education at a glance 2014 - united states

1

Education at a Glance 2014

Presentation - press conference in the United

States (September 9, 2014)

While a large share of US adults have a university-level education…

…slow growth rates have let the US slip behind many other nations in college completion

2

AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

A world of change – higher education

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expendit

ure

per

stu

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(US

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Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

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Graduate supply



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

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1995

Expendit

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(US

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Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

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Graduate supply

United States



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2000

Expendit

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per

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(US

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Tertiary-type A graduation rate

United Kingdom



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2001

Expendit

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per

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level

(US

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

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2002

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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2003

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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2004

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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2005

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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2006

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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2007

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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2008

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2009 Expendit

ure

per

stu

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at

tert

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level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2010

Expendit

ure

per

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

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15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

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20,000

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30,000

2011

Expendit

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IcelandPoland

UK

Australia

New Zealand



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

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15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

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US

P

More people benefit from education than ever before

25-34 and 55-64 year-olds, and percentage-point difference between these two groups

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Difference between the 25-34 and 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (right axis)Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)

%

Chart A1.3

Percentage points

Many more people are expected to graduate from academically-oriented tertiary education

First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012)

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%

Chart A3.2 - A

Women and men are differently represented in some fields of education

Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)P

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Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields

Chart A.3 - Field

China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion

Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)

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Total <25 years old ≧25 years old

Chart A2.1

%

Qualification don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

23

Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries

Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)Ja

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200

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Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education

Chart A1.4

The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries

Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)

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Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education%

Chart A1.5

The rising tide has not lifted all boats…

…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down

26

Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents

Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents

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10

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100Downward mobility Upward mobility%

Chart A4.3 - Mob

In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations

Proportion of upward mobility across age groups

55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Average France Germany ItalySpain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)

Age groups

Up

wa

rd M

ob

ility

Graph Mobility A4

Equitable access to tertiary education and educational mobility are not the same thing

Relationship between the share of upward mobility among 25-34 year-olds and the likelihood of participating in tertiary education (values in reverse order)

012345678910 10

20

30

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70

Australia

Austria

CanadaDenmark

Estonia

FinlandFrance

Germany

IrelandItaly

Japan

Korea

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Spain

SwedenUS

FlandersEngland/N. IrelandAverage

Odds ratio

Upward mobility

less equitable accesslow educational mobility

less equitable accesshigh educational mobility

more equitable accesshigh educational mobility

more equitable accesslow educational mobility

Mobility Odds A4

Those who need lifelong learning most get the least of it

Adult participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by employment status (2012)

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%

Chart C6.3

Education is internationalising rapidly…

…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.

31

In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1

Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

Worldwide OECD G20 countries EuropeNorth America Oceania

Million students

In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)

United States¹ 16%

United Kingdom¹ 13%

Germany 6%

France 6%Australia¹,³ 6%Canada² 5%

Russian Federation 4%

Japan 3%

Spain 2%China 2%Italy 2%

Austria 2%New Zealand 2%

South Africa 2%Switzerland 1%Netherlands 1%

Korea 1%Belgium 1%

Other OECD countries 8%

Other non-OECD countries 17%

Chart C4.2

New players are emerging in the international education market

Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destinationU

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5

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20002012

Market share (%)

OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries

20002012

Chart C4.3

More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)

Asia 53%

Europe 23%

Africa 12%

Latin America and the Caribbean 6%

North America 3%Oceania 1%

Not specified 3%

Chart C4.5

Different from the majority of countries, spending per student in the US has suffered during the crisis…

…but is still higher than anywhere else except Switzerland.

