ee6702-protection and switchgear r2013

7/25/2019 EE6702-Protection and Switchgear R2013

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EE6702Protection & Switchgear

DEPARTMENTS: EEE {semester 07}

Collected byC.GOKUL,AP/EEE

Velalar College of Engg & Tech , ErodeEmail: [email protected]

Website: gokulvlsi.blogspot.in

egu a on :

Book Reference:

1. Principles of power systems by V.K.Metha

2. Power system engineering by Rajput

3. Switchgear & Protection by Badri Ram

4. Protection & Switchgear by U.A.Bakshi


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EE6702 PROTECTION & SWITCHGEAR

R2013 Syllabus


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Power systembasics


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Electric Power SystemElectric Power System

Electricity is generated at a power plant (1),voltage is stepped-up for transmission(2)

Energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed (3)

voltage is decreased or stepped-down, at another substation (4),& a distribution power line (5)

carries that electricity until it reaches a home or business (6).


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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM


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INTRODUCTION

UNITUNIT

11

6

Presented byC.GOKUL,AP/EEE

Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode


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UNIT 1 PROTECTION SCHEMES

Syllabus

Principles and need for protective schemes

Nature and causes of faults

Types of faults

components

Methods of Neutral groundingZones of protection and essential qualities of

protection

Protection schemes 7


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Principles & need forprotective schemes

8Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE, Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode


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PROTECTION SYMBOL

t w o - w i n d i n gt r a n s f o r m e r

c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m e r

t w o - w i n d i n g

t r a n s f o r m e r

g e n e r a t o r

v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r

c a p a c i t o r

t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e

d e l t a c o n n e c t i o n

w y e c o n n e c t i o n

c i r c u i t b r e a k e r

f u s e

s u r g e a r r e s t o r

s t a t i c l o a d d i s c o n n e c t


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Primary Equipment & ComponentsPrimary Equipment & Components

Transformers - to step up or step down voltage level

Breakers - to energize equipment and interrupt fault current to

isolate faulted equipment

Insulators - to insulate equipment from ground and other phases

Isolators (switches) - to create a visible and permanent isolation

of primary equipment for maintenance purposes and route power

flow over certain buses.

Bus - to allow multiple connections (feeders) to the same source

of power (transformer).


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Primary Equipment & ComponentsPrimary Equipment & Components

Grounding - to operate and maintain equipment safely

Arrester - to protect primary equipment of sudden overvoltage

(lightning strike).

Switchgear integrated components to switch, protect, meter

and control ower flow

Reactors - to limit fault current (series) or compensate for charge

current (shunt)

VT and CT - to measure primary current and voltage and supply

scaled down values to P&C, metering, SCADA, etc.

Regulators - voltage, current, VAR, phase angle, etc.


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Why A System Needs Protection?

There is no fault free system.

Ensure safety of personnel.

Usually faults are caused by breakdown

system over current, over voltage,

lighting, etc.


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13


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14


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15


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POWER SYSTEM WITHOUT PROTECTION

Short circuits and other abnormal conditions

often occur on the power system. The heavy

current associated with short circuits is likely to


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Element of protection system

(1)Current and Voltage Transformers

(2)Relays

(3)Circuit breakers

(4)Batteries

(5)Fuses

(6)Lighting Arresters


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Current transformer Current transformer consists at least of two secondary windings.

The first winding is usually designed for measuring, the second is

used for protection.

The secondary of current transformers are almost connected in star


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Voltage transformer Voltage transformer is often consists of two windings.

The first winding is connected in star, and the stare

point must be earthed.

The second winding is connected as open delta.

VVPP

VVSS

Relay


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Relay Purpose Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit.

Control high voltage system with low voltage.

Control high current system with low current. Logic Functions


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Advantages for Using

Protective Relays Detect system failures when they occur

and isolate the faulted section from the

remaining of the system. Mitigating the effects of failures after

they occur.

Minimize risk of fire, danger to personaland other high voltage systems.


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CIRCUIT BREAKER

Low voltage circuit breaker

Magnetic circuit breaker

Medium voltage circuit breaker High voltage circuit breaker


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Battery bank Battery bank are called as

backbone of protection system

mergency use or power

system


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Fuse Fuses are selected to allow passage of normalcurrent and of excessive current only for short

periods. s use o pro ec e ow vo age or curren

rating devices


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Lighting arrester

A lightning arrester is a device used on

electrical power system to protect the

insulation damaging effect of lightning. All lighting arrester are earthed


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What is Switchgear ?

Switchgearis the combination ofswitches,fuses or circuit breakers(CB) used tocontrol , protect & isolate electrical

.

It is usedde-energizeequipment &clearfaults.


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Different elements of switchgear

Circuit breakerAir ckt breaker ACBVacuumed ckt breaker VCB

Oil filled ckt breaker OCB

SF6 Ckt Breaker

Load Breaking Switch LBS

By pass and changeover

switches

Isolators(switches)

MCCB (Moulded Case CktBreakers)

MCB(Miniature Circuit Breaker)

RCCB

Residual current circuit breaker

Fuses


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Function wise categories

Automatic & Manual operation

{ example: Circuit breaker ,MCB , MCCB }

Only automatic operation

Fuse

Only manually activated / operated

Isolator, LBS


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Voltage wise switchgear categories

Low voltage Switchgearup to 11KV

Medium voltage switchgear

up to 66KV Hig Vo tage switc gear

up to 400KV

Extra High Voltage switchgear

up to 765KV

HVDC Switchgear


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Nature and causes offaults

Types of faults

Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE, Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode


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NATURE & CAUSES OF FAULTS

Insulation failure.

Conducting path failure.

Over voltages due to lightening or switching surges.unc ur ng or rea ng o nsu a ors.

Failure of conducting path due to broken conductors.

Failure of solid insulation due to aging, heat, moisture,overvoltage , accidental contact with earth or earth screens,flash over voltages and etc.,


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A power system fault may be defined as any

condition or abnormality of the system which

involves the electrical failure of primary

equipment such as generators, transformers,

busbars, overhead lines and cables and all other

FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM

voltage.

Electrical failure generally implies one or the

other (or both) of two types of failure, namely

insulation failure resulting in a short-circuitcondition or conducting path failure resulting in

an open-circuit condition, the former being by far

the more common type of failure.


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Symmetrical faultFaults giving rise to equal currents in linesdisplaced by

equal phase angles i.e 120o in three phasesystems.

Example: short circuit ofall three phase

FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM

con uctors o a ca e at a s ng e ocat on

Unsymmetrical fault

Faults in which not all the line currents are equaland not all have the same phase.

Example (any one): single phase line to groundfault (L-G), two phase to ground (LL-G) fault andphase to phase (L-L) fault.


