education at a glance 2013: oecd indicators - key findings
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EDUCATION AT A GLANCE 2013: OECD INDICATORS Key findings
One in three young adults today is expected to
complete a university degree before they are 30
Tertiary-type A graduation rates, including and excluding international students, by age (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
United
Kin
gd
om
New
Ze
ala
nd
Denm
ark
Austr
alia
Fin
land
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ja
pa
n
Norw
ay
Irela
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Sw
ede
n
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Isra
el
Port
ug
al
United
Sta
tes
Slo
ven
ia
Cana
da
Austr
ia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Italy
Spa
in
Germ
any
Hung
ary
Ch
ile
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Total of which <30 years old Total of which ≧ 30 years old Total%
%
Chart A3.3
University-level education is more common among
younger than older adults
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds and 55-64 year-olds who have attained tertiary-type A education (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
Cana
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Irela
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Norw
ay
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
New
Ze
ala
nd
Isra
el
Austr
alia
United
Sta
tes
Fra
nce
Sw
ede
n
Belg
ium
Ch
ile
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Fin
land
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
Spa
in
Esto
nia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
De
nm
ark
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
ia
Gre
ece
Hung
ary
Germ
any
Port
ug
al
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Me
xic
o
Austr
ia
Italy
Turk
ey
Bra
zil
25-64 year-olds 25-34 year-olds%
Chart A1.1
Upper secondary education--general or vocational--is
becoming the norm
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds whose highest level of attainment is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Pola
nd
Austr
ia
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Germ
any
Ja
pa
n
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Un
ited
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Fin
land
Denm
ark
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Norw
ay
Chile
Fra
nce
Italy
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Gre
ece
Kore
a
Russia
n…
Neth
erla
nds
Icela
nd
Cana
da
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Irela
nd
Belg
ium
Isra
el
Austr
alia
Bra
zil
Spa
in
Me
xic
o
Turk
ey
Port
ug
al
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) with no distinction by orientationUpper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) with general orientationUpper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) with vocational orientation
%
Chart A1.2
More people are participating in education than ever
before
Proportion of population with tertiary education, and difference in attainment between 25-34 and 55-64 year-olds (2011)
AUS
AUS
BEL
CAB
CHL
CZE
DNK
EST
FIN
FRA
GER
GRC HUN
ISL
IRL
ISR
ITA
JPN
KOR
LUX
MEX
NLD NZL
NOR
POL
PRT
SVK
SVN
ESP
SWE CHE
TUR
UKM
USA BRA
RUS
- 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Proportion of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education
OE
CD
OECD average
Percentage points
Difference between the 25-34 and 55-64 year-old populations with tertiary education.
High attainment;
decreasing
advantage
Lower attainment;
catching up High attainment;
Increasing
advantage
Low attainment;
Getting further
behind
Chart A1.3
More young women than young men have at least an
upper secondary education
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds who have attained at least upper secondary education, by gender (2011)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Kore
a
Slo
ven
ia
Pola
nd
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Cana
da
Fin
land
Sw
ede
n
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Esto
nia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Chile
Irela
nd
Hung
ary
Austr
ia
Germ
any
Austr
alia
Norw
ay
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Fra
nce
United
Kin
gd
om
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Neth
erla
nds
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Denm
ark
Gre
ece
Belg
ium
New
Ze
ala
nd
Icela
nd
Italy
Spa
in
Port
ug
al
Bra
zil
Me
xic
o
Tu
rke
y
Men Women
%
Chart A1.4
Three out of four young people today will complete
upper secondary education before they are 25
Estimated upper secondary graduation rates among those younger than/older than 25 (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Slo
ven
ia
Fin
land
Ja
pa
n
Kore
a
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Germ
any
Neth
erla
nds
Denm
ark
Norw
ay
Port
ug
al
Irela
nd
Spa
in
Icela
nd
Hung
ary
Cana
da
Isra
el
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Pola
nd
Chile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Italy
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ede
n
Chin
a
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Gre
ece
Austr
ia
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
% <25 ≧25 Total
%
Chart A2.1
Graduates of vocational programmes are generally
older than graduates of general programmes
Average age of upper secondary graduates (2011)
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
Port
ug
al
Icela
nd
Bra
zil
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
land
Hung
ary
Irela
nd
Denm
ark
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Norw
ay
Chile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Arg
en
tin
a
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Belg
ium
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Italy
Sw
ede
n
Slo
ven
ia
Cana
da
Austr
ia
Me
xic
o
Ind
one
sia
Esto
nia
Fra
nce
United
Sta
tes
Turk
ey
Neth
erla
nds
Isra
el
Austr
alia
Age
General programmes Vocational programmes
%
Chart A2.2
Preparing for and entering university-level education
(2011)
Access to tertiary-type A education for upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary graduates under 25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ire
land
Fin
land
Isra
el
Chile
Sw
ede
n
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Italy
Pola
nd
Austr
alia
Belg
ium
Hung
ary
Esto
nia
Neth
erla
nds
Norw
ay
Denm
ark
Icela
nd
Turk
ey
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Me
xic
o
Arg
en
tin
a
Slo
ven
ia
Austr
ia
%
Graduation rates from upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary programmesdesigned to prepare students under 25 for tertiary-type A educationEntry rates into tertiary-type A education for students under 25
Chart A2.3
The average graduate with a bachelor's degree is 27
years old
Average age of graduates at ISCED 5A level and age distribution (2011)
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Icela
nd
Sw
ede
n
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Fin
land
De
nm
ark
Chile
Norw
ay
Czech…
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Spa
in
Austr
ia
Austr
alia
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Germ
any
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Hung
ary
Slo
vak…
Italy
Slo
ven
ia
Pola
nd
Turk
ey
Irela
nd
Kore
a
Cana
da
Gre
ece
Esto
nia
Ne
the
rla
nds
Me
xic
o
Ind
one
sia
United
…
% Tertiary-type A programmes (first degree)
%
Chart A3.1
Less than 70% of students entering tertiary education
graduate
Proportion of students who enter tertiary education and graduate with at least a first degree
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ja
pa
n
Austr
alia
Denm
ark
Fra
nce
Spa
in
Fin
land
Germ
any
Turk
ey
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Ne
the
rla
nds
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Port
ug
al
Me
xic
o
Austr
ia
Pola
nd
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Norw
ay
Sw
ede
n
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Hung
ary
%
Chart A4.1
More women than men earn a university-level degree
Proportion of students who enter tertiary education and graduate with at least a first degree/qualification at this level, by gender (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ja
