Book a facilitated program for 2016 for a rich learning experienceEducation Services 2016

Members of the 14th Australian Field Ambulance carry men with trench foot across the mud at

Bernafay, France. AWM E00081

Red Cross armband. AWM REL41510

Enri

ch y

our

stud

ents

’ lea

rnin

gB

efor

e yo

u vi

sit t

he A

ustr

alia

n W

ar M

emor

ial,

book

a fa

cilit

ated

pro

gram

for y

our s

choo

l gro

up. A

ligne

d to

the

Aus

tral

ian

Cur

ricul

um: H

isto

ry,

thes

e pr

ogra

ms

prov

ide

a de

eper

lear

ning

exp

erie

nce

for v

isiti

ng s

tude

nts

and

are

desi

gned

to s

uit y

our c

lass

room

and

cur

ricul

um n

eeds

.

Prog

ram

s av

aila

ble:

Prog

ram

Year

leve

lCo

bber

’s ta

les

Pres

choo

l and

Fou

ndat

ion

Anz

ac le

gacy

Prim

ary

The

past

in th

e pr

esen

tPr

imar

yD

isco

very

zon

ePr

imar

yA

ustr

alia

ns a

nd th

e Fi

rst W

orld

War

Se

cond

ary

Aus

tral

ia in

the

Seco

nd W

orld

War

Se

cond

ary

The

Vie

tnam

era

Seco

ndar

ySc

ienc

e an

d w

arB

oth

Stra

nge

but t

rue

Bot

hW

e w

ill re

mem

ber t

hem

Bot

hG

o ba

ck to

the

sour

ceB

oth

Abo

rigin

al a

nd T

orre

s St

rait

Isla

nder

w

artim

e se

rvic

e B

oth

Scho

ol w

reat

hlay

ing

cere

mon

yB

oth

1916

: A

ustr

alia

ns o

n th

e W

este

rn F

ront

Serg

eant

Geo

rge

Parr

y, 1

916.

AW

M P

1018

6.0

02

Priv

ate

Reu

ben

Parr

y, 1

916.

AW

M P

1035

1.00

1

Priv

ate

Fred

eric

k Pa

rry,

191

6.

AWM

P10

186.

00

1

The

sear

ch fo

r th

e m

issi

ng“H

e wa

s wo

unde

d …

blee

ding

bad

ly. I

am

his

brot

her

an

d wa

s wi

th h

im …

”Pr

ivat

e R

eube

n Pa

rry

As

it di

d fo

r so

man

y ot

her A

ustr

alia

ns, t

he e

vent

s of

1916

cha

nged

eve

ryth

ing

for G

eorg

e Pa

rry

and

his

fam

ily. A

t 53

year

s of

age

, Par

ry w

as to

o ol

d to

enl

ist i

n th

e A

ustr

alia

n Im

peria

l Fo

rce,

but

two

of h

is s

ons,

21 y

ear o

ld R

eube

n an

d 19

yea

r old

Fre

deric

k, jo

ined

the

exci

ted

crow

ds q

ueui

ng to

vol

unte

er fo

r ser

vice

in th

e w

ake

of th

e A

nzac

land

ing

on G

allip

oli.

For t

he tw

o yo

ung

labo

urer

s, th

e op

port

unity

to tr

avel

ove

rsea

s, e

arn

a de

cent

wag

e, a

nd

be in

the

thic

k of

an

actio

n m

ust h

ave

seem

ed li

ke a

gra

nd a

dven

ture

. The

bro

ther

s w

ere

inse

para

ble;

they

sig

ned

up to

geth

er o

n 12

Jul

y 19

15 a

nd e

mba

rked

four

mon

ths

late

r on

the

troo

pshi

p A

scan

ius

for t

he lo

ng jo

urne

y to

the

othe

r sid

e of

the

wor

ld.

The

ship

doc

ked

in E

gypt

in e

arly

Dec

embe

r, an

d a

few

wee

ks la

ter t

he A

ustr

alia

ns w

ere

with

draw

n fr

om th

e G

allip

oli p

enin

sula

. By

early

1916

the

AIF

was

trai

ning

in E

gypt

in o

rder

to

take

its

plac

e fig

htin

g on

the

Wes

tern

Fro

nt. T

he P

arry

bro

ther

s ar

rived

in F

ranc

e w

ith th

e 29

th

Bat

talio

n in

Jun

e 19

16, a

nd ju

st u

nder

a m

onth

late

r too

k pa

rt in

wha

t was

to b

e th

eir fi

rst a

nd

last

bat

tle, n

ear t

he v

illag

e of

Fro

mel

les.