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Abnormalities in PowerAbnormalities in Power

SystemsSystems

Abnormalities in PowerAbnormalities in Power

SystemsSystems

OvercurrentOvercurrent (overload, short circuit, open(overload, short circuit, open

circuit)circuit)

,,

touch potentials, step potentials)touch potentials, step potentials)

Surge VoltagesSurge Voltages (lightning strokes, switching(lightning strokes, switching

surges, harmonics)surges, harmonics)


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Fault Types (Shunt)


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Frequency of Types ofFrequency of Types of

FaultsFaults

Frequency of Types ofFrequency of Types of

FaultsFaults

Type of

Fault%

Occurrence

LL

DLG

3L

8

5

2 or less


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Frequency of Fault OccurrenceFrequency of Fault OccurrenceFrequency of Fault OccurrenceFrequency of Fault Occurrence

Equipment % of Total

Overhead lines

50Cables

Switchgear

Transformers

CTs and PTs

Control EquipmentMiscellaneous

10

15

12

2

38


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SYMMETRICAL FAULT

THREETHREE-- PHASE FAULTPHASE FAULT

FAULTFAULT

THREE PHASETHREE PHASE -- EARTHEARTHFAULTFAULT


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UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT

PHASEPHASE PHASE FAULTPHASE FAULT

FAULTFAULT

SINGLE PHASESINGLE PHASE -- EARTHEARTH

FAULTFAULT


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OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT

SINGLESINGLE-- PHASE OPENPHASE OPEN

CIRCUITCIRCUIT

TWOTWO-- PHASE OPENPHASE OPEN

CIRCUITCIRCUIT

THREETHREE-- PHASE OPENPHASE OPEN

CIRCUITCIRCUIT


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Equipments

&% of total fault

Causes of Faults

Over head lines

(50%)

Lighting Stroke

Earthquake

Icing

Birds

Tree branchesKite Strings

Internal Overvoltage

Under ground Cable

(9%)

Damage due to digging

Insulation failure due to temperature rise

Failure of Joints

Alternator

(7%)

Stator & Rotor faults


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Equipments &

% of total fault

Causes of Faults

Transformer

(10%)

Insulation Failure

Faults in tap changer

Overloading

Current Transformer

&

Potential Transformer

(12%)

Overvoltage

Insulation Failure

Break of Conductors

Wrong Connections

Switch Gear

(12%)

Insulation failure

Leakage of air/oil/gas

Mechanical defect

Lack of Maintenance


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Fault Minimization Improving the quality of machines, equipments,

installation etc., by improving the design techniques.

Ade uate & reliable rotection s stem control

Regular maintenance by trained professionals

Effective management of electrical plant

Presented byC.GOKUL,AP/EEE Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode


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Merits of Fast fault clearingHelps to avoidpermanent damage to equipment &

components of the apparatus

Reduces the chances of risks likefire hazards

Maintains the continuity of the power supply

Brings back the power system to the normal state

sooner


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Fault current

calculation using

symmetrical

components

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Regions (zones) of power system that can be protectedRegions (zones) of power system that can be protected

adequately with fault recognition and removal resulting inadequately with fault recognition and removal resulting in

isolation of a minimum amount of equipment.isolation of a minimum amount of equipment.

Zones of ProtectionZones of Protection

encompassed by at least one zoneencompassed by at least one zone

Zones of protection must overlap to prevent any systemZones of protection must overlap to prevent any system

element from being unprotected (no blind spots).element from being unprotected (no blind spots).


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52

87B

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3

5

6

CT REQUIREMENTS FOROVERLAPPING ZONES

G42

50/51

52

87B


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Overlapping zones of protection


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1 - Bus Protection

2 - Generator Protection

3

5


G

1

2

3 - Subtrans Line Protection

4

4 - Feeder Protection

5 - Transformer Protection


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Feeder Protection

G

Fault


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us Protection

Fault

G

Presented by C.GOKUL,AP/EEE, Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode


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Transformer Protection

Fault

G


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Sub transmission Line Protection

Fault

G


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Generator Protection

G

Fault


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Essential Qualities of

protectionor

Requirement of Protective

y


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Reliability

Selectivity

assurance that the protection will

perform correctly.

maximum continuity of service with

minimum system disconnection.

To detect even the smallest fault,

current or system abnormalities and

Speed

minimum protective equipment andassociated circuitry to achieve theprotection objectives.Simplicity

minimum fault duration and

consequent equipment damage and

system instability.

operate correctly at its setting


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Reliability

The level of assurance that the relay will functionThe level of assurance that the relay will function

as intended.as intended.

Reliability denotes:Reliability denotes:

Dependability -- certainty of correct operationcertainty of correct operation

Security -- assurance against incorrect operationassurance against incorrect operation

Sensitivity

Relaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitiveRelaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive

so that it will operate when requiredso that it will operate when required Must discriminate normal from abnormalMust discriminate normal from abnormal

conditions.conditions.


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Selectivity

Performance of protective devices to select betweenPerformance of protective devices to select between

those conditions for which prompt operation andthose conditions for which prompt operation and

those for which no operation, or time delaythose for which no operation, or time delayoperation is required.operation is required.

Isolate faulted circuit resulting in minimumIsolate faulted circuit resulting in minimum

interruptions.interruptions.

Implemented through Zone of ProtectionImplemented through Zone of Protection

Speed

Remove a fault from the power system as quicklyRemove a fault from the power system as quickly

as possibleas possible

Classification:Classification:

InstantaneousInstantaneous -- no intentional delayno intentional delay

High SpeedHigh Speed -- less than 3 cyclesless than 3 cycles

TimeTime--DelayDelay -- intentional time delayintentional time delay


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Methods of Neutral

grounding(OR)

Power System Earthing

Neutral Earthing/Grounding

Peterson coilArcing Grounds


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The process of connecting the metallic frame(i.e.non-current carrying part) of electricalequipment or some electrical partof the systemto earth (i.e. soil) is called grounding orearthing.

Grounding or earthing may be classified as :

(i) Equipment grounding

(ii) System grounding


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Equipment GroundingThe process of connecting non-current-carrying

metal parts of the electrical equipment to earth.

The process of connecting some electrical part of thepower system to earth (i.e. soil) is called systemgrounding.


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Neutral

Earthing


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Neutral GroundingConnecting neutral point to earth (i.e. soil) either

directly or some circuit element

(e.g. resistance, reactance , Peterson coil etc.).

Neutral grounding provides protection to equipment.

(during earth fault, the current path is completedneutral)


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Advantages of Neutral Grounding(i) Voltages of the healthy phases do not exceed line to

ground voltages i.e. they remain nearly constant.

(ii) The high voltages due to arcing grounds are

eliminated.iii i e o insu ation is ong.

(iv) The over voltages is reduced.

(v) It provides greater safety to personnel and equipment.

(vi) It provides improved service reliability.(vii)Operating and maintenance expenditures arereduced.


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Methods of Neutral Grounding(i) Solid or effective grounding

(ii) Resistance grounding

eactance groun ng

(iv) Peterson-coil grounding

(v) Voltage transformer earthing


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(i) Solid or effective grounding


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When theneutral pointof a 3-phase system isdirectly connected toearth(i.e. soil) is calledsolid grounding or effective grounding.

When an earth fault occurs between earth and

any one phase , the voltage to earth of the faultyp ase ecomes zero, u e ea y p asesremains at normal phase values.

Fault current(IF) completely nullified by

capacitive current(IC)


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(ii) Resistance grounding

When the neutral pointof a 3-phase system (e.g. 3-phase generator,3-phase transformer etc.) is connected to earth(i.e. soil) through a resistor,it is called resistance grounding.


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Advantages: By adjusting the value of R, the arcing grounds can be minimized. It improves the stability Less interference Minimize hazards

Disadvantages:

By adjusting the value of R, the arcing grounds can be minimized. It improves the stability Less interference Minimize hazards


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(iii) Reactance grounding

In this system, a reactance is inserted between the neutral and groundThe purpose of reactance is to limit the earth fault current.