pa
n
Austr
alia
Spa
in,
Denm
ark
Fin
land
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Turk
ey
Neth
erla
nds
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Germ
any
Pola
nd
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Me
xic
o
Austr
ia
Norw
ay
New
Ze
ala
nd
Hung
ary
United
Sta
tes
Sw
ede
n
Women Men%
Chart A4.2
Employment rates are highest among people who
have a tertiary education
Employment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
No
rwa
y
Sw
ede
n
Slo
ven
ia
Icela
nd
Germ
any
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
ia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Denm
ark
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
New
Ze
ala
nd
Austr
alia
Belg
ium
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Fin
land
Pola
nd
Ja
pa
n
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
United
Kin
gd
om
Irela
nd
Port
ug
al
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Cana
da
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
United
Sta
tes
Spa
in
Me
xic
o
Hung
ary
Italy
Chile
Kore
a
Turk
ey
Gre
ece
% Lower secondary education Tertiary-type A and advanced research programmes
Chart A5.1
Adults with no upper secondary education suffer
even more in weak labour markets
Unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education (2005, 2008 and 2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Kore
a
Me
xic
o
Chile
Bra
zil
Norw
ay
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
alia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
New
Ze
ala
nd
Austr
ia
Isra
el
Icela
nd
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Turk
ey
Denm
ark
Italy
Sw
ede
n
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fin
land
Cana
da
Belg
ium
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Port
ug
al
Germ
any
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Pola
nd
Gre
ece
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Irela
nd
Hung
ary
Esto
nia
Spa
in
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
%
2011 2008 2005
Chart A5.2-1
Adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary
education have some insurance against weak labour markets
Unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2005, 2008 and 2011)
0
5
10
15
20
No
rwa
y
Austr
ia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Kore
a
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Austr
alia
Neth
erla
nds
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Me
xic
o
Chile
Sw
ede
n
Ja
pa
n
Icela
nd
Belg
ium
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Isra
el
Germ
any
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Italy
Denm
ark
Bra
zil
Cana
da
Fin
land
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Russia
n…
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Pola
nd
Turk
ey
Hung
ary
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Port
ug
al
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Gre
ece
Spa
in
%
2011 2008 2005
Chart A5.2-2
A tertiary education is an advantage, even during an
economic downturn
Unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds tertiary educated people (2005, 2008 and 2011)
0
5
10
15
No
rwa
y
Austr
ia
Germ
any
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Czech…
Ne
the
rla
nds
Austr
alia
Bra
zil
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
Belg
ium
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Russia
n…
Sw
ede
n
Isra
el
United
…
Hung
ary
Fin
land
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
Slo
ven
ia
OE
CD
…
Me
xic
o
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Cana
da
Denm
ark
Italy
EU
21…
Slo
vak…
Chile
Irela
nd
Turk
ey
Esto
nia
Port
ug
al
Spa
in
Gre
ece
%
2011 2008 2005
Chart A5.2-3
Unemployment rates increased in most countries, particularly
among those with no upper secondary education
Difference in unemployment rates between 2008 and 2011, by educational attainment
- 5
0
5
10
15
20
Germ
any
Isra
el
Turk
ey
Ch
ile
Bra
zil
Kore
a
Austr
alia
Austr
ia
Norw
ay
Belg
ium
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Me
xic
o
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Italy
Neth
erla
nds
Cana
da
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Fra
nce
Fin
land
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ede
n
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Icela
nd
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Denm
ark
Pola
nd
Port
ug
al
Hung
ary
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
ven
ia
Gre
ece
Spa
in
Irela
nd
Esto
nia
% Below upper secondary Upper secondary Tertiary
Chart A5.2-4
A vocationally oriented upper secondary education offers better
insurance against unemployment than a general upper
secondary education
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds with vocational or general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
No
rwa
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Austr
ia
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
alia
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Belg
ium
Germ
any
Isra
el
Italy
Denm
ark
Cana
da
Fin
land
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fra
nce
Hung
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Turk
ey
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Pola
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Spa
in
Gre
ece
%
Vocational education at ISCED 3/4 level General education at ISCED 3/4 level
Chart A5.3
A vocationally oriented upper secondary education offers better
insurance against unemployment than a general upper
secondary education
Unemployment rates among 35-44 year-olds with vocational or general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Austr
ia
Sw
ede
n
Neth
erla
nds
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Austr
alia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Isra
el
New
Ze
ala
nd
Denm
ark
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Belg
ium
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Germ
any
Italy
Fin
land
Hung
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Cana
da
Turk
ey
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fra
nce
Pola
nd
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Esto
nia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Irela
nd
Gre
ece
Spa
in
%
Vocational education at ISCED 3/4 level General education at ISCED 3/4 level
Chart A5.3-35-44
A vocationally oriented upper secondary education offers better
insurance against unemployment than a general upper
secondary education
Unemployment rates among 25-34 year-olds with vocational or general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Austr
alia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
ia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Sw
ede
n
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
New
Ze
ala
nd
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Germ
any
Cana
da
Fin
land
Belg
ium
Hung
ary
Denm
ark
Turk
ey
Isra
el
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
ia
Pola
nd
Fra
nce
Esto
nia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Irela
nd
Spa
in
Gre
ece
%
Vocational education at ISCED 3/4 level General education at ISCED 3/4 level
Chart A5.3-2 25-34
People with a tertiary degree will earn 57% more
than those with only upper secondary education.
Relative earnings of 25-64 year-old employed men, by educational attainment (2011)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Ch
ile
Bra
zil
Hung
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Irela
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Gre
ece
Port
ug
al
Pola
nd
Germ
any
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Austr
ia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nds
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Isra
el
Turk
ey
Fin
land
Ja
pa
n
Italy
Kore
a
Fra
nce
Spa
in
Cana
da
Austr
alia
Esto
nia
Belg
ium
Norw
ay
De
nm
ark
Sw
ede
n
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Below upper secondary education
Tertiary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Chart A6.1
Men with a tertiary degree will earn 62% more than
those with only upper secondary education.