Aft

er a

sev

en-h

our b

omba

rdm

ent t

hat c

hurn

ed th

e gr

ound

into

a w

aste

land

, the

Aus

tral

ians

at

tack

ed. T

here

was

som

e in

itial

suc

cess

, but

hea

vy fi

re fr

om w

ell-p

lace

d G

erm

an m

achi

ne-

guns

and

art

iller

y to

ok a

n en

orm

ous

toll.

The

figh

t wen

t on

into

the

nigh

t, an

d th

e da

rkne

ss

brou

ght n

o re

prie

ve.

The

Parr

y br

othe

rs m

et u

p on

the

batt

lefie

ld. F

rede

rick

was

bad

ly w

ound

ed in

the

fight

ing,

so

Reu

ben

sent

him

bac

k to

get

hel

p w

hile

he

stay

ed w

ith th

e ba

ttal

ion.

Th

at w

as th

e la

st ti

me

they

eve

r saw

eac

h ot

her.

Geo

rge

Parr

y re

ceiv

ed w

ord

that

bot

h so

ns w

ere

mis

sing

in a

ctio

n. W

eeks

late

r he

enlis

ted

for

serv

ice

with

the

Aus

tral

ian

Arm

y M

edic

al C

orps

Sea

Tra

nspo

rt S

taff,

hel

ping

to re

turn

sic

k an

d in

jure

d m

en to

Aus

tral

ia. H

e w

as d

isch

arge

d in

ear

ly 19

17, b

ut im

med

iate

ly re

-enl

iste

d fo

r hom

e se

rvic

e du

ty.

In la

te 19

16, m

ore

than

six

mon

ths

afte

r his

son

s’ fi

rst f

oray

into

bat

tle, S

erge

ant G

eorg

e Pa

rry

final

ly le

arne

d th

eir f

ates

: Priv

ate

Fred

eric

k Pa

rry

had

been

kill

ed in

act

ion

as h

e m

ade

his

way

to s

afet

y, w

hile

Priv

ate

Reu

ben

Parr

y ha

d be

en c

aptu

red

alon

g w

ith a

roun

d 47

0 o

ther

A

ustr

alia

ns a

nd in

tern

ed in

a p

rison

er-o

f-w

ar c

amp

in G

erm

any.

The

Brit

ish

and

Aus

tral

ian

dead

and

wou

nded

from

the

disa

stro

us a

ttac

k on

Fro

mel

les

num

bere

d in

the

thou

sand

s. R

eube

n be

lieve

d th

e G

erm

ans

had

burie

d hi

s br

othe

r clo

se b

y th

e ba

ttle

field

, but

des

pite

his

fath

er’s

des

pera

te e

nqui

ries

this

gra

ve c

ould

not

be

loca

ted.

R

eube

n Pa

rry

surv

ived

the

war

and

eve

ntua

lly re

turn

ed h

ome

to A

ustr

alia

, whe

re h

is fa

ther

w

as c

arry

ing

out h

is h

ome

serv

ice

carin

g fo

r inc

apac

itate

d so

ldie

rs.

Nin

ety

year

s la

ter p

rivat

e re

sear

ch in

dica

ted

that

man

y bo

dies

bur

ied

by th

e G

erm

ans

in

grav

es n

ear t

he v

illag

e m

ight

stil

l be

ther

e. T

he A

ustr

alia

n A

rmy

unde

rtoo

k an

inve

stig

atio

n at

the

near

by P

heas

ant W

ood,

and

in 2

00

9 so

me

250

bod

ies,

mos

tly A

ustr

alia

ns, w

ere

reco

vere

d. A

mon

g th

ose

iden

tified

was

Priv

ate

Fred

eric

k Pa

rry,

who

was

late

r re-

inte

rred

at

the

new

Fro

mel

les

(Phe

asan

t Woo

d) M

ilita

ry C

emet

ery.

Dis

cuss

ion

ques

tion

s1.

R

esea

rch

the

Aus

tral

ian

Wou

nded

and

Mis

sing

Enq

uiry

Bur

eau.

