AIA/CES Provider Number: 50111167

EE105: Lighting Control System Design, Part 4: Design Development

Course Number: 000000001054

Educator: Craig DiLouie, LC

EDUCATION CREDIT

At the end of this course, participants will be able to complete an online exam, with a passing grade of 70+% to qualify for CALCTP (CALCTP),

NLCAA (NLCAA) and LEU (NCQLP) credit and 80+% for LU/HSW hours (AIA/CES). Upon a passing grade, you will be able to download a Certificate

of Completion for each type of credits. For CALCTP, NLCAA and LC certification maintenance (LEUs), credits are self-reported. For AIA /CES,

Lighting Controls Association will report credit earned for this course to AIA CES.

NO ENDORSEMENT BY ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS

This course is registered with NCQLP and AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed

or construed to be an approval or endorsement by these organizations of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,

distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

COPYRIGHT

This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written

permission of the Lighting Controls Association is prohibited.

DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this course has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Damages arising from errors, omissions or damages

as a result of the use or misuse of the data or information contained in this course are not the responsibility of the Lighting Controls Association,

National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ZING Communications, Inc. or their employees or members. All information contained in this course is

published for professionals seeking information about the subjects contained therein. It is not the intent of this course provide professional services

such as design, engineering or consulting. If these services are sought, they should be rendered by properly trained, registered, regulated and

insured professionals.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Now that the load is established by control zone, the design development

phase continues with equipment selection and layout. During this phase, specific lighting and control products are selected and located on the plans,

and documentation produced describing the design and functionality of the lighting control system. Primary goals during this phase include:

Provide a reliable, correctly operating system that satisfies owner project requirements

Minimize energy consumption

Provide lighting control flexibility where it is needed

Design a system that is non-intrusive, convenient to use, and simple to maintain

Bring the project in on time and within budget

Meet the requirements of all applicable building electrical, life/safety and energy codes

Lighting Control System Design, Part 4: Design Development identifies common deliverables in a finished lighting control system design, including

load schedule single-line riser diagram, equipment specifications, panel schedules, device settings, and functional testing and acceptance criteria.

Participants will use this information to create a finished design and specifications for a lighting control system.

Image courtesy of WattStopper

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, participants will be able to:

recognize common deliverables in a finished lighting control system design, including the load schedule, single-line riser diagrams, equipment

specifications, lighting and electrical panel schedules, device settings and functional testing and acceptance criteria.

recognize the basic elements of a lighting control system and be able to select each element to create an effective overall solution for the project.

have a general knowledge of critical aspects of lighting control equipment, including system intelligence, system architecture and protocols.

have the general knowledge they need to begin a finished design and specifications for a lighting control system.

THE LOAD SCHEDULE

After zoning the lighting design based on the floorplan and owner project requirements, the next step is to characterize the lighting load in each zone.

This information includes location (floor and room as related to building site/drawings), lighting types (fixture and light source), load size (wattage),

voltage, circuit number, feed (normal or emergency power), and whether the load must be dimmable. Any other loads that will need to be controlled

should be identified, such as shade/blind motors.

Zone Area Room Name Circuit Fixtures Source Dim Feed W/V Total W

5 Floor 3 CR4 Ceiling 1 (4) Downlight Electronic Low-Voltage

No Backup 100W/120V 400W

The load schedule may be presented in a graphical format:

Image courtesy of Crestron

SELECTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT

The level of precision and flexibility required from the lighting

control system as reflected in its zoning, in turn driven by owner project requirements, will reveal appropriate equipment solutions.

As with any other type of electrical equipment, selection will be governed by ranked considerations such as product quality and features, reliability,

pricing, warranty, manufacturer reputation, and service and support.

Note that despite similarities across products, many manufacturers have distinctive capabilities and approaches, particularly in regards to more

sophisticated control systems.

SELECTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT

It is useful to consider the control system as a series of inputs and outputs. Inputs

define requests for a change to the power status of the load or information that may result in a change.

These inputs are provided manually by users (e.g., manual switches and dimmers) or automatically by control devices or functionality (e.g.,

occupancy sensors, timeclock/programming, photosensors).

Outputs define the resulting change to the power status of the load, which may include switching or dimming.

THE CONTROLLER

The controller responds to control input signals by controlling the flow of power to the load.

This is the primary control point and may reside in an enclosure or digital ballast. A common example is a relay in a low-voltage control panel, which

receives a signal input via low-voltage wiring from a control device and subsequently acts upon the load via a line-voltage output.

Image courtesy of New Buildings Institute

RELATING THE CONTROLLER TO THE LOAD

The load, accounting for low-voltage transformer losses if applicable, should not exceed the controller's

power rating designated for the given electrical feed voltage. The fixture wattage will help determine how many fixtures can be powered by each

controller output, with the total load in the control zone being used to determine the number of outputs.

Additionally, it is generally recommended that all lamps powered by a single dimmer control should be the same type, wattage and brand. Similarly,

all ballasts operated by a single control should be the same brand and model. All lamps and ballasts should be compatible, and the ballast should be

compatible with the controller. If necessary, select appropriate components and test the integrated design to ensure it will satisfy requirements.