Disadvantages :(i) In this system, the fault current required to operate the protective deviceis higher than that of resistance grounding for the same fault conditions.

(ii) High transient voltages appear under fault conditions.


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If inductance L of appropriate value is connected in

parallel with the capacitance of the system, the faultcurrent IF flowing through L will be in phaseopposition to the capacitive current ICof the system.If L is so adjusted that

IL = ICthen resultant current in the fault will be zero. Thiscondition is known as Resonant Grounding.

When the value of L of arc suppression coil is

such that the fault current IFexactly balances thecapacitive currentIC , it is calledresonant grounding.


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An arc suppression coil (also called Peterson coil) is an iron-cored coilconnected between the neutral and earth.

The reactor is provided with tappings to change the inductance of thecoil.

By adjusting the tappings on the coil, the coil can be tuned with thecapacitance of the system i.e. resonant grounding can be achieved.

l d f l h l


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Suppose line to ground fault occurs in theline Bat point

F. The fault currentIFand capacitive currentsIRandIYwillflow as shown in Fig Note that IF flows through the Peterson coil (or Arcsuppression coil) to neutral and back through the fault. Thetotal capacitive current ICis the phasor sum of IR & IYas shown in phasor diagram in Fig.The voltage of the faulty phase is applied across the arc. ,

phase voltage by 90. The current IF is in phase opposition to capacitivecurrent IC[See Fig].

By adjusting the tappings on the Peterson coil, theresultant current in the fault can be reduced. If inductanceof the coil is so adjusted that IL= IC, then resultant currentin the fault will be zero.


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v. Voltage Transformer EarthingIn this method of neutral earthing , the primary of a

single-phase voltage transformer is connectedbetween the neutral and the earth as shown in Fig

across the secondary of the voltage transformer. Thevoltage transformer provides a high reactance in theneutral earthing circuit and operates virtually as an

ungrounded neutral system.


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Advantages:Arcing grounds are reduced.Transient overvoltage are reduced


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Protectionschemes

REFER BOOKPresented byC.GOKUL,AP/EEE, Velalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode

UNITUNIT


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Electromagnetic

UNITUNIT

22RELAY

1

Presented by

C.GOKUL,AP/EEEVelalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode


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2

ll b l l


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UNIT 2 Syllabus - Electromagnetic relays

Operating principles of relays

The Universal relay - Torque equation

R-X diagram

Electromagnetic Relays

Overcurrent relays

Directional relays

Distance relays

Differential relays

Negative sequence relays

Under frequency relays3


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Relay Overview

principles of relays4


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Relays are electricalswitches that open or closeanother circuit under certain


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Protective relays are devices whichmonitor power system conditions andoperate to quickly and accurately isolate

designed protective system can limitdamage to equipment, as well as minimizethe extent of associated service

interruption.


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Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit.

Control high voltage system with low voltage.

Control high current system with low current.

Logic Functions


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Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)

Solid-state Relays (SSRs) There is no mechanical contacts to switch the circuit.

Microprocessor Based Relays

Commonly used in power system monitoring and protection.


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Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)

Simplicity

Not expensive

Solid-state Relays (SSRs) o ec an ca movements

Faster than EMR

Microprocessor-based Relay Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.

Capable of both digital and analog I/O. Higher cost


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Detect system failures when they occur andisolate the faulted section from the remaining ofthe system.

Miti atin the effects of failures after the occur.Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and

other high voltage systems.


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Components of Power System ProtectionComponents of Power System Protection


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Transducers

PT & CT

Decides whether system

quantities are normal orabnormal (Brain of the

System Protection)

CircuitPower

Components of Power System ProtectionComponents of Power System Protection

* If quantities are normal,

no signal is sent to breaker

* If quantities are abnormal,

signal is sent to breaker to

trip

These devices change

electrical quantities to

level relays can use, i.e.,

5 amperes, 115 volts

Breakerys em


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Rela -definitions

Primary Relay: relay connecteddirectlyin the circuit


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Secondary Relay: relay connected to theprotected circuitthrough CT & VT.

Auxiliary Relay: relay operate in response toopeningorclosingofanotherrelay.

Measuring Relay: It performs the measurement ofnormal&abnormalconditions in the power system.

Electro Magnetic Relay: It operates on the principle ofE ectromagnetic in uction.

Static Relay(Solid-state relay): They use diodes ,transistors,SCRs, Logic gates etc.

(Static circuit is the measuring circuit & no moving parts)

Microprocessor Based Relay: All functions of a relay candone by using microprocessor . Relays areprogrammable.

P cancompare,computeandsend tripsignals.

Thermal Relay: It operates on the principle of Electro-


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y p p pthermaleffect.

Distance Relay: relay measures the impedance or

reactanceoradmittance.Impedance Relay: relay measures theimpedanceof the

transmission line.

Reactance Relay: relay measures the reactance of the

transmission line.Over-current Relay: relay operates when the current

exceedsa pre-set value.

Under-voltage Relay: relay operates when the voltagefallsa pre-set value.

Directional Relay: relay able to sense whether fault lies inforwardorreverse direction.

Polarized Relay: relay depends on the directionof thecurrent.

Differential Relay: it measures the difference b/w 2 actual


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Differential Relay: it measures thedifferenceb/w 2 actualquantities.

Earth fault Relay: It is used for protection of element of a

power system againstEarthfaults.

Phase fault Relay: It is used for protection of element of apower system againstphasefaults.

Negative Sequence Relay: relay usesnegative sequence

currentas its actuating quantity.Zero Sequence Relay: relay useszero sequence currentas

its actuating quantity.



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REFER BOOK


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ElectromagneticRelay

18

They work on the following two main operating principles :

(i) Electromagnetic attraction(ii) Electromagnetic induction


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Electromagnetic Attraction Relays

(i) Attracted armature type relay

(ii) Solenoid type relay

(iii)Balanced beam type relay

19

Induction Relays / Electromagnetic

induction

(i) Induction type overcurrent Relay (Non DirectionalRelay)

(ii) Induction Cup Relay (Directional Relay)

1 Attracted Armat re T pe Rela s


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1. Attracted Armature Type Relays

These have a coil or

electromagnet energized by a

coil .The coil is energized by

operating quantity like V or I.

the coil cannot attract the

plunger due to spring force.

Under fault condition the fault

current increases so armature

or plunger gets attracted to

close the contacts .


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Attracted Armature Type RelaysThese have a coil or

electromagnet energized by a

coil .The coil is energized by

operating quantity like V or I.

Under normal conditions the coil

to spring force. Under fault

condition the fault current

increases so armature or

plunger gets attracted to close

the contacts .

Attracted Armature Type Relays


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Attracted Armature Type Relays

Applications

1.For over current protection

2.Differential Protection

3.Auxiliary Relays

. e n e me ag over curren

and earth fault protection


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(ii) Solenoid type relay

It consists of a solenoid and movable iron plungerarranged as shown.

Under normal operating conditions, the currentthrough the relay coil C is such that it holds the

lun er b ravit or s rin in the osition shown. However, on the occurrence of a fault, the current

through the relay coil becomes more than thepickup value, causing the plunger to be attracted to

the solenoid. The upward movement of the plungercloses the trip circuit, thus opening the circuitbreaker and disconnecting the faulty circuit.