How

did

this

bur

eau

prov

ide

assi

stan

ce to

fam

ilies

wai

ting

to h

ear a

bout

the

fate

s of

thei

r lov

ed o

nes?

2.

Why

do

you

thin

k it

took

so

man

y ye

ars

to re

cove

r the

rem

ains

of t

hose

kill

ed in

the

batt

le o

f Fro

mel

les?

Cap

ture

d in

tim

eTh

e ph

otog

raph

on

the

cove

r was

take

n at

Ber

nafa

y, n

orth

-eas

t of

Am

iens

, as

1916

dre

w to

an

end

and

a ha

rsh

win

ter s

et in

. Car

ryin

g th

e in

jure

d so

ldie

rs a

re 2

8 ye

ar o

ld P

rivat

e Jo

hn S

turr

ock

(left

) an

d 23

yea

r old

Lan

ce C

orpo

ral W

illia

m J

ames

(rig

ht).

Bot

h ha

d en

liste

d in

Mel

bour

ne s

ome

18 m

onth

s ea

rlier

, and

wer

e as

sign

ed

to th

e 14

th A

ustr

alia

n Fi

eld

Am

bula

nce.

In s

pite

of s

ever

e w

ound

s su

stai

ned

in th

e co

urse

of t

heir

serv

ice,

bot

h su

rviv

ed to

retu

rn to

A

ustr

alia

, and

wer

e aw

arde

d th

e M

ilita

ry M

edal

for b

rave

ry in

the

final

yea

r of t

he w

ar.

How

do

you

thin

k St

urro

ck a

nd J

ames

mig

ht h

ave

been

feel

ing

whe

n th

is p

hoto

grap

h w

as ta

ken?

“We

are

over

our

kne

es in

mud

and

wat

er a

nd our

fee

t ar

e al

l swo

llen

and

with

out

feeli

ng …

” Pr

ivat

e D

avid

Rob

erts

, 17t

h B

atta

lion

The

Euro

pean

win

ter o

f 191

6–17

was

one

of t

he w

orst

on

reco

rd, a

nd th

e m

ajor

bat

tles

cam

e to

a g

rindi

ng h

alt a

s bo

th a

rmie

s be

cam

e bo

gged

do

wn

in th

e m

ud. R

espi

rato

ry d

isea

ses,

rheu

mat

ism

, and

fros

tbite

wer

e co

mm

on, a

nd tr

ench

foot

, cau

sed

by p

rolo

nged

exp

osur

e to

dam

p,

unsa

nita

ry, a

nd c

old

cond

ition

s, b

ecam

e a

prob

lem

on

a m

assi

ve s

cale

.

The

war

was

bec

omin

g a

heav

y bu

rden

for a

ll A

ustr

alia

ns. T

hous

ands

of h

ouse

hold

s ha

d

been

cas

t int

o m

ourn

ing,

and

by

the

end

of 19

16 th

ere

was

stil

l no

vict

ory

in s

ight

.

Enlis

ted:

124,

402

Stre

ngth

: 20

8,67

0

Wou

nded

: 29,

851

Pris

oner

s of

war

: 1,0

37

Dea

ths:

14,17

0 D

iscu

ssio

n qu

esti

ons

1.

Res

earc

h th

e ba

ttle

of P

oziè

res.

Wha

t hap

pene

d to

this

vill

age?

Why

did

bot

h th

e al

lies

and

the

Ger

man

s w

ant t

o ta

ke c

ontr

ol h

ere?

2. P

rim

e M

inis

ter B

illy

Hug

hes

saw

con

scri

ptio

n as

a s

olut

ion

to th

e dw

indl

ing

num

ber o

f AIF

vol

unte

ers,

but

the

Aus

tral

ian

publ

ic w

as

deep

ly d

ivid

ed. W

hat i

s co

nscr

ipti

on?

Wou

ld y

ou v

ote

for o

r aga

inst

it?

Why

?

3. A

t lea

st 2

,00

0 n

urse

s se

rved

abr

oad

betw

een

1914

and

1919

. Wha

t kin

ds o

f cha

lleng

es d

o yo

u th

ink

they

mig

ht h

ave

face

d in

this

role

on

the

Wes

tern

Fro

nt?

4.