Relative earnings of 25-64 year-old employed men, by educational attainment (2011)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Chile
Bra
zil
Hung
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Irela
nd
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Pola
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Fra
nce
Isra
el
Port
ug
al
Fin
land
Germ
any
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Austr
ia
Gre
ece
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Cana
da
Turk
ey
Italy
United
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
alia
Kore
a
Esto
nia
De
nm
ark
Spa
in
Sw
ede
n
Ja
pa
n5
Belg
ium
New
Ze
ala
nd
Norw
ay
Tertiary-type A or advanced research programmes Tertiary-type B education
Below upper secondary education
Men Index
Chart A6.2 -1
Women with a tertiary degree will earn 61% more
than those with only upper secondary education
Relative earnings of 25-64 year-old employed women, by educational attainment (2011)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Chile
Bra
zil
Gre
ece
Irela
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ja
pa
n
United
Sta
tes
Hung
ary
Ca
na
da
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Austr
ia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Spa
in
Pola
nd
Kore
a
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Germ
any
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Turk
ey
Austr
alia
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Belg
ium
Esto
nia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Italy
Norw
ay
Sw
ede
n
Denm
ark
Tertiary-type A or advanced research programmes Tertiary-type B education Below upper secondary education
Women
Chart A6.2 -2
The wage premium for tertiary educated workers
increases with age
Percentage points difference, earnings relative to upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary
- 30 - 20 - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
IrelandTurkeyAustria
United KingdomUnited StatesNew Zealand
EstoniaBelgiumNorway
AustraliaIsrael
SwitzerlandDenmarkHungary
Czech RepublicSweden
SpainSlovak Republic
EU21 averageOECD average
NetherlandsFinlandCanada
GermanyChileItaly
BrazilPortugal
LuxembourgJapan
SloveniaPolandFranceGreece
Korea
Percentage points difference
Below upper secondary education Tertiary education
Relative earnings
higher with age
Relative
earnings
lower with age
Chart A6.3
The net public return on investment for a man in
tertiary education is over USD 100 000.
Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2009)
0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 300 000 350 000 400 000
United StatesIreland
Czech RepublicPoland
SloveniaSlovak Republic
HungaryAustria
United KingdomCanadaFinland
EU21 averageFrance
PortugalOECD average
KoreaItaly
AustraliaIsrael
NetherlandsJapan
EstoniaGermany
SpainBelgiumNorwaySweden
DenmarkGreece
New ZealandTurkey
Equivalent USD
Private net returns Public net returns
Chart A7.1
The private returns on an investment in tertiary
education are substantial, especially for men
Private costs and benefits for a man attaining upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education (2009)
-200 000 -100 000 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000
Greece 14798Finland 30897Turkey 35082Poland 36764Estonia 45121
Germany 56193New Zealand 58058
Hungary 63962France 69168
Italy 72302Israel 73154
Denmark 80729Slovenia 80936
EU21 average 89071Portugal 96530
OECD average 100277Sweden 104322Canada 105055
Spain 106512Australia 122526
Czech Republic 133693Ireland 142366
Norway 143459United Kingdom 148730
Austria 156870Slovak Republic 163387
United States 214382Korea 252207
Equivalent USD
Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax effect Social contribution effectTransfers effect Gross earnings benefits Unemployment effect
Benefits Costs
for a man
Chart A7.2 -1
The private returns on an investment in tertiary
education are substantial
Private costs and benefits for a woman attaining upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education (2009)
-200 000 -100 000 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000
Finland 16009Germany 26191
Turkey 33223Estonia 43139France 44992Norway 46450Poland 47335
Canada 47643New Zealand 51151
Greece 53481United Kingdom 59818
Denmark 59882Australia 60094Slovenia 64352
Israel 68602Sweden 68678
OECD average 69124EU21 average 70941
Korea 71432Hungary 73554
Italy 74010Portugal 76019
Austria 93226Czech Republic 108418
Spain 112703Ireland 118058
Slovak Republic 137078United States 141680
Equivalent USD
Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax effectSocial contribution effect Transfers effect Gross earnings benefits
Net present value Costs Benefits
for a woman
Chart A7.2 -2
Adults with a tertiary education are half as likely to be obese as
those with only a below upper secondary education
Percentage of adults who are obese, by educational attainment (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
United
Kin
gd
om
United
Sta
tes
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Chile
Austr
alia
Cana
da
Icela
nd
Hung
ary
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Esto
nia
Slo
ven
ia
Pola
nd
Gre
ece
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Isra
el
Irela
nd
Belg
ium
Norw
ay
Sw
ede
n
Turk
ey
Fra
nce
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Neth
erla
nds
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary education Tertiary education
%
Chart A8.1
An individual with a higher level of education is less
likely to smoke
Percentage of adults who smoke, by educational attainment (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Gre
ece
Chile
Pola
nd
Spa
in
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Hung
ary
Isra
el
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Belg
ium
Norw
ay
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Neth
erla
nds
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Irela
nd
Austr
ia
United
Sta
tes
Cana
da
Austr
alia
Icela
nd
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
United
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ede
n
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary education Tertiary education
%
Chart A8.2
OECD countries spend USD 9 313 per student per
year on primary through tertiary education
In equivalent USD converted using PPPs, based on full-time equivalents, for primary through tertiary education
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
United
Sta
tes
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Norw
ay
Denm
ark
Austr
ia
Sw
ede
n
Neth
erla
nds
Belg
ium
United
Kin
gd
om
Austr
alia
Irela
nd
Ja
pa
n
Fra
nce
Fin
land
Spa
in
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
ia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Italy
Icela
nd
Kore
a
New
Ze
ala
nd
Port
ug
al
Isra
el
Pola
nd
Esto
nia
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Hung
ary
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Ch
ile
Arg
en
tin
a
Bra
zil
Me
xic
o
In equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Core servicesAncillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) and R&DTotal
Chart B1.1
Annual spending per primary student ranged from
USD 2 400 to USD 21 240
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2010)
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
22 000
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Norw
ay
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Denm
ark
Austr
ia
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
Austr
alia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
ven
ia
Belg
ium
Irela
nd
Ja
pa
n
Italy
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Neth
erla
nds
Fin
land
Spa
in
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Fra
nce
Kore
a
Pola
nd
Port
ug
al
Isra
el
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
Hung
ary
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Chile
Arg
en
tin
a
Bra
zil
Me
xic
o
Turk
ey
Primary education
Expenditure per student (equivalent
USD converted using PPPs)
OECD
average
Chart B1.2-1
Annual spending per secondary student ranges from
USD 2 600 to USD 17 633
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2010)
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Norw
ay
Austr
ia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Neth
erla
nds
Denm
ark
Irela
nd
Belg
ium
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Austr
alia
Sw
ede
n
Ja
pa
n
Spa
in
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Fin
land
Port
ug
al
Italy
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Kore
a
Icela
nd
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Esto
nia
Isra
el
Pola
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Hung
ary
Arg
en
tin
a
Chile
Me
xic
o
Bra
zil
Turk
ey
Equivalent USD
Secondary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education
OECD average
Chart B1.2-2
OECD countries spend nearly twice as much per
student at the tertiary level as at the primary level
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2010)
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
22 000
24 000
26 000
28 000
30 000
