educational philosophy: idealism; positivism

30
IDEALISM IDEALISM VS. VS. Empiricism Empiricism POSITIVISM POSITIVISM Discussant: Ms. Rose Katherine H. Javier

Upload: khaye-javier

Post on 15-Jul-2015

245 views

Category:

Education


9 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

IDEALISM IDEALISM VS.VS. EmpiricismEmpiricism

POSITIVISMPOSITIVISM

Discussant: Ms. Rose Katherine H. Javier

Page 2: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Why do you believe what

you believe to be is true?

Page 3: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

EmpiricismEmpiricism

Page 4: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Empiricism is a philosophical belief

that states your knowledge of the world

is based on your experiences,

particularly your sensory experiences.

Page 5: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Empiricists tend to be skeptical that anything

can be known for certain, and therefore they tend not to believe in dogmas

or absolute truths.

Page 6: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Classical EmpiricismClassical empiricism is

characterized by a rejection of innate, in-born knowledge or

concepts. John Locke, well known as an empiricist, wrote

of the mind being a tabula rasa, a “blank slate”, when we enter

the world.

Page 7: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Radical EmpiricismIn its most radical forms,

empiricism holds that all of our knowledge is derived from the

senses. This position leads naturally to the verificationist principle that the meaning of

statements is inextricably tied to the experiences that would

confirm them.

Page 8: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Radical EmpiricismAccording to this principle, it

is only if it is possible to empirically test a claim that the claim has meaning. As all

of our information comes from our senses, it is

impossible for us to talk about that which we have not

experienced.

Page 9: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Radical EmpiricismThis principle, which was

associated with a now unpopular position called logical positivism, renders

religious and ethical claims literally nonsensical. No

observations could confirm religious or ethical claims, therefore those claims are

meaningless.

Page 10: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Moderate Empiricism

More moderate empiricists, however, allow that there may

be some cases in which the senses do not ground our

knowledge, but hold that these are exceptions to a general rule.

Page 11: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

EMPIRICISTS

Page 12: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

He said that we gain knowledge by being affected by what he called the sensible form of things. For Aristotle

this meant that our soul takes on formal aspects of these things itself.

Page 13: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method.

Page 14: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

The basic idea of his empiricism theory is that human knowledge stems solely from experience, and that we are born with essentially empty minds that are filled once we begin to perceive the world around us. (“Tabula rasa”)

Page 15: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

In Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912), he argued for a pluralistic universe, denying that the world can be explained in terms of an absolute force or scheme that determines the interrelations of things and events.

William James

Page 16: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

John Dewey

The process of thinking, in his philosophy, is a means of planning action, of removing the obstacles between what is given and what is wanted. Truth is an idea that has worked in practical experience.

Page 17: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

EmpiricismEmpiricism vs.vs.

Idealism Idealism

Page 18: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

EMPIRICISM IDEALISMEmpiricism uses

experiments and tests to see if hypotheses are false.

An empiricist tests his idea in order to prove if it’s wrong or correct.

Idealism is a notion that objective knowledge is really subjective.

An idealist can never know if their idea is wrong because they refuse to test it.

Page 19: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

EMPIRICISM IDEALISMEmpiricists tend to

be skeptical that anything can be known for certain, and therefore they tend not to believe in dogmas or absolute truths.

Idealism bases itself on the premise that ideas are most important in life and that people should focus their thoughts on ideas, which are perfect.

Page 20: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

EMPIRICISM IDEALISMEmpiricism,

specifically Radical empiricism requires the abandonment of religious and ethical discourse and belief.

To the idealist, the only ultimate reality is mental and spiritual thought.

Page 21: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Empiricism beats Idealism by default. It works. Empiricism is

the old-fashioned notion that you need to observe and

measure reality before knowing it. For some reason, Empiricists

create machines with moving parts, while Idealists cannot.

Page 22: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

POSITIVISMPOSITIVISM

Page 23: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

A philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is

capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics

and theism.

Page 24: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Any philosophical system that confines itself to the data of

experience, excludes a priori or metaphysical speculations, and emphasizes the achievements of

science.

Page 25: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Comte argued that an empirical study of historical processes, particularly of the

progress of the various interrelated sciences, reveals a law of three stages

that govern human development.He analyzed these stages in his major

work, the six-volume Course of Positive Philosophy (1830-42; trans. 1853).

Page 26: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES: :

Universal Rule in relation to Universal Rule in relation to society and its developmentsociety and its development

Page 27: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES

(1) THE THEOLOGICAL - The theological phase deals with humankind's accepting the doctrines of the church (or place of worship) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence.

Page 28: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

(2) The metaphysical - Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the Enlightenment, a time steeped in logical rationalism, to the time right after the French Revolution.

COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES

Page 29: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

(3) The positive - The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person.

COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES

Page 30: Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM

Enlightenment thinkers such as Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825), Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827) and Auguste Comte (1798-1859) believed the scientific method,

the circular dependence of theory and observation, must replace metaphysics in the history of thought. Émile Durkheim

(1858-1917) reformulated sociological positivism as a foundation of social

research.