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POWER MEASUREMENT

INTRODUCTION

Industrial customers

Commercial customers

Even residential customers

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PARAMETERS TO MEASURE

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

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DERIVED PARAMETERS

Active Power (W)

Apparent Power (VA) Reactive Power (var)

Power Factor (PF)

Load Factor (LF)

Frequency

Phase Angles Amplitude Unbalance

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COMPONENTS OF DATA ACQ SYSTEM

Sensor/Transducer

Signal Conditioner

ADC Card

Computers

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Transducer #1

Transducer #2

Transducer #n

Measurand #1

Measurand #2

Measurand #n

StandAlone

DAS

PC

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Trans #1

Trans #2

Trans #n

Signal

conditioner

Signalconditioner

Signal

conditioner

Stand

Alone

DAS PC

Meau.#1

Meau.#2

Meau.#n

Long connecting cable

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Primary Current

Secondary winding

Hall

Element amplifier

Current ls

Output

Vs-

Vs+

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Linearity 0.1% of nominal primary

current

Proof stress voltage 2.5 kV for 1 minute, primaryminimum to output

Operating temperature 0 to 70oC

range

Storage temperature range -25 to 85 oC

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Nominal primary current : 50 A (rms)Measuring range : 0 to 70 A

Turns ratio : 1000

Frequency range for 1% error : DC to 40 kHz

Accuracy : 0.5% of input at 25oC

Linearity : 0.1 %

dI / dT : Better than 50 A/microsecond

Response time : Better than 1 microsecond

Test voltage : 2 kV rms (1 minute)

Internal resistance : 90 ohm at 70oC

Supply voltage : 15 V, 5%Current drain : 10 mA (N.L. current)

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V1. Input

V2. Input

V3. Input

A1. Input

A2. Input

V1. PT

V2. PT

V3. PT

A1

Range Amp.

A2

Range Amp.

A3

Range Amp.

A3. Input

V1-V2

V2-V3

V3-V1

W1

W2

W3

RMS/

Mean ConversionMultiplexer


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MEASUREMENT MODE

1P2W: Single-phase two-wire

3P3W-2: Three-phase three-wire (two-voltage,

two current, two-power measurement

method)

3P3W-3: Three-phase three-wire (three-voltage,

three-current, three-power measurement

method)

3P4W: Three-phase four-wire

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(1) Single-phase two-wire lines

NC

P

owerSupply

Load

Red

A1

NC

Yellow

Blue

Black

NC: No sensor connected

to the main unit

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Active Power (W) 1A.1V..

Apparent power (VA) V1 . A1

Reactive power (var)

Power factor (PF)

Load factor (LF)

22 WVA

VAW

100x

powerimummaxDemand

poweraverageOverall

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(2) Three-phase three-wire lines Connection for measurement of three-phase

three-wire lines depends on the measurement

method used.

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NC

Po

werSupply

Load

Red

A1

Yellow

Blue

B

lack

A2

(1) Two-voltage, two current, two power method (3P3W-2)

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Active Power (W) 2A.2V1A.1V....

Apparent power (VA)2A.2V

1A.1V(/23


Power factor (PF)

Load factor (LF)

22WVA

VA

W

100xpowerimummaxDemand

poweraverageOverall

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3A3v

2A.2v1A.1v

....

Active Power (W)

Apparent power (VA))3A3V2A.

2V1A.1V(3/3


Power factor (PF)

Load factor (LF)

22 WVA

VA

W


poweraverageOverall

.

.

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(4) Three-phase four-wire lines

PowerSupply

Load

Red

A1

Yellow

A2

BlueA3

Black(N)

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3A3v

2A.2v1A.1v

....

Active Power (W)

Apparent power (VA) 3A3v2A2v1A.1v


Power factor (PF)

Load factor (LF)

22 WVA

VA

W


poweraverageOverall

.

.

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An True RMS value is defined asTrue RMS value =

For a sine wave it will be equals to themaximum value X 0.707.

Mean value is defined as the average of

instantaneous values within a half period. For a sine wave, it is equal to themaximum value X 0.637.

The proportion between True RMS and meanvalues for a sine wave is then True RMSvalue/Mean value = 1.11

methodousinstantanesquaredofMean

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PC compatible

Multifunction analog input card

12-bit successive approximation A/D converter

6 micro sec conversion time

Low drift fast setting instrumentation amplifier

and sample and hold circuit.

PCL-206

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AMR, AMM, AMI - What's the difference?