Image courtesy of Philips Lighting Electronics

PLACING THE CONTROLLER

The controller may be placed within a centralized, distributed or hybrid system. In a centralized system, control zones are created by hardwiring

jumpers within a control panel or via a panel display (or computer), typically installed in a central location such as an electrical room. This approach is

particularly well suited to simple control needs. In a distributed system, the control point is located closer to the load, reducing wiring homeruns and

potentially eliminating the need for centralized equipment, particularly well suited to more complex projects requiring highly granular zoning. In a

hybrid system, both approaches are used based on different load needs within the project. Below is an example. The top image shows a project

controlled by a centralized system, and the bottom image shows the project controlled by a distributed system.

Images courtesy of WattStopper

SYSTEM INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence defines the ability of a control device or system to

execute decision making and resides between the input and output functions. For example, the control system may include an algorithm that receives

a signal about light level from a photosensor, and subsequently decides to control the load and by how much. Intelligence also enables the system to

be programmed to execute future decisions on a time schedule.

It may be centralized at a central location such as a panel, regulating the entire system, or distributed, with each device in the system able to be

programmed and function independently. This intelligence is accessed by the operator via a display on the device or panel or remotely using a

computer loaded with appropriate software.

Image courtesy of Sensor Switch

CONTROL DEVICES

Control devices, also generally described as auxiliary or accessory devices, provide inputs into the

system. This may include manual switches and dimming control stations, occupancy sensors and photosensors. It may also include intelligence

integrated into a control panel, signals emitted by a computer, and signals from other building systems such as security and building automation

systems.

For more information about controllers and control devices, visit appropriate courses in Education Express covering these areas.

Image courtesy of Hubbell Building Automation, Lutron Electronics, HUNT Dimming and Philips Controls

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Another key design decision is how to connect all of the devices in the

system. In a traditional control system, the basic building block of control zoning is the lighting circuit or subcircuit, with sizing limited by the load-

carrying capacity of the circuit or switch/dimmer. Zoning and rezoning is implemented via hardwiring.

Digital control architecture, in which control devices are connected within a single low-volte wiring bus, offers a more elegant solution ideal for

complex projects. It offers the benefit of soft terminations, with zoning/rezoning implemented via software, and with zoning as small as a single

fixture. Calibration can occur remotely via software. Layered zoning can be achieved economically, enabling multiple control strategies. As digital

systems typically offer bi-way communication, monitoring is a potential capability for maintenance and energy data collection. In the case of digital

ballasts and some digital controllers, actual data can be recorded. With some controllers, it is estimated.

Image courtesy of Sensor Switch

PROTOCOLS

Lighting control devices must be compatible with the load and each other. For devices to interact, they

must be designed based on the same protocol (a standard set of rules or guidelines enabling communication) or utilize some form of gateway

functionality as a bridge.

Analog protocols enable one-way distribution of data, while digital protocols (DALI or proprietary) are typically bi-way, enabling data exchange.

Open protocols are public industry standards, while proprietary protocols are particular to a single manufacturer, and some proprietary protocols are

made available to other manufacturers, in some cases becoming a de facto open standard.

EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

The designer will produce equipment specifications and cut sheets for the selected control

equipment. These documents describe all of the products used on the project and their desired minimum performance. Specified information may

include:

conceptual design (basis of design, expressed as written controls narrative);

reference to industry standards and codes;

detailed load schedule;

performance requirements;

device settings;

compatibility and interoperability;

criteria for acceptance of "equal" alternatives;

acceptance criteria for functional testing; and

warranty and training.

Image courtesy of Cooper Controls

SINGLE-LINE RISER DIAGRAMS

Another important document to be produced during design development

is the single-line riser diagram, also called a one-line wiring diagram or wiring plan, which provides a visual description of the topology of the lighting

control system, revealing all elements of the system and how they are connected.

This includes panels, auxiliary devices, control wiring/cabling, conduit/raceways, feeders/power source, normal of emergency source, and integration

points with other building systems, all identified by location.

The diagram is created during construction documentation or shop drawings and is used by the contractor for bidding and installation and by the

owner for maintenance.

Image courtesy of WattStopper

LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL PANEL SCHEDULES

Another important document to be given to the owner upon system

turnover is the panel schedule, which expresses which loads are assigned to specific switches and dimmers in the panel, the size of these loads, and

other electrical information. It may also detail a time schedule for automatic control actions.

Image courtesy of Cooper Controls

DEVICE SETTINGS

Device settings must be documented for startup, calibration, programming and

maintenance purposes. These settings include time schedules for control systems, time delay and sensitivity adjustments for occupancy sensors,

light level setpoints, integrated dimmer presets, and other calibration and programming.

Initial settings should be specified and final settings, after fine tuning in the field, should be recorded and turned over to the owner.

Image courtesy of Schneider Electric

FUNCTIONAL TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Finally, the specifications should include functional tests along with criteria for acceptance. This information

will be used by the commissioning authority and electrical contractor to test the system after installation.

Image courtesy of Leviton

YOU’RE FINISHED

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course Lighting Control System Design, Part 4: Design

Development.

Please take a moment to provide feedback about your experience with this course.

You may also take the Comprehension Test to test your learning and to qualify for LEU (NCQLP LC) and LU/HSW (AIA CES) credit. A 70+% passing

grade is required for LEU credit and 80+% for AIA CES credit. Upon passing the test, you may download a Certificate of Completion on the Courses

page. If you are an AIA member, please email your course completion certificate to LCA with your AIA number.

EE 105: Lighting Control System Design - Part 4: Design Development

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