Man

y A

ustr

alia

ns s

aw jo

inin

g th

e ar

my

as a

n ex

citi

ng o

ppor

tuni

ty to

trav

el o

vers

eas,

ear

n a

dece

nt w

age,

and

figh

t for

Kin

g an

d co

untr

y.

How

do

you

thin

k th

e re

alit

y m

easu

red

up to

thei

r exp

ecta

tion

s?

Mem

oria

l Box

out

reac

h pr

ogra

mM

emor

ial B

oxes

are

rich

lear

ning

reso

urce

s fo

r sch

ool s

tude

nts.

Th

ey c

onta

in re

al a

nd re

plic

a hi

stor

ical

art

efac

ts th

at s

tude

nts

can

hand

le, a

nd u

nifo

rms

that

can

be

trie

d on

. Dig

ital c

onte

nt th

at

links

to th

e A

ustr

alia

n C

urric

ulum

: His

tory

can

be

foun

d on

line

at w

ww

.aw

m.g

ov.a

u/ed

ucat

ion/

mem

oria

l-bo

xes.

Box

es a

re

avai

labl

e fo

r loa

n A

ustr

alia

-wid

e fr

om a

gent

s lo

cate

d in

eac

h st

ate

and

terr

itory

.

Com

mem

orat

ive

Cro

sses

pro

ject

Whe

n yo

u bo

ok a

We

will

rem

embe

r the

m p

rogr

am, s

tude

nts

will

ea

ch h

ave

the

oppo

rtun

ity to

writ

e a

pers

onal

com

mem

orat

ive

mes

sage

on

a w

oode

n cr

oss,

whi

ch w

ill th

en b

e pl

aced

on

the

grav

e of

a fa

llen

serv

icem

an o

r ser

vice

wom

an in

a c

emet

ery

over

seas

.

Thes

e bo

ots

belo

ngin

g to

Lie

uten

ant

Reg

Hun

ter w

ere

sent

hom

e to

his

m

othe

r aft

er h

is d

eath

in 19

18.

AWM

REL

AWM

1425

0.0

02

Whi

le m

ost a

llied

troo

ps w

ere

tran

sfer

red

to th

e W

este

rn F

ront

in

1916

, som

e, in

clud

ing

the

maj

ority

of t

he li

ght h

orse

regi

men

ts,

rem

aine

d in

Egy

pt, w

here

thei

r firs

t tas

k w

as to

pro

tect

the

Suez

C

anal

. It w

as h

ot, t

hirs

ty, a

nd d

irty

wor

k th

at p

lace

d an

incr

edib

le

stra

in o

n bo

th m

en a

nd h

orse

s.

In e

arly

Aug

ust t

he T

urks

mad

e th

eir l

ast s

erio

us a

ttac

k to

war

ds

the

Suez

Can

al a

t Rom

ani.

This

bat

tle m

arke

d th

e be

ginn

ing

of th

e al

lies’

pur

suit

of G

erm

an a

nd O

ttom

an fo

rces

out

of E

gypt

and

into

Pa

lest

ine.

From

mid

-191

6 N

o. 1

Squa

dron

, Aus

tral

ian

Flyi

ng C

orps

, pro

vide

d ae

rial r

econ

nais

sanc

e an

d bo

mbi

ng s

uppo

rt to

ligh

t hor

se

regi

men

ts o

n th

e gr

ound

. By

the

end

of th

e w

ar fi

ve m

en o

f the

sq

uadr

on h

ad b

een

knig

hted

and

15 o

f its

pilo

ts h

ad b

ecom

e ac

es.

Des

ert fi

ghti

ng in

Sin

ai

AWM E00081

For m

ore

info

rmat

ion

on p

rogr

am c

onte

nt, g

o to

: w

ww

.aw

m.g

ov.a

u/ed

ucat

ion/

scho

ols/

prog

ram

s.

Boo

king

s ar

e es

sent

ial f

or a

ll sc

hool

gro

ups

visi

ting

the

Mem

oria

l, w

heth

er c

hoos

ing

a fa

cilit

ated

pro

gram

led

by M

emor

ial s

taff

or a

te

ache

r-gu

ided

tour

. (A

risk

-ass

essm

ent g

uide

is a

vaila

ble

from

the

NC

ETP

web

site

, ww

w.n

cetp

.org

.au.