23


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(iii) Balanced beam type relay

It consists of an iron armature fastened to abalance beam. Under normal operatingconditions , the current through the relay coil is

such that the beam is held in the horizontalposition by the spring.

When a fault occurs, the current through therelay coil becomes greater than the pickup value

and the beam is attracted to close the trip circuit.This causes the opening of the circuit breaker toisolate the faulty circuit.

25


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26Balanced beam type relay


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27

It most closely resembles an induction motor, except thatth t i i t ti l th t d t


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the rotor iron is stationary, only the rotor conductorportion being free to rotate.

The moving element is a hollow cylindrical rotor whichturns on its axis. The rotating field is produced by twopairs of coils wound on four poles as shown.

The rotating field induces currents in the cup to providethe necessary driving torque.

28

If 1 and 2 represent the fluxes produced by the


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If 1 and 2 represent the fluxes produced by therespective pairs of poles, then torque produced is

proportional to1 2 sin . where is the phase difference between the two fluxes.

A control spring and the back stop for closing of thecontacts carried on an arm are attached to the spindle ofthe cup to prevent the continuous rotation.

producers than either the shaded-pole or the watthourmeter structures. Therefore, this type of relay has veryhigh speed and may have an operating time less then 0.1second.

29


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Induction type

(Non Directional Relay)

30

Thi f l k h i d i


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This type of relay works on the inductionprinciple and initiates corrective measureswhen current in the circuit exceeds thepredetermined value.

The actuating source is a current in the

transformer. These relays are used on a.c.circuits only and can operate for faultcurrent flow in either direction.

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Constructional details


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Constructional detailsIt consists of a metallic (aluminium) disc which is free to rotate

in between the poles of two electromagnets. The upperelectromagnet has a primary and a secondary winding. The primaryis connected to the secondary of a C.T. in the line to be protectedand is tapped at intervals. The tappings are connected to a plug-setting bridge by which the number of active turns on the relayoperating coil can be varied, thereby giving the desired current

setting.The secondary winding is energized by induction from

primary and is connected in series with the winding on the lowermagnet. The controlling torque is provided by a spiral spring.

The spindle of the disc carries a moving contact which bridgestwo fixed contacts (connected to trip circuit) when the disc rotatesthrough a pre-set angle. This angle can be adjusted to any valuebetween 0 and 360 . By adjusting this angle, the travel of themoving contact can be adjusted and hence the relay can be givenany desired time setting.

33

O ti


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Operation

The driving torque on the aluminium disc is set up due to

the induction principle. This torque is opposed by the

restraining torque provided by the spring.

Under normal operating conditions, restraining torque is

current. Therefore, the aluminium disc remains stationary.

If the current in the protected circuit exceeds the pre-set

value, the driving torque becomes greater than the restraining

torque. Consequently, the disc rotates and the moving contact

bridges the fixed contacts when the disc has rotated through a

pre-set angle. The trip circuit operates the circuit breaker

which isolates the faulty section.

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DIRECTIONAL

RELAY

35

induction relays are two types


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y yp

non directional directional relays

relays

Difference between the two:?

non directional relays are activated by only current flowing inthe circuit to be protected.

directional relays are activated by power flowing in the specific

direction. Hence it requires both current and voltage of the circuit to be

protected.

* it requires specific direction of current flow*


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DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY


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Constructional details:

1) upper magnet which is E- shaped

2) lower magnet which is U- shaped.

The upper maget consits of primary winding on

the central limb which is energised by voltage from secondary of P.T

lower magnet houses secondary winding which

is energised by current of the circuit from secondary of C.T.

Further lower magnet is connected to PSM as

previous case (not shown)


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In between this two electro magnets we have aluminium disc pivoted as

shown

This alumunium disc carries a moving contact which can bridge fixed

contact by rotating though a pre set angle.

The time of operation depends upon the pre set angle

Restraining torque is provide by spring which twists in reverse direction.

Operation:

from the diagram we can conclude that we have two flux quantaties: 1 & 2 .

always 1 laggs V by 900

2 inphase with current I


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Due to phase difference between two flux quantaties i.e., = 90-

1 V & 2 I

Hence T = 1 2 sin

= 1 2 sin(90-)

= VI COS

= POWER

Hence the rela activated onl when there is a s ecific directionof power flowof power flow

when power flows in normal direction both driving torque and

restraining torque twists in same direction and relay does not operates.

when the power flow is in reverse direction, driving torque and

restraining torque acts in opposite direction and relay operates.therefore

CB operates and disconnects faulty section.

DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY:


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From the previous discussion

T = V I COS

Under abnormal condition

under abnormal conditions voltage in the circuit is too low.

Therefore the driving torque becomes abnormally too small

.Hence the relay does not operate.

ie., the directional power relay is not suitable for

short circuit conditions.

This problem can be overcome by directional over

current relay.

Directional overcurrent relay:


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Directional overcurrent relay makes use of two relays

i) directional power relay ( directional element)


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i) directional power relay ( directional element)

ii) Non directional current relay (non-directional element)

Construction:

1) Directional element :

It is similar in construction to directional power relay.

it consists of upper magnet which is E-shaped and carries

pr mary w n ng w c s exc e y vo age o e c rcu o e pro ec e

through secondary of PT.

The lower magnet is U-shaped carries secondary winding which

is excited by current of the circuit to be protected through secondary of CT.

The secondary winding is extended to lower magnet primary winding as

shown. The trip contacts 1 & 2 are connected in series with secondary winding of

lower magnet.

therefore for the relay to operate, at first directional element should be

activated first.

2) Non directional element:


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* It is activated only by current flowing in the circuit*

it is similar in construction to non-directional over current relay.

For this element to operate ,at first directional element should be activated

first.

the secondary winding is further connected to PSM( not shown),

for current setting.

When short circuit occurs current tend to be reversed .Hence

directional element starts operating and closes the trip contact.

with closing of trip contact, the secondary winding of non

directional element is complete and disc starts rotating. When moving contactbridges fixed contact the circuit breaker operates and separates the faulty

section.


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Distance Relay

(mho relay)

46

y


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Distance relay :-

1.IMPEDANCE RELAY

o +ve (operative)Torque by

current element

o -

At normal condition

operative torque = restraining torque

At fault

operative torque > restraining torque

Also called voltage restrained over current relay.


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2 Reactance relay :


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2.Reactance relay :-

o Operative Torque by current

o Restraining Torque by Current-Voltage Directional relay

+ve torque by over current element

-

Directional element designed for maxi. Torque angle =

90 degree


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3 Mho relay :


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3.Mho relay :-

Induction cup type structure.

oOperative Torque produced by V & I element.

o Restraining Torque by Voltage element.

Also called Adm ittance relay.


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NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY

The negative relays are also called phase unbalancerelays because these relays provide protection

a ainst ne ative se uence com onent of unbalancedcurrents existing due to unbalanced loads or phase-phase faults.

The unbalanced currents are dangerous fromgenerators and motors point of view as these currents

can cause overheating. Negative sequence relays aregenerally used to give protection to generators andmotors against unbalanced currents.


