Education, Development and Conflict:

The Other Face of Education

21 October 2010IDS Lecture Series

Sanne VanderKaaij & Mieke Lopes Cardozo

S.VanderKaaij@uva.nl & T.A.LopesCardozo@uva.nl

2

Presentation outline

Education in a changing global context The rise of interest in Education &

Conflict Complex relationships conflict &

education

Religion, Education & Development Case: Muslim education in India

3

Debates on

Education in a changing (inter)national Education in a changing (inter)national contextcontext

EDUCATION

9/11 ‘Terrorism’

‘New intrastate wars’ 17 million ‘failed/fragile states’ refugees/IDPs

Poverty and Violence at schools & social exclusion

Increased military budgets

Education & Conflict: various agenda’s MDG – EFA agenda The Global Politics of Education & Conflict Merging of Security & Development: 3D

approach - Post 9/11

GMR Background study:Dutch aid to Education & Conflict‘The Dutch Way’ Relatively large player in terms

of funding commitment Biggest single grant ever to UNICEF EEPCT Flexibility in aid mechanisms: multilateral,

bilateral and civil society/private sector Fragmentation in state led aid: three

departments in MFA (DSO, EFV & DMH/HH) + MoD

‘Seeing the world from the perspective of ‘the other’ is a difficult task: ‘As often

have been noted, one persons’ terrorist is another’s freedom fighter’

(Shapiro 2002: 3)

‘TWO FACES OF EDUCATIONBush & Salterelli (2000)

Peace → social cohesion & justice

Conflict→Unstable & unequal societies

•Segregation•Social exlusion/ poverty•Breakdown of social cohesion•Indoctrination•Violence•Dominant masculinity & militarism•Essentialist vs hybrid identities

•Equal rights & opportunities•Tolerance•Respect for diversity•Resilient schools

Religious Schools: Growth of Attention Growth attention for FB schools

Main reasons: 1) Terrorist attacks & Communal violence

Global: Taliban, 9/11 India: Ayodhya 1992; Mumbai 1993; Delhi 2001;

Gujurat 2002; Delhi 2005, Varanasi 2006, Mumbai 2008

2) Role of FBOs in education provision History – missionairies & local groups Present – budget deficiencies

Religious Schools: Growth in Numbers? But also growth in reality?

India: No exact numbers Data Definitions

India: New types since 1990s: private faith based schools Combination regular & religious studies Lower, middle, upper class Private schools

Explanations for Growth? Supply

Suspicion on motives suppliers Generalisations ; No micro-studies

But: FB schooling not bad for social cohesion per se

What they learn is more important then where they learn it. Interaction not necasary to build tolerance. Segregation to avoid discrimination.

Micro-level study shows heterogeneity: Religious aspects of school (moderate, strong, secular) Cost / management of school (philanthropy, business)

Explanations for Growth? Demand Different types of motives of parents

1. Din 2. Dunya 3.Context

Importance of Micro Level Study in Context of Education & Conflict

Schools = variation = various possible effects on society

“Use” (& not alienate) the “good ones” for devt goals

Tool to uncover what is happening in

society

The Other Face of Education…. Relation education & development can be

problematic

Education situated in the socio-political context of conflict Role education excecerbating or decreasing

tensions.

Education in a policy context of conflict: gradual merging of security & development

Education from a micro-perspective: show variations, and inform us one larger societial phenomena and trends