)

Plan

ning

you

r vis

it•

Log

on to

ww

w.a

wm

.gov

.au/

educ

atio

n an

d ch

oose

the

cu

rric

ulum

-bas

ed p

rogr

am th

at b

est s

uits

the

need

s of

you

r st

uden

ts. M

ake

sure

you

adv

ise

your

tour

ope

rato

r of y

our

pref

eren

ce.

• B

ook

your

vis

it on

line

and

reco

rd y

our b

ooki

ng re

fere

nce

num

ber.

For y

our s

choo

l pas

swor

d, p

leas

e em

ail t

he M

emor

ial’s

Edu

catio

n bo

okin

g of

ficer

: sch

ool.b

ooki

ngs@

awm

.gov

.au.

• En

sure

that

ther

e w

ill b

e ad

equa

te s

uper

visi

on b

y te

ache

rs a

nd

othe

r acc

ompa

nyin

g ad

ults

: one

sup

ervi

sing

adu

lt is

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ccom

pany

ea

ch g

roup

of 1

5 st

uden

ts.

Prep

arin

g yo

ur s

tude

nts

• Ta

lk to

you

r gro

up a

bout

app

ropr

iate

beh

avio

ur fo

r a n

atio

nal

plac

e of

com

mem

orat

ion.

• Li

nk y

our c

lass

room

act

iviti

es to

you

r im

pend

ing

visi

t. (S

ee w

ww

.aw

m.g

ov.a

u/ed

ucat

ion

for s

ome

idea

s an

d re

sour

ces.

)

Dur

ing

your

vis

it•

Plea

se e

nter

the

Mem

oria

l via

the

scho

ols’

ent

ranc

e, w

hich

can

be

foun

d on

the

map

on

the

Mem

oria

l’s w

ebsi

te. B

ottle

d w

ater

and

ca

mer

as a

re p

erm

itted

in th

e ga

llerie

s bu

t ple

ase

rem

embe

r to

leav

e al

l sch

ool b

ags

on th

e bu

s.

• B

ring

your

PA

CER

pap

erw

ork

for v

alid

atio

n an

d st

ampi

ng.

• St

uden

ts a

re to

rem

ain

with

sup

ervi

sors

at a

ll tim

es w

hen

insi

de

the

Mem

oria

l.

… on

the

Som

me

the

sent

ries, stan

ding

ste

adfa

stly a

long

their

mud

dy d

itch

es, m

ight

hav

e be

en lo

okin

g ou

t on

the

daw

n of t

he w

orld

; a

regi

on c

olour

less ex

cept

for t

he g

rey-

blue

sky

and

th

e ba

re b

rown

wild

erne

ss of f

orm

less m

ud.

Cha

rles

Bea

n, A

ustr

alia

n of

ficia

l Firs

t Wor

ld W

ar h

isto

rian

By

the

tim

e th

e A

ustr

alia

ns a

rriv

ed a

t the

mai

n ba

ttle

fron

t in

1916

the

Fren

ch, B

riti

sh, a

nd G

erm

ans

had

been

figh

ting

for a

lmos

t tw

o ye

ars.

In 19

14 th

e G

erm

ans

had

inva

ded

Bel

gium

and

nor

ther

n Fr

ance

, and

alm

ost r

each

ed P

aris

bef

ore

bein

g st

oppe

d. In

the

deve

lopi

ng

dead

lock

eac

h si

de h

ad tr

ied

to o

utfl

ank

the

othe

r, re

sult

ing

in a

line

of t

renc

hes

that

eve

ntua

lly s

tret

ched

from

the

Bel

gian

coa

st to

the

Swis

s bo

rder

. Thi

s lin

e w

as n

amed

the

“Wes

tern

Fro

nt”.

Sprin

g an

d su

mm

er, w

ith th

eir c

lear

ski

es, w

arm

wea

ther

, and

firm

gro

und,

wer

e th

e of

fens

ive

seas

ons;

in a

utum

n an

d w

inte

r the

arm

ies

wer

e m

ore

likel

y to

hol

d th

e lin

e as

they

bec

ame

alm

ost i

mm

obile

in th

e co

ld, m

ud, a

nd w

ater

. Mor

e A

ustr

alia

ns w

ould

lose

thei

r liv

es in

the

heav

y fig

htin

g on

the

Wes

tern

Fro

nt th

an in

any

oth

er th

eatr

e of

the

war

.

