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13.11.2018Slide 1
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Eel Habitat and
Combating IUU Fishing
Prof. Dr. Reinhold Hanel
Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Hamburg, Germany
Bucharest, 13.11.2018
13.11.2018Slide 2
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
The European eel life cycle
13.11.2018Slide 3
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Glass eel recruitment in % of the mean of the years1960 to 1979 (46 time series)
- North Sea 2.1%- Elsewhere Europe 10.1%
EIFAAC/ICES/GFCM WGEEL, 2018
13.11.2018Slide 4
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Measures against the Decline
• Since 2009: European eel listed under CITES Appendix II
(species that are not necessarily now threatened with
extinction, but that may become so unless trade is closely
controlle); together with Polar bear, Asian cobras, …
• Since 2010: Import and export ban at EU external borders
„Trade Restrictions“
Kolloquium Zoologie, Uni Graz, 29.05.2013
13.11.2018Slide 5
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
European Council Regulation for the recovery of the eel stock (2007)
• Reduction of effort or catches by at least 50% in coastal
waters
• Eel Management Plans on river basin level -» escapement of
40% of the silver eel biomass relative to B0, the estimate
without anthropogenic influences
• 60% of eels < 12 cm reserved for restocking
Measures against the Decline
13.11.2018Slide 6
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Current map of Eel Management Units (EMUs)
EIFAAC/ICES/GFCM WGEEL, 2018
13.11.2018Slide 7
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Advice of the International Council of the Exloration of the Sea (ICES, 2018)
Precautionary Approach
- All anthropogenic impacts (fisheries at all stages,
hydropower, pollution) decreasing silver eel
escapement be reduced to zero
- Prior to any stocking activity to increase silver eel
escapement and thus aid stock recovery, an estimation
of the prospective net benefit should be made
ICES, November 2018
13.11.2018Slide 8
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Why is the advice based on the precautionary approach?
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
20172.224 t
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2017
Reported commercial landings(Yellow and Silver eels combined)
13.11.2018Slide 10
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2017
Reported commercial landings(Yellow and Silver eels combined)
20172.224 t
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Countries reporting commercial yellow and silvereel landings to EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2018
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Reported recreational landings(Yellow and Silver eels combined)
2017261 t
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2018
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Reported recreational landings(Yellow and Silver eels combined)
2017161 t
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2018
13.11.2018Slide 14
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
2017/2018:
Commercial: 58.6 t
Recreational: 2 t
Reported glass eel landings
EIFAAC/ICES WGEEL, 2018
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
IUU fishing / Illegal Exports
Sustainable Eel Group (SEG) 2018: Criminals Trafficked110 Million Eels to Asia so far this Season
Gangs are thought to be smuggling up to 350 million live eels(= 100 t) from Europe and shipping them to Asia every singleyear.
13.11.2018Slide 16
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
IUU fishing / Illegal Exports
Reference: Sustainable Eel Group 2018
Sources: Bornarel et al 2017 (2015 recruitment estimate: 440 t); SEG-Report-2018-1-V1 (aquaculture, restocking, illegallyexported from legal catch); EUROPOL press release (illegal export estimate: 100 t)
13.11.2018Slide 17
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
EIFAAC/ICES, 2011
Eel Stocking as a Measure for Stock Recovery?
Stocking
Aquaculture
Unknown Fate
13.11.2018Slide 18
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Management Failure?
- Total landings and effort data incomplete (high level of IUU
fishing)
- Inconsistencies in reporting by, and between, countries
- EC Regulation never evaluated for its conformity with the
precautionary approach
- Progress Reports of the EU Member States 2015 and 2018
not yet post-evaluated
- No internationally coordinated management plan
- Ongoing scientific debate of the value of eel stocking as a
management tool for stock recovery
13.11.2018Slide 19
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Eel Habitats - Reasons for the Decline
13.11.2018Slide 20
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
ClimateChange?
Main Causes of MortalityLarval Migration Phase
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Non-FisheriesAnthopogenic
Mortality
Main Causes of MortalityContinental Growth Phase
13.11.2018Slide 22
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Hydropower Dams, Pumping Stations
ERN, Roberto Epple
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Turbine Losses
Mortality dependent on:
• Turbine Type
• Velocity
• Fish Size
Average Mortality per Turbine 30-60%
13.11.2018Slide 24
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
- Coupling of Turbine Management and Eel Migration
Early Warning Systems (e.g. Migromat®)
Measures against Turbine Losses
Figure from Institut für angewandte Ökologie, Germany
13.11.2018Slide 25
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
- Technical Measures
Trashracks, Surface Passages, Eel Tubes
Figure from Bruijs and Durif, 2009
Measures against Turbine Losses
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FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
- Trap an Transport Programmes
Foto: Eel Stewardship Association, 2016
Measures against Turbine Losses
13.11.2018Slide 27
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Do these measures justify the stocking of
eels upstream of dams?
Measures against Turbine Losses
13.11.2018Slide 28
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Main Causes of MortalitySpawning Migration Phase
IndirectAnthropogenic
Mortality
13.11.2018Slide 29
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Pollution Effects, e.g. PCBs
PCB concentrations of eels from the Elbe river (TEQ/g ww)PCB 126
Consumption limit (12 pg/g)
13.11.2018Slide 30
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Ways Forward
Kolloquium Zoologie, Uni Graz, 29.05.2013
• River Continuity Restoration
• Reduction of fisheries related mortality (commercial and recreational fisheries)
• Improvement of Habitat Quality (including pollution diseases, parasites?)
• Reduction of Natural Mortality?
Mortality Reduction of Eels in ALL Life Stages!
13.11.2018Slide 31
FAO Regional Conference on River Habitat Restauration
Thank you!