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Chapter 3:
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
in Chemical Instrumentation
Look at Fig. 5-4, 7-29, 7-31
Operational Amplifiers
Functions
1. Precise measurement of voltage, current, and resistance
2. Mathematical operations
- addition or subtraction
- multiplication or division
- integration
- differentiation
3. Constant current and constant voltage sources
Operational Amplifiers
A: large open-loop gain (104 ~106)
Zi: high input impedance (very high: Zi ≥ 106 ~1013 Ω)
Zo: low output impedance (very small: Zo :1 ~ 10-3 Ω)
zero output voltage for zero input
Operational Amplifiers
General Characteristics
Operational Amplifiers
Inverting & noninverting input
- Either input may be connected to positive or negative signals
- Negative voltage to the inverting input positive output voltage
(positive voltage to the inverting input negative output voltage)
- AC signal to inverting input: 180o out of phase
8-pin commercial op amp.
Operational Amplifiers
General Characteristics
Operational Amplifiers: feedback circuits
Ri = Rf inverter
Rf > Ri Signal amplification
(inverting amplifier)
Inverter/scaler (inverting amplifier)
Operational Amplifiers Circuits
- output voltage = input voltage
- Supply large current as the output of the operational amplifier:
it can accept an input from a device that can not supply much current
(such as glass electrode) and offer the same voltage to a significant load (e.g. recorder)
Voltage Follower
Operational Amplifiers Circuits
Voltage (Potential) Measurement
Inverting amplifier
- offer a very high input impedance
- allows the measurement of a voltage without perturbing the voltage
significantly
-
Operational Amplifiers Circuits
Current-voltage converter (current follower)Current Measurement
Large Rf small current
can be measured.
Rf =100kΩ, i = 1 μA
Vo = 0.1 V
(easily detected)
Operational Amplifiers Circuits
Addition or Subtraction
-
Operational Amplifiers Circuits
Differentiation
Operational Amplifiers Circuits
Integration