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sw
ede
n
Denm
ark
Norw
ay
Neth
erla
nds
Fin
land
Ja
pa
n
Irela
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Belg
ium
Austr
alia
Fra
nce
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Bra
zil
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Isra
el
Port
ug
al
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Kore
a
Slo
ven
ia
Italy
Pola
nd
Hung
ary
Icela
nd
Me
xic
o
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Chile
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
Arg
en
tin
a
OECD average
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD
converted using PPPs) Tertiary education
Chart B1.2-3
In nearly all countries, expenditure per student rises
with the level of education
Expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, at various levels of education relative to primary education (2010) - Primary education = 100
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bra
zil
Me
xic
o
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Fra
nce
Fin
land
Ne
the
rla
nds
Chile
Sw
ede
n
Ja
pa
n
Irela
nd
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Hu
ng
ary
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Spa
in
Port
ug
al
Denm
ark
Belg
ium
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Austr
alia
Arg
en
tin
a
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Kore
a
Norw
ay
Pola
nd
Austr
ia
Esto
nia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Italy
Slo
ven
ia
Icela
nd
Index Pre-primary education Secondary education Tertiary education
473
Chart B1.3
In most countries, spending per primary and secondary student
increased by at least 10% between 2005 and 2010
Change in expenditure per student by educational institutions (2005 = 100, 2010 constant prices )
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Bra
zil
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Pola
nd
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Ch
ile
Kore
a
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Belg
ium
Isra
el
New
Ze
ala
nd
Cana
da
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Slo
ven
ia
Neth
erla
nds
Spa
in
United
Sta
tes
Sw
ede
n
Fin
land
Norw
ay
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ja
pa
n
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fra
nce
Me
xic
o
Denm
ark
Italy
Hung
ary
Icela
nd
Index of change (2005=100)
Change in expenditureChange in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)Change in expenditure per student
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
473
Chart B1.6-1
In some major countries expenditure per tertiary student did not
always keep pace with increases in tertiary enrolment
Change in expenditure per student by educational institutions (2005 = 100, 2010 constant prices )
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Esto
nia
Kore
a
Pola
nd
Irela
nd
Bra
zil
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Ja
pa
n
Italy
Sw
ede
n
Spa
in
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Hung
ary
Belg
ium
Chile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Port
ug
al
Me
xic
o
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Denm
ark
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
alia
Norw
ay
Isra
el
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
New
Ze
ala
nd
United
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Austr
ia
Icela
nd
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Index of change (2005=100)
Change in expenditure
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
Tertiary education
Chart B1.6-2
In 2010, OECD countries spent an average of 6.3%
of their GDP on educational institutions
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP for all levels of education (2000, 2005 and 2010)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Denm
ark
Icela
nd
Kore
a
Norw
ay
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
Belg
ium
Ca
na
da
Fin
land
United
…
Sw
ede
n
Irela
nd
Chile
Fra
nce
Ne
the
rla
nds
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Me
xic
o
Austr
alia
Esto
nia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
ia
Port
ug
al
Pola
nd
Austr
ia
Bra
zil
Spa
in
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ja
pa
n
Russia
n…
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Italy
Slo
vak…
Hung
ary
% of GDP 2010 2005 2000
Chart B2.1
Nearly two-thirds of spending on educational institutions is
devoted to primary, secondary and post-secondary non-
tertiary education Expenditure on educational institutions, from public and private sources, as a percentage of GDP (2010)
0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
New
Ze
ala
nd
Icela
nd
Denm
ark
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Irela
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
Belg
ium
Austr
alia
Isra
el
Kore
a
Fin
land
Neth
erla
nds
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
United
Sta
tes
Me
xic
o
Sw
ede
n
Esto
nia
Slo
ven
ia
Port
ug
al
Cana
da
Pola
nd
Austr
ia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Chile
Spa
in
Italy
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ja
pa
n
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Norw
ay
Bra
zil
Hung
ary
Turk
ey
% of GDP
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions
OECD average (total
expenditure)
Chart B2.2-1
One-quarter of spending on educational institutions is
devoted to tertiary education
Expenditure on educational institutions, from public and private sources, as a percentage of GDP (2010)
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
United
Sta
tes
Cana
da
Kore
a
Chile
Fin
land
Denm
ark
Sw
ede
n
Neth
erla
nds
Norw
ay
Isra
el
Austr
alia
Esto
nia
Russia
n F
ede
ratio
n
New
Ze
ala
nd
Irela
nd
Ja
pa
n
Austr
ia
Fra
nce
Arg
en
tin
a
Pola
nd
Port
ug
al
Belg
ium
Me
xic
o
United
Kin
gd
om
Spa
in
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Icela
nd
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Italy
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Bra
zil
Hu
ng
ary
% of GDP
Tertiary education
Public expenditure on education institutions
Private expenditure on education institutions
OECD average (total
expenditure)
Chart B2.2-2
Between 2008 and 2010, only five countries cut
public expenditure on educational institutions
Index of change between 2008 and 2010 in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, for all levels of education (2008=100, 2010 constant prices)
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
Austr
alia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Denm
ark
Irela
nd
Port
ug
al
Fin
land
New
Ze
ala
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Ja
pa
n
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Cana
da
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
ven
ia
Me
xic
o
Spa
in
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Austr
ia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Norw
ay
Kore
a
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sw
ede
n
Esto
nia
Belg
ium
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Pola
nd
Icela
nd
Italy
Hung
ary
Ch
ile
Index of change (2008=100)
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP
Chart B2.3-1
Between 2009 and 2010, public expenditure on
educational institutions fell in one-third of OECD countries
Index of change between 2008 and 2010 in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, for all levels of education (2008=100, 2010 constant prices)
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Me
xic
o
Isra
el
Austr
alia
Ja
pa
n
Chile
Kore
a
Fin
land
Pola
nd
Belg
ium
Sw
ede
n
United
Kin
gd
om
Denm
ark
Neth
erla
nds
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fra
nce
Ca
na
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Austr
ia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Irela
nd
Port
ug
al
Norw
ay
Spa
in
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Hung
ary
Esto
nia
Icela
nd
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Index of change Between 2008 and 2009
Between 2009 and 2010
Index of change in expenditure on educational institutions
Chart B2.3-2
In most countries, GDP rose (in real terms) between
2009 and 2010
Index of change between 2008 and 2010 in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, for all levels of education (2008=100, 2010 constant prices)
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
Chile
Sw
ede
n
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Kore
a
Me
xic
o
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Pola
nd
Ja
pa
n
Ca
na
da
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
land
Austr
alia
Esto
nia
United
Sta
tes
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
United
Kin
gd
om
Neth
erla
nds
Slo
ven
ia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Norw
ay
Fra
nce
Port
ug
al
De
nm
ark
Italy
Hung
ary
New
Ze
ala
nd
Spa
in
Irela
nd
Icela
nd
Index of change Between 2008 and 2009
Between 2009 and 2010
Index of change in Gross domestic product
Chart B2.3-3
Some 16% of all spending on educational institutions
comes from private sources
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2010)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