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DIAGRAM:


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CONSTRUCTION: It consists of a resistance bridge network. The magnitudes of the impedances of all the branches

of the network are equal.

1 3impedances Z2 and Z4 are the combinations of resistance and reactance.

The currents in the branches Z2 and Z4 lag by 60o from

the currents in the branches Z1 and Z3. The vertical branch B-D consists of inverse time

characteristics relay. The relay has negligibleimpedance.


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PHASOR DIAGRAM:


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The current IRgets divided into two equal parts I1 and I2. AndI2 lags I1 by 60o.

1 + 2= rsLet I1 = I2 = I

The perpendicular is drawn from point A on the diagonalmeeting it at point B. This bisects the diagonal.

... OB = IR/2

Now in triangle OAB,

cos 30 = OB/OA

... 3/2 = (IR/2)/I

... I = IR/3 = I1 = I2 ............(1)


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Now I1 leads IRby 30owhile I2 lags IRby 30

o.

Similarly the current IB gets divided into two equal partsI3 and I4. The current I3 lags I4 by 60

o. From equation (1) wecan write,

IB /3 = I3 = I4 ...............(2)

The current I leads b IBwhile current I la s IB b 30o

.The current entering the relay at the junction point B inthe Fig. 1 is the vector sum of , and .

Irelay = 1 + 3 + Y= I

Y

+ (IR

/3) (leads IR

by 30o) + IB

/3(lags IB

by30o)

when the load is balanced and nonegative sequence currents exist.


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1 + 3 = -Y... 1 + 3 + Y= 0

Thus the current entering the relay at point B is zero.Similarly the resultant current at junction D is alsozero. Thus the relay is inoperative for a balanced

system.


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UNDER FAULTY CONDITION:Now consider that there is unbalanced load on

generator or motor due to which negative sequencecurrents exist.

1 3 each other at the junction point B. Hence I1 andI3 cancel each other. Now the relay coil carries thecurrent IYand when this current is more than a

predetermined value, the relay trips closing thecontacts of trip circuit which opens the circuit breaker.


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ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT: Under zero sequence currents the total current of

twice the zero sequence current flows through therelay. Hence the relay operates to open the circuit

.

To make the relay sensitive to only negativesequence currents by making it inoperative under theinfluence of zero sequence currents is possible by

connecting the current transformers in delta .Underdelta connection of current transformers, no zerosequence current can flow in the network.


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D fi iti


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Definition

A two-winding relay that operates when the difference

between the currents in the two windings reaches a

predetermined value is called differential relays.

A two-winding relay that operates when the difference

between the currents in the two windings reaches a

predetermined value.

In case of electrical quantities exceed a predetermined

value, a current differential relay is one that compares the


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value, a current differential relay is one that compares the

current entering a section of the system with current leaving

the section. Under normal operating conditions, the two currents are

equal but as soon as fault occurs, this condition no longer

applies. The difference between the incoming and outgoing

currents is arranged to flow through relay operating coil. If

this difference is equal to or greater than the pick up value

the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker and

isolate the faulty section.

Any type of relay when connected in a particular way can be

made to operate as a differential relay. It is not the relay

construction but the way in which relay is connected in a

circuit makes it a differential relay.

There are three fundamental systems of differential or balanced protection:

I. current differential relay


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cu e t d e e t a e ay

II. voltage differential relay

III. Biased beam relay or percentage differential relay

(i) Current balance protection

Fig 16 a shows an arrangement of an over current relay connected to operate as a

differential relay. A pair ofidentical current transfonners is fitted on either end of the

section to be rotected alternator windin in this case . The secondaries of CTs areconnected in series in such a way that they carry the induced currents in the same

direction. The operating coil of over current relay is connected across the CT

secondary circuit. This differential relay compares the current at the two ends of the

alternator winding.

Under normal operating conditions, suppose the alternator winding carries a normal

current of 1000 A. Then the current in the two secondaries of CTs are equal as in

figure These currents will merely circulate between the two CTs and no current will


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figure. These currents will merely circulate between the two CT s and no current will

flow through the differential relay as shown in the diagram fig 16 a. Therefore, the

relay remains inoperative.

If a ground fault occurs on the alternator winding as shown in fig 16 b. the two

secondary currents will not be equal and the current flows through the operating coil

of the relay, causing the relay to operate. The amount of current flow through the

relay will depend upon the way the fault is being fed.

Disadvantages


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The impedance of the pilot cables generally

causes a slight difference between the currents at thetwo ends of the section to be protected, then the small

differential current flowing through the relay may

cause it to operate even under no fault conditions.

Pilot cable capacitance causes incorrect

operation of the relay when a large current flows

Accurate matching of current transformerscannot be achieved due to pilot circuit impedance

(ii) voltage differential relay

Fi 18 h th t f lt b l


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Fig. 18 shows the arrangement of voltage balance

protection.In this scheme of protection, two similar current

transformers are connected at either end of the

element to be protected (e.g. an alternator winding)

b means of ilot of wires.The secondaries of current transformers are

connected in series with a relay in such a way that

under normal conditions, their induced e.m.fs are in

opposition

Under healthy conditions, equal currents will flow

in both primary windings. Therefore, the secondary


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p y g y

voltages of the two transformers are balanced

against each other and no current will flow throughthe relay-operating coil.

When a fault occurs in the protected zone, the

another and their secondary voltages will no longer

be in balance.

This voltage difference will cause a current to flowthrough the operating coil of the relay, which closes

the trip circuit.

Disadvantages


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The voltage balance system suffers from the

following drawbacks

A multi-gap transformer construction is required

to achieve the accurate balance between current

.

The system is suitable for protection of cables of

relatively short, lengths due to the capacitance of

pilot wires.

The biased beam relay also called percentage differential relay is designed to

III. Biased beam relay or percentage differential relay


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y p g y g

respond to the differential current in terms of its fractional relation to the current

flowing through the protected section.

Its called percentage differential relay because the ratio of differential operating

current to average restraining current is a fixed percentage.

Its called bias relay because restraining known as biased coil produces the bias

force. Fig 17 a, shows the schematic arrangements of biased beam relay. It is

essen a y an over curren a ance eam ype re ay w an a ona res ra n ngcoil. The restraining coil produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the

operating force.

Under normal and through load conditions, the bias

force due to restraining coil is greater than operating


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force. Therefore, the relay remains inoperative.

When an internal fault occurs, the operating

force exceeds the bias force Consequently the


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force exceeds the bias force. Consequently the

trip contacts are closed to open the circuitbreaker.

The bias force can be adjusted by varying the

number of turns on the restraining coil.


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Under

relays78


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79


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80


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81

UNITUNIT


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Apparatus Protection33

1

Presented by

C.GOKUL,AP/EEEVelalar College of Engg & Tech , Erode

UNIT 3 Syllabus


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Protection of transformer.

Protection of generator.

Protection of motor.

Protection of busbars.

Protection of transmission line.

2


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Introduction


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The two major items of equipment in apower system are the generators and transformers.They have very high chance of fault occurrenceand usually takes much time and money to repair

the damage.

Fault and Abnormal

Conditions


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Conditions Generator : Over Current, Over Voltage, Under Voltage, Under

Frequency, Unbalanced Current, Loss of Excitation, Reverse Power,

Winding Inter turn Fault, Winding Earth Fault etc.