AUTOMATED METER READING (AMR)

( a remote reading system)

to read electronic meters over long distances

. the energy consumption can be read on an annual,

monthly, weekly, daily or on an hourly basis. Consumption and status data, such as time stamps, are

through various connection media being transmitted to a

central system for billing and analysis. The automatic

data collection enables billing based on real time

consumption as opposed to an estimated consumption.

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ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE

(AMI)

refers to systems that measures, read and analyze

energy consumption. also able to read electricity, gas, heat and water

meters remotely.

AMI systems an extension of AMR-system. The AMI always communicates two-way

and comprises the whole range of metering

devices, software, communication media,

and data management systems.

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AUTOMATED METER MANAGEMENT (AMM)

Smart Metering

is another expansion of a remote reading system includes the possibility of performing technical

measurements and functions

and carrying out customer-orientated services via thesystem.

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Trends in metering

Electro

mechanicalmeter

Electronicmeter Smart meter

T d i t i

vk2

k

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Trends in metering

Functional Electromechanical

Electronic Smart meter

Measurement Coil, Rotating

Discs and

Counters

ADC's, DSP-

Micro- Processor

Metering and

Communication ASIC

Storage Nil EPROM,RAM,

Flash

EPROM, RAM, Flash

Communication Nil Optical/RS232/

RS485

PLC/GPRS/CDMA/

RF Mesh/Wi-MaxProtocols Nil Proprietary/Open

Protocol

Open Protocols

DLMS(IEC-62056)/

ANSI C12 /M-Bus

Other functions Nil Multi tariff, billingschedules

RemoteConnection/Discon

nection, real-time

pricing/HAN

vk1

vk3

Slid 36

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Slide 36

vk1 vinod kumar, 14-Sep-14

vk2 gprs general packet radio servicevinod kumar, 14-Sep-14

vk3 cdma code division multiple accessvinod kumar, 14-Sep-14

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Demand response

Utility

Smart meter

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Futuristic options Intelligent meter can decide out of multiple

vendors(distribution companies)

Vendor#2

Vendor#

1

Vendor#

2

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What is a Smart meter Reliable and efficient data communication

interface Demand response

Multi tariff

Historic storage Programmable tariff, billing schedules

Firmware download

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SMART METER a meter with two-way communication, displays consumption in various ways

fully electronic meter reduction of energy consumed by the meter

itself, the digital technology adds a large

number of functions.

whole data read operation is by remote

human factor can be totally dismissed of

Reading errors or misreading , cost, time,

manpower saving

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THE ELECTROMECHANICAL METER

simply measures the consumed energy

Its a single dimension meter Consumption data are being read manually

by the consumer or by an employee at the

utility, typically once a month clearly, a cumbersome process.

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THE ELECTRONIC METER

is a multipurpose meter

recording a number of other parameters besides energy

such as voltage quality and load profile In combination with clock registering, the electronic

meter is capable of delivering real time data giving an

exact picture of energy consumption during the day.

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AUTOMATIC METER READING

BillingEnergy Audit

Tariff formulation

Electricity regulator

Load research

Grouping of feeder

B fi f AMR h ili

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Benefits of AMR to the utility

Time saving to access the site & to read Meter readings are accurate

human errors in reading & data entry

eliminated The accessibility obstacles on account of

location

Meter reading cost i.e. meter readerstransportation/travel related cost reduced

Risk/otherwise the insurance cost is minimized.

saving on seals and stationeries

The cash flow will be improved due to

faster meter reading, bill preparation

and distribution.

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improved vigilance as demand/overdrawl of

the consumer will be readily available

any tamper recording will immediately

come into notice.

There will be quick detection of anydefect in the meter.

Consumers complaints on A/C of

Meter reading/billing will be avoided.

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Benefits of AMR to the consumers Consumers can budget their expenditure

on electricity by keeping a watch

The reading date for each month can be

Fixed Total transparency in Meter reading/billing

is ensured.

The bills through email are available tothe consumers

Improved service quality , more choices

and faster response time will eliminateconsumer complaints and result in

customer satisfaction.

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SUCHNATDMA

SATELLITE

EXTENDED C BAND

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52

ISP HUB

DATA

CENTRE

SUCHNA

KUTER

1

2

6

TDMA(128kbps)

OFC

LEASED

LINE7

8

15

PSTN/

ISDN/

OFC

LINK

OFC LEASED LINE

NAINITAL

CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM

1

2

8

PSTN/ISDN

dial up link

Router

R.A. Server

Ci it S b l

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Circuit Symbols2.14

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..

ee-103-1

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