“Will

the

ord

er t

o m

ove

or a

she

ll co

me

first?

” Pr

ivat

e R

owla

nd L

ordi

ng, 3

0th

Bat

talio

n

Aft

er a

rriv

ing

in F

ranc

e th

e A

ustr

alia

n di

visi

ons

spen

t tim

e in

Fla

nder

s, n

ear t

he B

elgi

an b

orde

r in

the

so-c

alle

d “n

urse

ry s

ecto

r”, a

qui

eter

par

t of

the

line

whe

re tr

oops

cou

ld g

ain

expe

rienc

e in

the

cond

ition

s of

the

Wes

tern

Fro

nt. N

ear t

he F

renc

h vi

llage

of F

rom

elle

s, th

e m

ost r

ecen

tly

arriv

ed a

nd le

ast p

repa

red

divi

sion

, the

5th

, bec

ame

the

first

to g

o in

to a

maj

or b

attle

. Thi

s w

as in

tend

ed a

s a

dive

rsio

n to

dra

w e

nem

y at

tent

ion

away

from

the

allie

s’ S

omm

e of

fens

ive.

On

19 J

uly

1916

the

5th

Div

isio

n an

d th

e B

ritis

h 61

st D

ivis

ion

mad

e an

eve

ning

att

ack.

With

too

little

art

iller

y pr

epar

atio

n, a

nd c

omin

g un

der

inte

nse

enfil

adin

g m

achi

ne-g

un fi

re, t

heir

assa

ult w

as c

ut to

pie

ces.

Fac

ing

fierc

e co

unte

r-at

tack

s, th

ey w

ere

forc

ed to

with

draw

. In

this

blo

ody

enco

unte

r the

Aus

tral

ians

suf

fere

d 5,

500

cas

ualti

es o

ver l

ittle

mor

e th

an 2

4 ho

urs.

Soon

aft

erw

ards

thre

e ot

her A

ustr

alia

n di

visi

ons

(the

1st,

2nd,

and

4th

) fo

ught

aro

und

Pozi

ères

on

the

Wes

tern

Fro

nt, w

rest

ing

a sm

all

deva

stat

ed a

rea

of th

e So

mm

e fr

om th

e en

emy,

but

at a

sta

gger

ing

cost

. Ove

r 42

days

the

Aus

tral

ians

mad

e 19

att

acks

aga

inst

the

Ger

man

line

, 16

of w

hich

wer

e co

nduc

ted

at n

ight

. The

fina

l cas

ualti

es to

talle

d an

app

allin

g 23

,00

0 m

en. T

he lo

sses

sus

tain

ed th

roug

hout

that

exh

aust

ing

perio

d w

ere

alm

ost u

nsus

tain

able

for a

vol

unte

er a

rmy.

“The

who

le ar

ea w

as fl

ayed

and

pou

nded

int

o a

verita

ble

sea

of she

ll-cr

ater

s …

” C

harle

s B

ean,

Aus

tral

ian

offic

ial F

irst W

orld

War

his

toria

n

The

year

1916

was

one

of s

igni

fican

t cha

nge.

Aus

tral

ian

infa

ntry

men

new

to th

e W

este

rn F

ront

, who

had

onc

e be

en ta

ught

that

“th

e bu

llet a

nd

bayo

net a

re th

e de

cidi

ng fa

ctor

s in

figh

ting”

, now

saw

the

dest

ruct

ive

pow

er o

f art

iller

y on

the

batt

lefie

ld. M

oder

n ar

tille

ry d

efine

d th

e na

ture

of

tren

ch w

arfa

re o

n th

e W

este

rn F

ront

, infl

uenc

ing

the

tact

ics,

ope

ratio

ns, a

nd s

trat

egie

s of

all

the

maj

or a

rmie

s. T

echn

olog

ical

and

indu

stria

l ad

vanc

es m

ade

durin

g th

e w

ar a

llow

ed h

eavi

er s

hells

to b

e fir

ed lo

nger

dis

tanc

es a

nd w

ith g

reat

er a

ccur

acy.

Bom

bard

men

ts o

f hig

h-ex

plos

ives

, sh

rapn

el, a

nd g

as s

hells

wer

e un

prec

eden

ted

in th

eir s

cale

and

inte

nsity

.