36

Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions

Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education

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Change in public expenditure on educational institutions

Change in Gross Domestic Product

Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDPIndex of change (2008=100)

Chart B2.3 - T

OECD countries spend USD 9 252 per student per year from primary through tertiary education

Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions, by type of service (2011)U

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Core services Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) and R&D Total

In equivalent USD conver-ted using PPPs

Chart B1.1

In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education

Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds

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1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions

Tertiary education

% of GDP

OECD average (total expenditure)

Chart B2.2 - T

About 31% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average

Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2011)

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Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education%

Chart B3.1

Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities

Public support for tertiary education (2011)

Uni

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and

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities

Student loans% of total public expenditure on

tertiary education

Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary ed-ucation (2005)

Public subsidies for education to households and other pri -vate entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on

education, by type of subsidy

Chart B5.3

The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000

Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)

Tur

key

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Sw

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New

Zea

land

Gre

ece

Kor

ea

Japa

n

Can

ada

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fra

nce

Aus

tral

ia

Fin

land

OE

CD

ave

rage

Por

tuga

l

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Bel

gium

Slo

veni

a

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Hun

gary

Irel

and 0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

500 000Private net returns Public net returns

Eq

uiv

ale

nt U

SD

Chart A7.1

National income invested in early childhood education is low…

…but since participation is low also, the US can afford favourable child/staff ratios

43

Expenditure on early childhood education accounts for 0.6% of GDP, on average

Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions (2011) as a percentage of GDP, by funding source

De

nm

ark

Ice

lan

d

Sp

ain

La

tvia

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Slo

ven

ia

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ch

ile

Sw

ed

en

Po

lan

d

Fra

nce

Isra

el

Arg

en

tina

Be

lgiu

m

Me

xico

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Au

stri

a

Ge

rma

ny

EU

21

ave

rag

e

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

No

rwa

y

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Co

lom

bia

Ita

ly

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Fin

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Est

on

ia

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Ko

rea

Jap

an

Au

stra

lia

Hu

ng

ary

Bra

zil

Po

rtu

ga

l

Sw

itze

rla

nd

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

TotalPublic expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP

% of GDP

Chart C2.3

Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education

Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)

Be

lgiu

m

Fra

nce

De

nm

ark

Ice

lan

d

Sp

ain

No

rwa

y

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Sw

ed

en

Ita

ly

Ge

rma

ny

Est

on

ia

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Isra

el

Ko

rea

Slo

ven

ia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

La

tvia

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Po

rtu

ga

l

Jap

an

Hu

ng

ary

Lu

xem

bo

urg

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Au

stri

a

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Po

lan

d

Fin

lan

d

Ch

ile

Ire

lan

d

Me

xico

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Arg

en

tina

Bra

zil

Au

stra

lia

Co

lom

bia

Ind

on

esi

a

Tu

rke

y

Sw

itze

rla

nd

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2012 2005%

Chart C2.1

The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education

Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents

Isra

el

Ind

on

esi

a

Me

xico

Ch

ile

Fra

nce

Tu

rke

y

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Bra

zil

Po

lan

d

Be

lgiu

m

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ko

rea

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Jap

an

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Sp

ain

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ge

rma

ny

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Italy

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Hu

ng

ary

Fin

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Est

on

ia

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Sw

ed

en

Ice

lan

d

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Student to teaching staff ratio

Chart C2.4

Countries spend their money differently on schools…

…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.

47

The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time

Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USDB

elg

ium

(F

l.)

Ge

rma

ny

Au

stri

a

Sp

ain

Po

rtu

ga

l

Au

stra

lia

No

rwa

y

Ca

na

da

Fra

nce

Ire

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ko

rea

Italy

Fin

lan

d

En

gla

nd

Slo

ven

ia

Isra

el

Po

lan

d

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Tu

rke

y

Hu

ng

ary

Ch

ile

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Est

on

ia

-3 800

-2 800

-1 800

- 800

200

1 200

2 200

3 200

Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time

Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size

difference with OECD averageUSD

Chart B7.4

Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education

Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)

Australia 10Colombia1 9

Spain 10United States 9

Israel 9Netherlands7 9

Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9

Canada 9Luxembourg 9

Denmark 10England 9

Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9

OECD average 9Italy 8

Japan 9EU21 average 9

Germany 9Greece 9

Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9

Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8

Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9

Finland 9Slovenia 9

Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9

Hungary 8

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years

Chart D1.1

Total number of compulsory instruction hours

Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers

Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions

Ko

rea

Sp

ain

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Po

rtu

ga

l

Tu

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y

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Ca

na

da

Fin

lan

d

Ge

rma

ny

En

gla

nd

Au

stra

lia

Gre

ece

De

nm

ark

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Be

lgiu

m (

Fl.)