United
Sta
tes
Austr
alia
Isra
el
Cana
da1
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
New
Ze
ala
nd
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Port
ug
al
Me
xic
o
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Pola
nd
Ne
the
rla
nds
Esto
nia
Arg
en
tin
a
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Spa
in
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Irela
nd
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
De
nm
ark
Fin
land
Norw
ay
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
%
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education
Chart B3.1
The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions
increased from 24% in 2000 to 32% in 2010
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005 and 2010)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Chile
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
United
Sta
tes
Austr
alia
Isra
el
Cana
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
New
Ze
ala
nd
Italy
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Port
ug
al
Me
xic
o
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Pola
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Esto
nia
Arg
en
tin
a
Spa
in
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Irela
nd
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
Denm
ark
Fin
land
Norw
ay
%
2010 2005 2000
Chart B3.3
Public expenditure, per student, is higher on public
tertiary institutions than on private institutions
Annual public expenditure on educational institutions per student in tertiary education, by type of institution (2010)
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Norw
ay (
86%
)
Sw
ede
n (
90
%)
Denm
ark
(99
%)
Fin
land
(77%
)
Belg
ium
(43
%)
Austr
ia (
m)
Neth
erla
nds (
91
%)
Fra
nce (
82
%)
Spa
in (
86%
)
United
Sta
tes (
70
%)
OE
CD
ave
rag
e (
68%
)
Icela
nd
(82
%)
Austr
alia
(93%
)
Slo
ven
ia (
90
%)
New
Ze
ala
nd (
89
%)
Port
ug
al (7
7%
)
Italy
(91
%)
Ja
pa
n (
23
%)
Isra
el (1
%)
Hung
ary
(8
4%
)
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic (
85
%)
Me
xic
o (
68
%)
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
(m
)
Pola
nd (
73
%)
Esto
nia
(17
%)
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
(0%
)
Kore
a (
20%
)
Ch
ile (
16%
)
In equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Public institutions Private institutions Total public and private institutions
Chart B3.4
In 2010, 13% of total public spending was devoted to
education
Public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure (1995, 2005, 2010)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Me
xic
o
New
Ze
ala
nd
Bra
zil
Chile
Kore
a
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Denm
ark
Austr
alia
Norw
ay
Icela
nd
Esto
nia
Isra
el
Sw
ede
n
Ca
na
da
United
Sta
tes
Belg
ium
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
land
United
Kin
gd
om
Neth
erla
nds
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Pola
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Spa
in
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
Irela
nd
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Ja
pa
n
Italy
% of total public expenditure
2010 2005 1995
Chart B4.1
Between 2008 and 2010, countries varied in the share of
total public expenditure they allocated to education
Index of change between 2008 and 2010 in public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure for all levels of education combined (2008=100, 2010 constant prices)
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
Austr
alia
Icela
nd
United
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Isra
el
Chile
Kore
a
Denm
ark
Sw
ede
n
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
land
Esto
nia
Ja
pa
n
Fra
nce
Neth
erla
nds
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Spa
in
Pola
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Belg
ium
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Norw
ay
United
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
Me
xic
o
Irela
nd
Index of change
Change in public expenditure on educationChange in public expenditure for all servicesChange in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure
Chart B4.2
More than one-third of countries offer public support
to private entities for university-level education
Public support to households and other private entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on tertiary education (2010)
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
United
Sta
tes
Denm
ark
Slo
ven
ia
Italy
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Chile
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Fin
land
Hung
ary
New
Ze
ala
nd
Belg
ium
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
Pola
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Norw
ay
Isra
el
Sw
ede
n
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Cana
da
Bra
zil
Esto
nia
Me
xic
o
Kore
a
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Arg
en
tin
a
Ja
pa
n
Icela
nd
% of total public expenditure on
tertiary education
Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities Student loans
Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in
Chart B5.2
The salary cost of teachers per primary student
increased by 10% between 2000 and 2011
Salary cost per primary teacher in 2000, 2005 and 2011
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
Denm
ark
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Port
ug
al
Norw
ay
Italy
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Austr
alia
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Irela
nd
Ja
pa
n
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
land
Slo
ven
ia
Kore
a
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
USD
Salary cost in 2011 Salary cost in 2005 Salary cost in 2000
Primary education
Chart B7.2-1
The salary cost of lower secondary teachers per
student increased by 11% between 2000 and 2011
Salary cost of lower secondary teachers in 2000, 2005 and 2011
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Port
ug
al
Austr
ia
Fin
land
Austr
alia
Spa
in
Denm
ark
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Norw
ay
Ja
pa
n
Irela
nd
United
Sta
tes
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Kore
a
Hung
ary
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Me
xic
o
USD Salary cost in 2011 Salary cost in 2005 Salary cost in 2000
lower secondary education
Chart B7.2-2
From 1995 to 2011, participation in education among 20-
29 year-olds increased by more than 10 percentage points
Enrolment rates of 20-29 year-olds (1995, 2000, 2005 and 2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fin
land
Denm
ark
Icela
nd
Sw
ede
n
Neth
erla
nds
Slo
ven
ia
Austr
alia
Germ
any
Belg
ium
Kore
a
Pola
nd
Norw
ay
New
Ze
ala
nd
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Esto
nia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Arg
en
tin
a
Chile
United
Sta
tes
Spa
in
Hung
ary
Austr
ia
Cana
da
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Port
ug
al
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Bra
zil
Italy
Irela
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Tu
rke
y
Fra
nce
United
Kin
gd
om
Me
xic
o
Ind
one
sia
2011 2000 1995%
Chart C1.1
From 1995 to 2011, participation in education among
15-19 year-olds increased from 77% to 85%
Enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds for full-time and part-time students in public and private institutions (1995, 2000, 2005 and 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Belg
ium
Irela
nd
Pola
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Slo
ven
ia
Hung
ary
Germ
any
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Icela
nd
Port
ug
al
Fin
land
Esto
nia
Denm
ark
Kore
a
Norw
ay
Spa
in
Sw
ede
n
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fra
nce
Austr
alia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Gre
ece
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Italy
Cana
da
United
Sta
tes
Austr
ia
United
Kin
gd
om
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Bra
zil
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Chile
Arg
en
tin
a
Ind
one
sia
Isra
el
Tu
rke
y
Me
xic
o
Chin
a
2011 2000 1995% %
Chart C1.2
Some 82% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in early
childhood education
Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education at age 4 (2005 and 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Spa
in
Me
xic
o
Neth
erla
nds
Fra
nce
Belg
ium
Denm
ark
United
Kin
gd
om
Norw
ay
Icela
nd
Italy
Germ
any
New
Ze
ala
nd
Irela
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Sw
ede
n
Isra
el
Hung
ary
Ja
pa
n
Austr
ia
Esto
nia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
ia
Port
ug
al
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Kore
a
United
Sta
tes
Ch
ile
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Arg
en
tin
a
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Austr
alia
Pola
nd
Fin
land
Bra
zil
Cana
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Turk
ey
2005 2011%
Chart C2.1
The average age at which mothers have their first
child has risen from 24 in 1970 to 28 in 2009.