Smok

e an

d fu

mes

cov

ered

the

batt

legr

ound

, and

to th

ese

coul

d be

add

ed c

hoki

ng g

as. C

hlor

ine,

pho

sgen

e, a

nd m

usta

rd g

as w

ere

wid

ely

us

ed, a

nd th

e A

ustr

alia

ns w

ere

to e

ncou

nter

all

thre

e on

the

Wes

tern

Fro

nt. A

hea

vy d

ose

coul

d ca

use

burn

ing,

blis

terin

g, v

omiti

ng, a

nd

chok

ing,

and

cou

ld e

xten

d to

col

laps

e an

d su

ffoc

atio

n. H

owev

er, e

ven

with

less

exp

osur

e th

ere

wer

e of

ten

seve

re e

ndur

ing

effe

cts,

par

ticul

arly

lu

ng a

nd b

ronc

hial

ailm

ents

, whi

ch c

ould

last

wel

l bey

ond

the

war

yea

rs.

“The

pre

ciou

s flui

d, t

he h

ope

givi

ng p

otion,

the

ste

w fr

om t

he w

agon

line

s, th

e la

st e

vide

nce

on

eart

h of a

ny c

ivili

sati

on or

cultur

e th

at t

he b

atta

lion

will

know

for som

e da

ys …

” W

ill D

yson

, Aus

tral

ian

offic

ial F

irst W

orld

War

art

ist

The

dem

and

for r

atio

ns fo

r the

troo

ps, f

odde

r for

the

hors

es, a

nd a

mm

uniti

on fo

r the

gun

s ne

ver c

ease

d. F

rom

1916

the

Aus

tral

ian

Impe

rial

Forc

e (A

IF)

divi

sion

s w

ere

part

of a

Brit

ish

arm

y of

abo

ut tw

o m

illio

n m

en o

n th

e W

este

rn F

ront

, and

the

daily

pro

visi

on o

f sup

plie

s, m

ostly

so

urce

d fr

om B

ritai

n, w

as a

n en

orm

ous

unde

rtak

ing.

Abo

ut 6

,00

0 A

ustr

alia

n ci

vilia

ns w

ere

sent

to E

urop

e as

war

wor

kers

to a

ssis

t Brit

ain

in

her e

xpan

ding

war

indu

strie

s.

Hug

e w

areh

ouse

s, w

orks

hops

, and

bak

erie

s w

ere

esta

blis

hed

clos

e to

the

Cha

nnel

por

ts fo

r shi

ppin

g to

the

cont

inen

t. W

agon

s, d

raw

n by

ho

rses

or m

ules

, wer

e es

sent

ial f

or th

e fu

rthe

r mov

emen

t of s

tore

s, a

lthou

gh m

otor

tran

spor

t was

dev

elop

ing

rapi

dly.

Eve

n do

uble

-dec

ker

Lond

on b

uses

wer

e ad

apte

d fo

r the

mov

emen

t of s

oldi

ers.

The

shi

pmen

t of s

uppl

ies

from

bas

es to

the

fron

t lin

e w

as c

ontin

uous

, ard

uous

, and

ve

ry o

ften

dan

gero

us.

AWM PAIU2013/027.06

AWM

REL

AWM

0054

4Ed

ucat

ion

at th

e A

ustr

alia

n W

ar M

emor

ial

Follo

w u

s on

Fac

eboo

k fo

r mor

e le

arni

ng re

sour

ces,

ch

alle

nges

, and

dis

cuss

ion.

A G

erm

an s

ign

show

ing

the

way

to

From

elle

s, s

alva

ged

by t

he

Aus

tral

ians

in 1

916.

AW

M R

ELAW

M07

383

Coloured glass taken from the window of a church at Fleurbaix that was shattered by shell-fire, 1916. AWM RELAWM08072

Sept

imus

Pow

er, T

he in

cide

nt fo

r whi

ch L

ieut

enan

t F.H

. McN

amar

a w

as a

war

ded

the

VC

, 192

4 (o

il on

can

vas,

171

.5 x

262

x 8

.5 c

m)

AW

M A

RT0

800

7

Duc

kboa

rd r

ecov

ered

from

the

tre

nche

s at

Fro

mel

les

once

man

ned

by

Aus

tral

ian

sold

iers

, 191

6. A

WM

REL

AWM

00

491

1916 IN SUMMARY