Edwards, 2007

THINK ABOUT THIS

“Learning who you are…creating who you want to be.”

Lisa Froemming

Definitions” The term Latino is a new and ambiguous invention.”.”

Definitions

The term Latino has meaning only in reference to the US experience.”

THINK ABOUT THIS“In the wild world, you’re either eating something or being eaten…in the human

world, you either define yourself or you’re defined.”

Unknown

“Ethnic identity refers to the aspect of the self-concept that derives from the recognition of membership in a socially identified ethnic group. Among members of ethnic minority groups, identity formation entails coming to terms with the meaning and consequences of membership in a stigmatized group within the larger society.”

Phinney, J.S. & Ong, A.D., (2007), Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 271-281

IdentityLatino population’s sense of

self and its collective history are still far from having a definitive impact on the understanding of race, ethnicity, and nationhood in the US.

IdentityOne student, in particular,

explained that all the members of her family had answered the racial question differently, depending on their own self-identities.

THINK ABOUT THIS

“Every hour you spend with others you become

more like the people around you.” David Brooks

THINK ABOUT THIS“The truth was that I didn’t know which I was. I wasn’t allowed to claim the thing I

felt and I didn’t feel the thing I was supposed to

claim.” Cristina Henriquez, The Book of Unknown Americans, NYT, 7-11-’14

Generational Differences

1.) First Generation Person –Different view of America, different sense of identity, & different sense of entitlement.

2.) Native Born Person [2nd generation] –Role of parents’ perceptions & experiences, experience in school system, minority person, race/ethnic relations.

THINK ABOUT THIS“Membership in a group often means embracing

shared beliefs, values, and traditions that are passed on

through generations.”Michael J.A. Wohl

CULTURAL STRENGTHS

1.) Ethnic Identity

2.) Biculturalism

3.) Familismo

Edwards, Lisa, Marquette University, 2007

Ethnic IdentityThe meaning or importance of

ethnicity to an individual at a given time.

Includes:– Exploration & Search

– Affirmation, Commitment & Belonging

Edwards, Lisa, Marquette University, 2007

Multi-Group Ethnic Identity Measure

Exploration & Search– Items 1, 2, 4, 8, 10

– Add up and divide the total by 5

Affirmation, Commitment & Belonging– Items 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12

– Add up and divide the total by 7

Edwards, Lisa, Marquette University 2007

Think About This

“The past is never dead. It’s not even past.”

William Faulkner, New York Times, November 16, ‘14

BICULTURALISM

The ability to navigate multiple cultural contexts.

--Retaining one’s culture of origin while still adapting to majority culture

--Can be challenging, but can also be a strength.

Edwards, Lisa, Marquette University, 2007

FAMILILISMO

Familism can be defined as, “a strong identification and attachment of individuals with their families and strong feelings of loyalty, reciprocity and solidarity among members of their family.” (Triandis et al., 1982)

“RACISM, NO LONGER A BLACK/WHITE BINARY PARADIGM".

WITHIN THE LATINO COMMUNITY, RACISM IS NOT STRICKLY A SKIN-COLOR ISSUE, THOUGH IT CERTAINLY IS.  I’S ABOUT LAST NAME, FORM OF SPEAKING, AND MANNER OF DRESS, AS WELL.

 Source--New York Times, January 15, 2008

THINK ABOUT THIS

“There is power in naming racism for what it is, in shining a bright light on it, brighter than any torch or flashlight. …allows us to root it out of the darkness and hushed conversation where it likes to breed like roaches” Jesmyn Ward, New York Times, August, 11, ‘13

ACCULTURATION• Includes and influences ethnic

identity• Comprised of various domains:

–Language–Social Affiliation–Daily Living Habits (Food, Music)–Identification and Pride

Edwards, Lisa, Marquette University, 2007

Models of Acculturation

Lisa Edwards, Marquette University, 2007

Latino Culture

Anglo Culture

Bidimensional Model

Bicultural Identity

THINK ABOUT THIS

“…Cultural repression was always the first, easiest, and

most effective means of political control…it’s a subtle move to destroy a

society.” Robert Rauschenberg

Latin@ Languages/Identities

Language, the medium through which all culture is learned and transmitted, is a powerful lens through which we can detect the ways in which Latin@s use different voices…as members of different groups, at different times, even same time.

Latn@ Languages/Identities

…facilitate the adoption of new words and ways of speaking that reflects new ethnic and racial identities. Help understand how linguistic codes help construct identities, including how and where the boundaries between linguistics codes are drawn...advocated anthropolitical linguistics.”

Latin@ Languages/Identities

…of the fact that critics denounce hybrid identities as evidence of cognitive confusion, as watered-down versions of one culture or another, and even as unpatriotic abandonment of a core culture.

Latin@ Languages/Identities

Anthropolitical linguistics assumes that the ways Latin@s in the US speak English and Spanish cannot be divorced from socioeconomic and political realities.

Gender, Ethnicity, & Race”The boys’ experience of the

`Mexicanness’ and gender approximates a process of racialization, with the associated difficulties of engagement and entry, whereas the girls’ experience approximates a process of ethnicization.’

METRO AREAS & RACE GAP, NYT, May-18-’10

METRO % WHITE % WHITEAREA OVER 65 UNDER 18

GAP---------------------------------------------------------------------------Phoenix, Az 85% 44% 41Riverside, Ca 67 27 40Tucson, Az 79 39 40Bakersfield, Ca 68 30 38Fresno, Ca 61 23 38Modesto, Ca 74 37 37Ft. Myers, Fl 92 56 36Dallas, Tx 76 42 34Las Vegas, Nv 72 38 34San Diego, Ca 71 37 34Stockton, Ca 62 27 34

Review Questions1.) The term “Latino” only has meaning where?2.) TRUE of FALSE: The term “Latino” is an ambiguous term.3.) What does being a member of a “stigmatized” group mean?4.) Is the collective history of Latinos well understood?5.) TRUE of FALSE: “Country-of-Origin” the most used by Latinos

to describe themselves.6.) Are most 3rd generation Latinos describing themselves as

“American”?7.) What is one difference between 1st and 2nd generation Latinos?8.) Are there values specific to Latinos?...Traditions?...Beliefs?9.) What is the difference between “acculturation” and

“assimilation”?10.) What is a hybrid identity?