Average age when mothers have their first child, in 1970, 1995 and 2009
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Germ
any
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Italy
Spa
in
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Ja
pa
n
Kore
a
Sw
ede
n
Ne
the
rla
nds
Gre
ece
Fra
nce
Denm
ark
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Belg
ium
Fin
land
Cana
da
Austr
ia
No
rwa
y
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hung
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
Esto
nia
United
Sta
tes
Me
xic
o
Age 1970 1995 2009
0 -
Chart C2.2
Expenditure on pre-primary education accounts for
an average of 0.6% of GDP.
Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by funding sources (2010)
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Denm
ark
Icela
nd
Spa
in
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Sw
ede
n
Hung
ary
Pola
nd
Me
xic
o
Chile
Belg
ium
New
Ze
ala
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Austr
ia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Norw
ay
United
Sta
tes
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Italy
Esto
nia
Fin
land
Bra
zil
Neth
erla
nds
Port
ug
al
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Austr
alia
Private expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
Public expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
Total% of GDP
Chart C2.3
The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the
level of resources devoted to pre-primary education
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education in public and private institutions (2011)
0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Me
xic
o
Isra
el
Chin
a
Turk
ey
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Ind
one
sia
United
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Kore
a
Belg
ium
Pola
nd
Port
ug
al
Ja
pa
n
Neth
erla
nds
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Austr
ia
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
United
Sta
tes
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Spa
in
Germ
any
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Italy
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Hung
ary
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Fin
land
Slo
ven
ia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
Student to teaching staff ratio
Chart C2.4
Some 60% of young adults are expected to enter
university programmes, 48% before the age of 25.
Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Austr
alia
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
No
rwa
y
Slo
ven
ia
United
Sta
tes
Sw
ede
n
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Denm
ark
Kore
a
Fin
land
Neth
erla
nds
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Arg
en
tin
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Isra
el
Spa
in
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Austr
ia
Hung
ary
Ja
pa
n
Irela
nd
Italy
Germ
any
Chile
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Esto
nia
Gre
ece
Fra
nce
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
Belg
ium
Ind
one
sia
Ch
ina
% All studentsExcluding international students
Chart C3.1
Between 1995 and 2011, entry rates into university
programmes increased by more than 20 percentage
points Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2000, 2011)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Austr
alia
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Norw
ay
Slo
ven
ia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ede
n
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Denm
ark
Kore
a
Fin
land
Neth
erla
nds
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Arg
en
tin
a
Isra
el
Spa
in
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Austr
ia
Hung
ary
Ja
pa
n
Irela
nd
Italy
Germ
any
Chile
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Esto
nia
Gre
ece
Fra
nce
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
Belg
ium
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Ind
one
sia
Ch
ina
% Tertiary-type A (2000) Tertiary-type A (2011)
Chart C3.2
The most popular fields of education chosen by new
entrants into tertiary programmes are social sciences,
business and law Distribution of new entrants into tertiary programmes, by field of education (2011)
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ind
one
sia
Me
xic
o
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Hung
ary
Denm
ark
Turk
ey
Fra
nce
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
alia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Isra
el
Port
ug
al
Italy
Austr
ia
Pola
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
Slo
ven
ia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Norw
ay
Icela
nd
Belg
ium
Gre
ece
Spa
in
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
Ja
pa
n
United
Kin
gd
om
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Chile
Germ
any
Ire
land
Fin
land
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Kore
a
Humanities, arts and education Health and welfare Social sciences, business and law Services
Chart C3.3
More than one in 30 students will pursue studies up to the
highest academic level, often after the age of 30
Entry rates into advanced research programmes and average age of new entrants (2011)
29
32
29
30 30
28
30
37
36
33
31 30
32
31
36
32
33 33 33
30
35
29
27
31
29
37
36
33
27
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Germ
any
Slo
ven
ia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Austr
ia
Denm
ark
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Icela
nd
Port
ug
al
Austr
alia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
United
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ede
n
Ch
ina
Esto
nia
Kore
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Norw
ay
New
Ze
ala
nd
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Italy
Isra
el
Hung
ary
Neth
erla
nds
Ja
pa
n
Turk
ey
Arg
en
tin
a
Spa
in
Me
xic
o
Ch
ile
Ind
one
sia
Sau
di A
rab
ia
All students Excluding international students Average Age% Ag
Chart C3.4
In 2011, more than 4.3 million students were enrolled in
tertiary education outside their country of citizenship.
Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2011)
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Worldwide OECD G20 countries Europe North America Oceania
Million students
Chart C4.1
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom
and the United States together receive more than 50% of
all foreign students worldwide. Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination (2000, 2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Germ
any
Fra
nce
Austr
alia
Ca
na
da
Russia
nF
ede
ratio
n
Ja
pa
n
Spa
in
Sou
th A
fric
a
Chin
a
Italy
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Austr
ia
Kore
a
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Belg
ium
Oth
er
OE
CD
Oth
er
G0 a
nd
non
-OE
CD
2000 2011
Market
share (%)
OECD
countries
Other G20 and
non-OECD countries
2000 2011
Chart C4.3
At least 10% of tertiary enrolments in Australia, Austria,
New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are
international students International or foreign student enrolment as a percentage of total tertiary enrolment (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
Austr
alia
United
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
Sw
ede
n
Denm
ark
Cana
da¹
Irela
nd
Icela
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Fin
land
Hung
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ja
pa
n
United
Sta
tes
Port
ug
al
Spa
in
Esto
nia
Slo
ven
ia
No
rwa
y
Pola
nd
Chile
Fra
nce
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Sou
th A
fric
a¹
Gre
ece
Italy
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Russia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Kore
a
Isra
el
Turk
ey
Ch
ina
Bra
zil
Foreign students2
%
International students
OECD average
Chart C4.4
In 2011, 5% of students were employed full-time and
7.3% part-time.
Proportion of part-time (PT), involuntary part-time and full-time (FT) workers among 15-29 year-olds in education (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Hung
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Gre
ece
Italy
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Belg
ium
Spa
in
Kore
a
Turk
ey
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Fra
nce
Ch
ile
Me
xic
o
Irela
nd
Pola
nd
Ja
pa
n
Isra
el
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
United
Kin
gd
om
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Bra
zil
Norw
ay
United
Sta
tes
Fin
land
Slo
ven
ia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Cana
da
Austr
ia
Germ
any
Austr
alia
Icela
nd
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Denm
ark
%
Employed FT and in educationEmployed PT and in education (excluding involuntary PT)Involuntary PT
Chart C5.1-1
In 2011, 5% of 15-29 year-olds no longer in education
were part-time workers; 32% worked full time.
Proportion of part-time (PT), involuntary part-time and full-time (FT) workers among 15-29 year-olds no longer in education (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Bra
zil
Austr
ia
Czech…
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Norw
ay
Cana
da
Me
xic
o
Esto
nia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Pola
nd
Austr
alia
United
…
Slo
vak…
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Fra
nce
Sw
ede
n
Belg
ium
Germ
any
Kore
a
United
…
Turk
ey
Gre
ece
Hung
ary
Ne
the
rla
nds
Irela
nd
Chile
Slo
ven
ia
Fin
land
Spa
in
Icela
nd
Italy
Isra
el
Denm
ark
Ja
pa
n
EU
21…
%
Employed FT and no longer in education
Employed PT and no longer in education (excluding involuntary PT)
Involuntary PT
Chart C5.1-2
On average across OECD countries, 8.2% of 15-19 year-
olds were neither in education nor employed in 2011
(2.7% unemployed and 5.8% inactive), Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education and unemployed or not in the labour force (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Chile
New
Ze
ala
nd
Austr
alia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Cana
da
Norw
ay
Spa
in
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Port
ug
al
Austr
ia
Ire
land
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Kore
a
Denm
ark
Neth
erla
nds
Sw
ede
n
Gre
ece
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Fra
nce
Belg
ium
Esto
nia
Icela
nd
Fin
land
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Germ
any
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hung
ary
Pola
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
%
Not in education and unemployed
Not in education and not in the labour force
Not in education (Total)
Chart C5.2
Between 2008 and 2011, the share of NEET among 15-19
year-olds grew in more than half of the OECD countries
Percentage of 15-19 year-olds who were neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) in 2008 and 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Turk
ey -1
2.3
Sw
itze
rla
nd
-4
.4
Slo
ven
ia -1
Hung
ary
-0
.9
Norw
ay
-0.8
Bra
zil
-0.7
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
-0
.3
United
Kin
gd
om
-0
.3
Sw
ede
n
-0.2
Germ
any
-0.2
Austr
ia
-0.2
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
-0.2
United
Sta
tes
-0.1
Gre
ece
-0
.1
Fin
land
0
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
0.2
Cana
da
0.5
Belg
ium
0
.6
Irela
nd
1
.0
Port
ug
al 1
.0
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
1.0
Me
xic
o 1
.1
Fra
nce
1.2
Denm
ark
1
.3
Neth
erla
nds
1.4
Spa
in 1
.5
Pola
nd
1.5
Esto
nia
1
.5
Austr
alia
1.5
New
Ze
ala
nd
1.7
Kore
a 1
.7
Italy
1
.8
Isra
el 1
.9
2008 2011%
Chart C5.3-1
Almost 30% of 15-29 year-olds working part time in
2011 would have liked to work more.
Involuntary part-time 15-29 year-old workers among total part-time workers (2011), and change in part-time employment (2008-11)
6 6
9 4
7 2
3 5 6
4 5
9 2
8 3
4 4
7 7
1 6
7 5
1 4
2 6
5 9
5 1
6
2 21
71 57
30
10 24
46 29
8 13
19
020406080100120140160
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
IcelandDenmark
NetherlandsKorea
CanadaSlovak Republic
TurkeyItaly
SpainEU21 average
OECD averageAustraliaEstonia
United KingdomGreece
LuxembourgFinland
New ZealandNorway
HungaryFrance
BelgiumSweden
Czech RepublicAustriaPoland
GermanyMexicoJapan
SwitzerlandSlovenia
Israel
Part time (not in education) 2011 in % Part time (not in education) 2008 in %
Involuntary part time/Total part time (%)
Chart C5.4
Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 751
hours of instruction during primary and lower secondary
education, most of which is compulsory Number of intended instruction hours in public institutions (2011)
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
AustraliaIreland
NetherlandsSpain
LuxembourgIceland
IsraelFrance
PortugalMexico
CanadaChile
DenmarkEnglandNorway
OECD averageEU21 average
Belgium (Fr.)Italy
GermanyJapan
IndonesiaSlovak Republic
GreeceBelgium (Fl.)
