educational psychology by mostafa ewees
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by Mostafa Kh, Ewees by Mostafa Kh, Ewees
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Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective
Teaching
2
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1. Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology.
2. Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher.
3. Discuss why research is important to effective teaching and how educational psychologists and teachers can conduct and evaluate research.
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Exploring Educational Psychology
Teaching: Art
and Science Historical
Background
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is a branch of psychology that
specializes in understanding
teaching and learning in educational settings.
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1850 1875 195019251900
William James
John Dewey
E. L. Thorndike
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Emphasized the importance of observing teaching and learning in
the classroom for improving education
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Viewed the child as an active learner
Emphasized the child’s adaptation to the environment
Pushed for competent education for all children
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Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning
Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus
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Leta Hollingworth (1916) - First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests.
George Sanchez (1932) - Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children.
Mamie and Kenneth Clark (1939) - Pioneering researchers who studied African American children’s self-conceptions and identity.
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B.F. Skinner (1938) Psychology as the science of
observable behavior and controlling conditions
1950s programmed learning
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1950s Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills
1980s Cognitive Psychology memory, thinking, reasoning – to help student learn
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How is teaching both art and science?
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Effective Teaching
Commitment and
Motivation
ProfessionalKnowledge and
Skills
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Reflection: What were the
characteristics of the most effective teachers in your educational experience?
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Effective Teachers: Exhibit subject matter competence Implement appropriate instructional
strategies Set high goals for themselves and students
and plan for instruction Create developmentally appropriate
instructional materials and activities Manage classrooms for optimal learning
Cont…
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Effective Teachers: Use effective strategies to promote
students’ motivation to learn Communicate well with students and
parents Pay more than lip service to individual
variations Work effectively with students from
culturally diverse backgrounds Have good assessment skills Integrate technology into the curriculum
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Effective Teachers: Have a good attitude Care about students Invest time and effort Bring a positive attitude and
enthusiasm to the classroom
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Characteristics of Best Teachers
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Characteristics of Worst Teachers
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Research in Educational Psychology
Why Research Is Important
Program Evaluation
Research, Action Research, and the
Teacher-as- Researcher
Research Methods
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The scientific research approach is objective, systematic, and testable.
STEP 1Conceptualize the Problem
STEP 2Collect Information
STEP 3Draw Conclusions
STEP 4Revise Research
Conclusions & Theory
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Descriptive ResearchObservations
LaboratoryNaturalistic observationParticipant observation
Interviews and questionnairesStandardized tests
Cont…
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Descriptive ResearchCase studiesEthnographic Studies Focus GroupsPersonal Journals and Diaries
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Correlational Research
Measures the strength of a relation between two variables
Does NOT establish causal relation
Experimental Research
Random assignment Experimental vs.
control groups Independent vs.
dependent variables
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Observed correlationObserved correlation Possible explanations for this correlationPossible explanations for this correlation
As permissiveteaching increases,children’s
self-controldecreases
As permissiveteaching increases,children’s
self-controldecreases
Permissiveteaching
Permissiveteaching
Children’s lack of self-control
Children’s lack of self-control
Children’s lackof self-controlChildren’s lackof self-control
Permissiveteaching
Permissiveteaching
causes
causes
Other factors,such as genetic
tendencies,poverty, or
sociohistoricalcircumstances
Other factors,such as genetic
tendencies,poverty, or
sociohistoricalcircumstances
Permissiveteaching
Permissiveteaching
cause
bothChildren’s lackof self-controlChildren’s lackof self-control
and
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Independent variable: The manipulated, influential experimental factor.
Dependent variable: The factor that is measured in an experiment.
Control group: A comparison group, no manipulation.
Experimental group: The group whose experience is manipulated.
Random assignment: Participants are assigned by chance.
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A study of the effects of time management on students’ grades
Participants randomly assignedto experimental and control groupsParticipants randomly assigned
to experimental and control groups
Students’grades in school
Students’grades in school
ExperimentalGroup
(time managementprogram)
ExperimentalGroup
(time managementprogram)
Control Group(no time management
program)
Control Group(no time management
program)
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Studying groups of people at one time
Researcher doesn’t have to wait until subjects grow older
Provides no information about the stability of data over time
Studying the same individuals over time
Evaluates how children change over time
Time consuming and costly
Cross-sectional Longitudinal
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Program Evaluation: Designed to make decisions about a particular program.
Action Research: Used to solve a particular classroom or school problem.
Teacher-As-Researcher: Teachers conduct their own studies to improve their teaching.
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Should teachers conduct research using their students as subjects?
YES NO
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1. What issues would need to be considered in conducting such a study?
2. What type of research would be most appropriate? Why?
3. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the independent variable be?
Cont...
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4. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the dependent variable be?
5. How should Ms. Huang go about conducting her study?