Transformer : Over Current, Winding Inter turn fault, Excessive

empera ure se, n a ance urren , ver ux ng e c.

Motors : Over Current, Under Voltage, Unbalance Current, Winding

Short Circuit, Stator Earth Fault, etc.

Transmission Line : Single Phase to ground fault, Phase to PhaseFault, three phase to ground fault, Over Current etc.


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Faults occurring in Transformers Open-Circuit faults

Earth faults

Phase-to-Phase faults

Inter-Turn faults

Overheating

Factors in choosing Protective Gear


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for a Transformer Type of Transformer

Size of the Transformer

Type of Cooling

System where used

Importance of service for which it is required


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Transformer Relaying Scheme


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Buchholz ProtectionAlso known as gas accumulator relay, commonly used onall oil-immersed transformer provided with conservator.

or ng r nc p e:Whenever a fault occur inside the transformer, the

oil of the tank gets overheated and gases are generated.The heat generated by the high local current causes the

transformer oil to decompose and produce gas which canbe used to detect the winding faults


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Buchholz Protection


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Core-Balance Leakage ProtectionThis system is used to provide protection against earthfaults on high voltage winding. When earth fault occurs,the sum of the three currents is no longer zero and a

the trip relay to operate and isolate the transformer fromthe bus-bars.


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Combined Leakage and Overload


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ProtectionThe core-balance protection cannot provide protectionagainst overload. It is usual practice to provide combinedleakage and overload protection for transformer. The

earth faults only. The overload relays havehigh currentsetting and are arrange to operate against faultsbetween the phases

In this system, two overload relay and one earth relayare connected. The two overload relays are sufficient toprotect against phase to phase faults The trip contacts


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protect against phase to phase faults. The trip contacts

of overload relays and earth fault relay are connectedin parallel. Therefore the energizing of either one ofthem, the circuit breaker will tripped.

Transformer Protection


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Overheating

Normal maximum working temp. = 95 C

8-10 C rise will halve the life of the transformer.

Overcurrent

Fuses for distribution transformer

Overcurrent relaying for 5MVA and above

Characteristics: Must be below the damage curve

Must be above magnetizing inrush


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Conclusion Open-circuit faults, earth faults, phase-to-phase faults,inter-turn faults and overheating are the fault that arelikely occur in a transformer

power.

Safety is increased

Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in the

system isolated and keep equipment from beingdamaged.


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IntroductionIntroduction


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Generator is the electrical end of a turboGenerator is the electrical end of a turbo--generator set.generator set.Without Generator, turbine/boiler/any Power Plant EquipmentWithout Generator, turbine/boiler/any Power Plant Equipmentis meaningless. Generator is the most precious/valuableis meaningless. Generator is the most precious/valuableequipment in PP which actually converts the mechanicalequipment in PP which actually converts the mechanicalenergy of turbine into electricity. So, Generator should beenergy of turbine into electricity. So, Generator should beprotected from faults occurring within generator and also fromprotected from faults occurring within generator and also from

externa au ts a norma operat ng con t on n t eexterna au ts a norma operat ng con t on n t ewhich affected the generator.which affected the generator.

Various relays/devices are used to detect the abnormalities inVarious relays/devices are used to detect the abnormalities inoperations and whenever fault conditions appear, they can giveoperations and whenever fault conditions appear, they can givewarning alarms to the operators or trip the unit automatically.warning alarms to the operators or trip the unit automatically.

Generally automatic tripping are provided if the time forGenerally automatic tripping are provided if the time foroperator to take corrective action is less or the fault is likely tooperator to take corrective action is less or the fault is likely tocause serious damage to the unit.cause serious damage to the unit.

FAULT IN THE GENERATORFAULT IN THE GENERATOR


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StatorStator Phase to Phase fault.Phase to Phase fault.

InterInterturn faultturn fault

Earth fault (80% & 100%)Earth fault (80% & 100%)

RotorRotor

Rotor E/FRotor E/F Two stage relay: a) Alarm b) TripTwo stage relay: a) Alarm b) Trip

Over voltage in the rotor.Over voltage in the rotor.

ABNORMAL OPERATINGABNORMAL OPERATING

CONDITIONS:CONDITIONS:


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Which affects the generatorWhich affects the generator

Negative Phase sequenceNegative Phase sequence

Loss of ExcitationLoss of Excitation

Over fluxing protectionOver fluxing protection

Reverse powerReverse power

OverOver--speedingspeeding

Pole slipping/ Out of StepPole slipping/ Out of Step

PROTECTION CATEGORYPROTECTION CATEGORY


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Complete Generator protection is divided into two category i.e.Complete Generator protection is divided into two category i.e. ClassClassA ProtectionA Protection

ClassClassB ProtectionB Protection

CLASSCLASSA: Protection where electrical isolation is an emergency.(A: Protection where electrical isolation is an emergency.(Insulation failure, ,S.C. etc.). Trip the GCB/Turbine/Boiler withoutInsulation failure, ,S.C. etc.). Trip the GCB/Turbine/Boiler withouttime delay or Generator automatic trips.time delay or Generator automatic trips.

.Class.ClassA followsA follows

Gen. Differential Prot.Gen. Differential Prot.

Gen. 100% E/FGen. 100% E/F

Gen. SB E/FGen. SB E/F

Gen. NVDGen. NVD

Gen. O/CGen. O/C

Rotor 2nd stage E/FRotor 2nd stage E/F

Gen. Brg. Temp. highGen. Brg. Temp. high

CLASSCLASS -- BB


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CLASSCLASS

B: Protection where externalB: Protection where externalabnormalities come into picture, such as temp.abnormalities come into picture, such as temp.rise. Generator trips through LFP relay.rise. Generator trips through LFP relay.

ClassClassBB follows;follows;

Voltage restrained O/CVoltage restrained O/C

Thermal O/CThermal O/C

Negative Phase sequenceNegative Phase sequence

U/V and O/V 2nd stageU/V and O/V 2nd stage

Over fluxing/ Field failureOver fluxing/ Field failure

Gen. over/under frequency.Gen. over/under frequency.

EARTH FAULT:EARTH FAULT:


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When fault current flows through earth return path,When fault current flows through earth return path,

the fault is called Earth Fault.the fault is called Earth Fault.

Possible causes are ;(a) Insulation failure, (b) due toPossible causes are ;(a) Insulation failure, (b) due to

over heating (Failure of water/air circulation throughover heating (Failure of water/air circulation through

stator conductor).stator conductor).

Earth fault may occur between any phase conductorEarth fault may occur between any phase conductor

and core.and core.

It is usually practice to limit the earth fault current toIt is usually practice to limit the earth fault current toavoid extensive damage to the stator core.avoid extensive damage to the stator core.

STAND BY EARTH FAULT:STAND BY EARTH FAULT:


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This protection is practically protects 95% ofThis protection is practically protects 95% of

generator winding. Therefore a current setting ofgenerator winding. Therefore a current setting of

5% of in to be set.5% of in to be set.

E/F current is generally limited to about 15/20Amps.E/F current is generally limited to about 15/20Amps.

Earth fault current of even 100A for few seconds canEarth fault current of even 100A for few seconds can

cause external damage. So the earth fault is restrictedcause external damage. So the earth fault is restricted

to 100Amps. By providing NGR of 63.5 ohms atto 100Amps. By providing NGR of 63.5 ohms at

11KV Voltage Level.11KV Voltage Level.

