEW 7.0.
They provide user-friendly ways to do things that you could also do using other LabVIEW functions and subVIs.
Seeing the Code Hidden Inside an Express VI
You can convert an Express VI to standard LabVIEW code by right-clicking and selecting “Open Front Panel.”
In the case of a DAQ Assistant, you can also right-click and select “Generate NI-DAQmx Code.”
LabVIEW Data Acquisition with the DAQ Assistant (§§8.9 – 8.12)
You already know much of what is discussed in these sections, since you’ve been using the DAQ Assistant since the start of this class.
Read these sections to review and strengthen your knowledge.