Educational Technology

“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)

PRE 20TH CENTURY

Paintings and drawings are a new means of

communication

The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”(Paul Saettler, 1990)

389 B.C.

Founding of the Academy by Plato

begins a new movement in

education

1453

Guttenberg’smoveable typetransforms society

The invention of the printing press in the late 15th century gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. The invention also transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.

A book is a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book.

Printed type

1635

Founding of the firstpublic schools

1801

Chalkboard invented

1878

Remington Typewriter

1901

Radio signals sent across Atlantic

1903: Crayons Invented

Writing instruments1884: Pens invented

The 19th century paved in the advent of effective technological development including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement called “Visual Instruction”.

Cinema from about 1900Recordings (gramophone records, magnetic tapes, cassettes, cartridges, CDs, DVDs) from the late 19th century

Cinema 1900’sRadio from about 1910Television about 1950Internet from about 1990

The notion of "mass media" was generally restricted to print media up until the post-Second World War, when radio, television and video were introduced.

By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.

In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media.

In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as the educational workhorse during the audio-visual movement of the time.

1920’s +

Evolution

•Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC•Calculators---1600s•Punched Card Devices---1800s•First Electronic Computers---1940s•Mainframes---1950s•Minicomputers---1960s•Microcomputers---1970s•Microcomputer Systems---1980s•Internet---1990s

Computer History

Introduced in late 1970’s.Adopted by public school systems during 1980’s.

• Apple II

1970’sComputers in education

Computer Evolution

Software

Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)

Initially largest provider of educational software. Funded by National Science Foundation.

The Internet (also known simply as "the Net" or less precisely as "the Web") is a more interactive medium of mass media, and can be briefly described as "a network of networks". Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It

Internet & the World Wide Web

From this to this

2000 + Classroom Technology

• While many schools restrict access to blogs, WIKI’s etc…

…others embrace it.

Social Networking Tools• 96% percent of U.S. students ages 9 to 17 who

have internet access use social-networking technology to connect with their peers (chatting, text-messaging, blogging, or visiting online communities such as Facebook, MySpace, and Webkinz)– One of the most common topics of discussion…

education– Nearly 60 percent of students report discussing

education-related topics

Four Different ViewsOf Educational Technology

1. Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)

Audiovisual Media Communications: Begun in 1923. Initially centered on radio. Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and educational television. Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and visual communications.

“Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.” (Saettler, 1990, p. 9)

Resource: AECT website: http://www.aect.org/newsite/

2. ISPI: Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories“Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.”

(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)

Four Different Views

Website: http://www.afc-ispi.org/

INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ANDENGINEERING EDUCATORS ASSOCIATION

3. International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA) is the professional organization for technology, innovation, design, and engineering educators. Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories.

Industry trainers and vocational teachers.Schools should prepare students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.Includes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).

ITEEA website: http://www.iteea.org/Resources/resources.htm

4. ISTEPrimary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers. This group began by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education. ISTE is influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.

ISTE website.

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Uses Governed by

Techniques, Theories & methods from multiple knowledge domains

which are standardized and reproducible

Design, develop and evaluate human and mechanistic resources

effectively & efficiently

Tools: Film, Video,

Computers

Goal oriented problem-solving systems

approach

Guide change agency and transformation of educational

systems and practices

Facilitate and leverage all aspects of learning.

Contribute to change within

society

to

In order to In order to

Our Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.”

(Roblyer, 2000)

Educational Technology