Fra

nce

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Isra

el

Est

on

ia

Po

lan

d

Sco

tlan

d

Sw

ed

en

Be

lgiu

m (

Fr.

)

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Ire

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Ch

ile

No

rwa

y

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Italy

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Hu

ng

ary

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

0

0.5

1

1.5

Ratio

Chart D3.1

Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education

OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education

Index of change2005 = 100

Chart Box D.3.2

Equivalent USD converted using PPPs

Rising benefits for those who are well educated…

…growing costs for those who are not.

52

The employment benefit of tertiary education is significant, but varies across countries

Employment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2012)

Icel

and

Nor

way

Sw

itzer

land

Sw

eden

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Aus

tria

Den

mar

k

Latv

ia

Bra

zil

Slo

veni

a

Isra

el

Luxe

mbo

urg

Pol

and

Bel

gium

Aus

tral

ia

Fra

nce

Fin

land

Chi

le

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

New

Zea

land

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

OE

CD

ave

rage

EU

21

aver

age

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Est

onia

Por

tuga

l

Can

ada

Mex

ico

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Irel

and

Japa

n

Hun

gary

Italy

Spa

in

Kor

ea

Tur

key

Gre

ece

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education%

Chart A5.1

Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 75% more than those with only upper secondary education

Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and gender (2012); upper secondary education = 100

Hu

ng

ary

Gre

ece

Slo

ven

ia

Tu

rke

y

Ire

lan

d

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Au

stri

a

Po

lan

d

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Fra

nce

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ge

rma

ny

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Lu

xem

bo

urg

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Po

rtu

ga

l

Isra

el

Fin

lan

d

Ca

na

da

Italy

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Sp

ain

Ko

rea

Au

stra

lia

Jap

an

Sw

ed

en

De

nm

ark

Be

lgiu

m

Est

on

ia

No

rwa

y

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Men Women

Tertiary-type A or advanced research pro-grammes

Index

Chart A6.1 - T

Adults with below upper secondary education will earn around 22% less than those with upper secondary education

Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and gender (2012); upper secondary education = 100

Be

lgiu

m

Fin

lan

d

Est

on

ia

Fra

nce

Ge

rma

ny

Ca

na

da

Po

lan

d

Au

stra

lia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Sw

ed

en

Gre

ece

Hu

ng

ary

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ire

lan

d

Sp

ain

Slo

ven

ia

De

nm

ark

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

No

rwa

y

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Italy

Ko

rea

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Jap

an

Au

stri

a

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Po

rtu

ga

l

Tu

rke

y

Isra

el

Ch

ile

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Bra

zil

- 60

- 50

- 40

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

Men Women

Below upper secondary education

Index

Chart A6.1 - B

…and its about more than money.

56

Education and skills both contribute to better social outcomes

Proportion of adults reporting that they are in good health


Upper sec-ondary or post-sec-

ondary non-tertiary educa-

tion

Tertiary ed-ucation

All 50

60

70

80

90

100Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5

Chart A8.1 - H

%


Upper sec-ondary or post-sec-

ondary non-tertiary educa-

tion

Tertiary ed-ucation

All 10

20

30

40

50

60Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5%


Upper sec-ondary or post-

secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary educa-tion

All 5

10

15

20

25

30Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5

%


Upper sec-ondary or post-

secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary educa-tion

All 5

10

15

20

25

30 Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5%

Proportion of adults reporting that they believe they have a say in government

Proportion of adults reporting that they volunteer at least once a month

Proportion of adults reporting that they can trust others

58

58 Thank you

Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014– The publication– The methodologies– The complete database

Email: [email protected]: SchleicherEDU

and remember:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

education at a glance 2014 - united states

Education

higher education30

tertiary level usdtertiary

graduation rateunited

studentgraduate supply

united statesseptember

united states0

large share of us adults

nationsin college completion2