This is a BackThis is a Back--Up protection.Up protection.


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100% STATOR EARTH FAULT:100% STATOR EARTH FAULT:


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In this protection, where neutral voltage measurement is madeIn this protection, where neutral voltage measurement is madeat generator terminals, (By Broken Delta), the third harmonicat generator terminals, (By Broken Delta), the third harmonicvoltage element is used.voltage element is used.

First earth fault very near to neutral produces negligibleFirst earth fault very near to neutral produces negligiblecurrent as driving voltage is nearly zero. But if a 2nd earthcurrent as driving voltage is nearly zero. But if a 2nd earth

au t occurs at mac ne term na , ne to groun au t s notau t occurs at mac ne term na , ne to groun au t s notlimited by NGR. The resulting fault current can be high.limited by NGR. The resulting fault current can be high.Hence, the 1st E/F very near to neutral has to be detected earlyHence, the 1st E/F very near to neutral has to be detected earlyand isolated.and isolated.

All generators produce continuous current of 3rd harmonicAll generators produce continuous current of 3rd harmonic

voltage. Under normal condition, 3rd harmonic voltage isvoltage. Under normal condition, 3rd harmonic voltage ispresent. If there is a fault near neutral, the amount of 3rdpresent. If there is a fault near neutral, the amount of 3rdharmonic voltage comes down and this is used for detection.harmonic voltage comes down and this is used for detection.

STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTIONSTATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Generator


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Yellow

Red

Blue

RelayCT

Neutral Earth

Resistance

ROTOR EARTH FAULT:ROTOR EARTH FAULT:


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Since rotorSince rotor circuits operate ungrounded, a single earth fault iscircuits operate ungrounded, a single earth fault iscaused by insulation failure due to moisture, ageing ofcaused by insulation failure due to moisture, ageing ofinsulation or vibration of rotor etc. But existence of singleinsulation or vibration of rotor etc. But existence of singleground fault increases the chance of a second ground fault.ground fault increases the chance of a second ground fault.The occurrence of second earth fault can cause fault currentThe occurrence of second earth fault can cause fault current

. .. .gap flux is badly distorted. The rotor is displaced enough togap flux is badly distorted. The rotor is displaced enough torub stator leading to severe vibrations and can damage therub stator leading to severe vibrations and can damage thebearing.bearing.

Although a machine can continuously run on a single earthAlthough a machine can continuously run on a single earth

fault but second rotor earth fault, if allowed to occur,fault but second rotor earth fault, if allowed to occur,should be detected immediately and generator should beshould be detected immediately and generator should betripped.tripped.


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DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIONDIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


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Differential protection is very reliable method for statorDifferential protection is very reliable method for statorwinding phase to phase fault. In this, currents on bothwinding phase to phase fault. In this, currents on bothsides of the generator are compared.sides of the generator are compared.

Under normal condition or for a fault outside of theUnder normal condition or for a fault outside of theprotected zone, current i1s is equal to current i2s.protected zone, current i1s is equal to current i2s.

ere ore, e curren s n e s secon ar es are a soere ore, e curren s n e s secon ar es are a soequal, i1s=i2s and no current flows through the currentequal, i1s=i2s and no current flows through the currentrelays.relays.

If a fault develops inside of the protected zone, current i1sIf a fault develops inside of the protected zone, current i1sand i2s are no longer equal, therefore i1s and i2s are notand i2s are no longer equal, therefore i1s and i2s are not

equal and therefore a current flowing in the current relay.equal and therefore a current flowing in the current relay.


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Negative Phase Sequence Protection:Negative Phase Sequence Protection:


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When the generator is connected to a balanced load, the phase currents areWhen the generator is connected to a balanced load, the phase currents areequal in magnitude and displaced electrically by 120equal in magnitude and displaced electrically by 120. The ATs wave. The ATs waveproduced by the stator currents rotate synchronously with the rotor and noproduced by the stator currents rotate synchronously with the rotor and noeddy currents are induced in the rotor parts.eddy currents are induced in the rotor parts.

If there is an unbalanced loading of the generator, and then the statorIf there is an unbalanced loading of the generator, and then the statorcurrents have acurrents have ave sequence component. The stator field due to theseve sequence component. The stator field due to thesevevesequence currents rotates at synchronous speed but in a direction oppositesequence currents rotates at synchronous speed but in a direction opposite

to t e rect on o t e e structure on t e rotor. us, t eto t e rect on o t e e structure on t e rotor. us, t eve sequenceve sequencestator armature mmf rotates at a speedstator armature mmf rotates at a speedNs, while the rotor field speed isNs, while the rotor field speed is+Ns. There is a relative velocity of 2Ns between the two.+Ns. There is a relative velocity of 2Ns between the two.

These causes double frequency currents, of large amplitude to be inducedThese causes double frequency currents, of large amplitude to be inducedin the rotor conductors and iron part. So both the eddy currents as well asin the rotor conductors and iron part. So both the eddy currents as well asthe hystersis losses increase due to these double frequencies inducedthe hystersis losses increase due to these double frequencies inducedcurrents in the rotor.currents in the rotor.

Unbalanced loading affects ;(a) Rotor heating (b) Severe vibration &Unbalanced loading affects ;(a) Rotor heating (b) Severe vibration &heating of stator.heating of stator.

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION:FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION:


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Acts as an Induction Generator.Acts as an Induction Generator. Possible Causes;Possible Causes;

AVR FaultAVR Fault

Tripping of Field C.B.Tripping of Field C.B.

Open circuit or Short circuit occurring in the D.C. circuit.Open circuit or Short circuit occurring in the D.C. circuit.

PMG failurePMG failure

,,system. If excitation fails, synchronous generator runs at a supersystem. If excitation fails, synchronous generator runs at a super--synchronoussynchronousspeed, draws reactive power from the power system instead of supplying the Qe.speed, draws reactive power from the power system instead of supplying the Qe.In case, the other generators cant meet the requirement of reactive power, thisIn case, the other generators cant meet the requirement of reactive power, thisshall result in large voltage drop which may ultimately result in instability.shall result in large voltage drop which may ultimately result in instability.

In this case, slip becomesIn this case, slip becomesVe result in slip frequency currents. Rotor getsVe result in slip frequency currents. Rotor getsheated up due to induced currents in the rotor winding, core or damage theheated up due to induced currents in the rotor winding, core or damage thewinding if this condition is sustained. Stator heats up due to high stator currentswinding if this condition is sustained. Stator heats up due to high stator currents

due to increase in reactive current from the system.due to increase in reactive current from the system. By monitor (i) Field current, IfBy monitor (i) Field current, If

(ii) Phase current & voltage.(ii) Phase current & voltage.

REVERSE POWERREVERSE POWER

PROTECTION:PROTECTION:


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This protection is provided to protect against motoring.This protection is provided to protect against motoring. A generator is expected to supply active power to the connected system inA generator is expected to supply active power to the connected system in

normal operation. If the generator primover fails, a generator that is connectednormal operation. If the generator primover fails, a generator that is connectedin parallel with another source of electrical supply will to begin to motor. Thisin parallel with another source of electrical supply will to begin to motor. Thisreversal of power flow due to loss of prime mover can be detected by reversereversal of power flow due to loss of prime mover can be detected by reversepower element.power element.

Possible Causes:Possible Causes:

may happen due to some fault in the system or some delay by the operatingmay happen due to some fault in the system or some delay by the operatingpersonnel.personnel.

In case of sudden closure of stop valves or control valves when the generatorIn case of sudden closure of stop valves or control valves when the generatorunit is still connected to the grid.unit is still connected to the grid.

Reverse power operation is harmful to the turbine since without steam flow inReverse power operation is harmful to the turbine since without steam flow inthe turbine. If the turbine continues to rotate, it will result in heating of turbinethe turbine. If the turbine continues to rotate, it will result in heating of turbineblades due to churning action. However, the period for the turbine to overheatblades due to churning action. However, the period for the turbine to overheat

may vary from a few seconds to minutes depending upon the turbine &may vary from a few seconds to minutes depending upon the turbine &operating conditions.operating conditions.


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OVER FLUXING PROTECTION:OVER FLUXING PROTECTION:


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Fundamental VoltageFundamental Voltage-- Flux relation:Flux relation: V = 4.44 * N * f * V = 4.44 * N * f *

V/f = 4.44 * N * V/f = 4.44 * N *

= K * = K * B/A= K * = K * B/A

V/f is a measure of flux in machine. That means, over fluxing can occur if the ratioV/f is a measure of flux in machine. That means, over fluxing can occur if the ratioof voltage to frequency exceeds certain limits. High voltage or low frequency,of voltage to frequency exceeds certain limits. High voltage or low frequency,causing a rise in the V/f ratio, will produce high flux densities in the magnetic corecausing a rise in the V/f ratio, will produce high flux densities in the magnetic core

o t e generator. s cou cause t e core o t e mac ne to saturate stray ux too t e generator. s cou cause t e core o t e mac ne to saturate stray ux tobe induced in the unlamilated components that have not designed to carry flux. Thebe induced in the unlamilated components that have not designed to carry flux. Theresulting eddy currents in the solid components e.g. core bolts & clamps and end ofresulting eddy currents in the solid components e.g. core bolts & clamps and end ofcore laminations can cause rapid overheating and damage.core laminations can cause rapid overheating and damage.

POSSIBLE CAUSES:POSSIBLE CAUSES:

AVR failureAVR failure

Load rejection under manual AVR controlLoad rejection under manual AVR control

Excessive excitation with Generator Offline.Excessive excitation with Generator Offline. Decreasing Speed with operator tries to maintain rated stator voltage.Decreasing Speed with operator tries to maintain rated stator voltage.

AUTO to Manual transfer of AVR.AUTO to Manual transfer of AVR.


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Fan, Blower

Various Industry Motor Applications


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,

Pump, Compressor

Conveyor

Mixer

Cranes

Types of Fault in Motors


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External Fault Internal Fault

Mechanical Load Bearing Failure

Unbalance SupplyVoltage

Winding phase andearth fault

Single Phasing

Phase Reversal

Motor Protection Summary


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y

THERMAL OVERLOAD

SHORT CIRCUIT

EARTH FAULT

UNBALANCE

BLOCKED ROTOR/STALLING PROTECTION

Thermal Stress Causes Motor Failure

Most of the motor failure contributors and failed motor components arerelated to motor overheating.


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Thermal stress potentially can cause the failure of all the major motorparts: Stator, Rotor, Bearings, Shaft and Frame.

Thermal Overload


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Consider a motor is as homogenous bodyDeveloping heat at constant rate.Dissipating heat at constant rate.

Heat disspation is proportional to temperature

riseT = KIR

2 (1-e t/ )

Rotor I2t Protection


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I I1I2

I = I1 (positive sequence) + k * I2 (negativesequence)

(Overload protection includes additional heating effect of negative sequence curr

Main Factors and Elements Comprisingthe Thermal Model are:

Overload Protection - Thermal Model


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Overload Pickup Level

Overload Curve

Cooling Time Constants

Hot/Cold Stall Time Ratio

THERMAL OVERLOAD cont

SETTING CRITERIA : Thermal Element


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SETTING CRITERIA : Thermal Element

Motor running

Time in sec

Current

(Amperes)1 3 7 0 A2 9 3 A

Starting

t ime :10s

1 7 2 0 A

Short- circuit

e l e m e n t

SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION


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What is:-Motor short-circuit protection -provided to cater for major stator winding faultsand terminal flashovers.

Settings - Definite time over current relay

e ement, set to a out 130 o motor startingcurrent and time delay set at 100ms.

Differential Protection

Differential protection may be considered the firstline of protection for internal phase-to-phase or


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phase-to-ground faults.

Summation method with six CTs:

If six CTs are used in a summingconfiguration, during motor starting, the

values from the two CTs on each phase

may not be equal as the CTs are notperfectly identical and asymmetricalcurrents may cause the CTs on each phaseto have different outputs.

The running differential delay can then befine tuned to an application such that itresponds very fast and is sensitive to low

differential current levels.

What is:-A ground fault is a fault thatcreates a path for current to flow from one

Ground Fault Protection


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creates a path for current to flow from oneof the phases directly to the neutral throughthe earth bypassing the load

Ground faults in a motor occur:

When its phase conductors insulation

is damaged for example due to voltagestress, moisture or internal fault occursbetween the conductor and ground

To limit :-the level of the ground faultcurrent connect an resistance known as

stablising resistance

Phase Unbalance


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What is:-In a balanced system the three line-neutralvoltages are equal in magnitude and are 120 degrees

out of phase with each other. Otherwise, the system is

unbalanced.

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

Main causes of current unbalance


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Blown fuses Loose connections

Stator turn-to-turn faults

System voltage distortion and

FaultsEffects Motor winding overheating Excessive vibrations

Cause motor insulation/winding/bearingdamage

Motor Protection Stalling


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What is:-It happens when motor circuits are energized,

but motor rotor is not rotating. It is also called locked

.

Effects:

This will result in excessive currents flow given the

same load. This will cause thermal damage to the

motor winding and insulation.

Motor Protection Stalling


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Required for

Stalling during starting Stalling during running

Cases

Starting time < Stall withstand timeStall withstand time< Starting time

CURRENT RELAYS


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IDMT RELAYS :

These relays have inverse characteristic and the operatingtime decreases as the magnitude of current increases.

GENERAL RELAY EQUATION :

t = TMS X K/((I/In)^n 1)t = RELAY OPERATING TIME

I = FAULT CURRENT

n = CONSTANT

K = CONSTANT

In = RELAY PLUG SETTING ( PICK UP )

TMS = TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING

Pilot Relays

Why needed:-Overcome diffculties of overcurrentRelay ie


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yCoordinationExcessive fault clearance timesPrinciple:-Measurement of current at each end feeders

Transmission o in ormationNo time and current gradation requiredSupervision facility.Merz price Circulating scheme


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Bus Bar Protection


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Bus Differential: Current into bus must equalcurrent out of bus

Bus ProtectionBus Fault


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Busbar Protection


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Typical Bus Arrangements:

Single bus

Double bus, double breaker

- - -

Main and transfer buses with single breaker

Ring bus

Busbar Protection


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Bus differential connection (single-bus)

87B

86B

TRIPS AND LOCKS-OU

ee6702-protection and switchgear r2013

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