AustriaFinland
SwedenPoland
SloveniaCzech Republic
KoreaRussian Federation
EstoniaHungary
Turkey
Total number of intended instruction hours
Compulsory instruction time Non-compulsory instruction time
Compulsory instruction time Non-compulsory instruction time
Primary education Lower secondary education
Chart D1.1
Instruction in reading, writing and literature, mathematics
and science represents 51% of compulsory instruction
time Instruction time per subject in primary education as a percentage of total compulsory instruction time (2011)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Hung
ary
Fra
nce
Me
xic
o
Denm
ark
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Austr
ia
Irela
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Gre
ece
Cana
da
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Norw
ay
Isra
el
Turk
ey
Spa
in
Italy
Fin
land
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Slo
ven
ia
Esto
nia
Ja
pa
n
Kore
a
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Arg
en
tin
a
Pola
nd
Germ
any
Chile
Icela
nd
Ind
one
sia
Reading, writing and literature Mathematics Science
Modern foreign languages Other compulsory core curriculum Compulsory flexible curriculum
Chart D1.2a
Instruction in reading, writing and literature, mathematics
and science represents 41% of compulsory instruction
time for lower secondary students Instruction time per subject in lower secondary education as a percentage of total compulsory instruction time (2011)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Irela
nd
Italy
Isra
el
Denm
ark
Russia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Ca
na
da
Gre
ece
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Spa
in
Hu
ng
ary
Arg
en
tin
a
Chile
Fra
nce
Pola
nd
Norw
ay
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Me
xic
o
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Austr
ia
Esto
nia
Germ
any
Icela
nd
Eng
land
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Slo
ven
ia
Kore
a
Ind
one
sia
Fin
land
Port
ug
al
Ja
pa
n
Reading, writing and literature Mathematics
Science Modern foreign languages
Other compulsory core curriculum Compulsory flexible curriculum
Chart D1.2b
Primary school classes tended to become smaller
between 2000 and 2011
Average class size in primary education (2000, 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
Chin
a
Chile
Ja
pa
n
Isra
el
Kore
a
Turk
ey
Ind
one
sia
Arg
en
tin
a
United
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
Fra
nce
Spa
in
Germ
any
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Hung
ary
Port
ug
al
Denm
ark
United
Sta
tes
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Me
xic
o
Fin
land
Italy
Slo
ven
ia
Pola
nd
Icela
nd
Austr
ia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Esto
nia
Gre
ece
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Number of students per classroom
2011 2000
Chart D2.1
On average in OECD countries, class size increases by
two or more students between primary and lower
secondary education Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Chin
a
Chile
Ja
pa
n
Isra
el
Kore
a
Turk
ey
Ind
one
sia
Arg
en
tin
a
United
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
Fra
nce
Spa
in
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Germ
any
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Hung
ary
Port
ug
al
De
nm
ark
United
Sta
tes
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Me
xic
o
Fin
land
Italy
Slo
ven
ia
Pola
nd
Icela
nd
Austr
ia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Esto
nia
Gre
ece
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Number of students per classroom
Primary education Lower secondary education
Chart D2.2
On average, OECD countries counted one teacher
for every 14 pupils in pre-primary school
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in educational institutions at the pre-primary level (2011)
0
10
20
30
Me
xic
o
Isra
el
Ch
ina
Turk
ey
Chile
Fra
nce
Ind
one
sia
United
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Kore
a
Belg
ium
Pola
nd
Port
ug
al
Ja
pa
n
Neth
erla
nds
Austr
ia
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Spa
in
Germ
any
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Italy
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Hung
ary
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Fin
land
Slo
ven
ia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
Pre-primary education
Number of students per teacher in full-time
equivalents
OECD average
Chart D2.3-1
On average, OECD countries counted one teacher
for every 15 students in primary school
Ratio of students to teaching staff in educational institutions at the primary level (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
Me
xic
o
Ch
ile
Bra
zil
Turk
ey
Ind
one
sia
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Kore
a
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Ja
pa
n
Chin
a
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
New
Ze
ala
nd
Germ
any
Slo
ven
ia
Isra
el
Neth
erla
nds
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
United
Sta
tes
Fin
land
Esto
nia
Spa
in
Belg
ium
Austr
ia
Italy
Sw
ede
n
Port
ug
al
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Pola
nd
Hung
ary
Norw
ay
Icela
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Number of students per teacher in full-time
equivalents
Primary education
OECD average
Chart D2.3-2
On average, OECD countries counted one teacher
for every 13 students in lower secondary school
Ratio of students to teaching staff in educational institutions at the lower secondary level (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
Me
xic
o
Ch
ile
Bra
zil
Kore
a
Ind
one
sia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Ne
the
rla
nds
Un
ited
Sta
tes
United
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Ch
ina
Ja
pa
n
Germ
any
Isra
el
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Italy
Sw
ede
n
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Icela
nd
Hung
ary
Spa
in
Esto
nia
Pola
nd
Norw
ay
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Fin
land
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Belg
ium
Slo
ven
ia
Lower secondary education
Number of students per teacher in full-time
equivalents
OECD average
Chart D2.3-3
On average, OECD countries counted one teacher
for every 14 students in upper secondary school
Ratio of students to teaching staff in educational institutions at the upper secondary level (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
Me
xic
o
Chile
Ind
one
sia
Chin
a
Neth
erla
nds
Turk
ey
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Fin
land
Kore
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Germ
any
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Ja
pa
n
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Icela
nd
Isra
el
Pola
nd
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Belg
ium
Fra
nce
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Norw
ay
Port
ug
al
Upper secondary education
Number of students per teacher in full-time
equivalents
OECD average
Chart D2.3-4
Classes in public primary schools have an average of 21
students, while those in private schools have 20 students
Average class size in public and private primary schools (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Chin
a
Chile
Isra
el
Ja
pa
n
Kore
a
Turk
ey
Ind
one
sia
United
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Arg
en
tin
a
Irela
nd
Austr
alia
Fra
nce
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Germ
any
Hung
ary
Port
ug
al
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Denm
ark
United
Sta
tes
Spa
in
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Me
xic
o
Fin
land
Italy
Pola
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Icela
nd
Austr
ia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Russia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Esto
nia
Gre
ece
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Public institutions Private institutionsNumber of students per
classroom
Chart D2.4-1
In 13 countries, the average lower secondary class is
larger in private schools than in public schools
Average class size in public and private lower secondary institutions (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Chin
a
Ind
one
sia
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
Ch
ile
Isra
el
Bra
zil
Arg
en
tin
a
Me
xic
o
Germ
any
Fra
nce
Spa
in
Un
ited
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Pola
nd
Austr
alia
Port
ug
al
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Italy
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Austr
ia
Hung
ary
United
Kin
gd
om
Denm
ark
Fin
land
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Icela
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Slo
ven
ia
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Esto
nia
Public institutions Private institutionsNumber of students per
classroom
Chart D2.4-2
The statutory salary of lower secondary teachers with
15 years of experience averages USD 39 934
Teachers' salaries in lower secondary education in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs (2011)
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Germ
any
Neth
erla
nds
Ca
na
da
Irela
nd
De
nm
ark
Austr
alia
Kore
a
Scotla
nd
United
Sta
tes
Ja
pa
n
Spa
in
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Eng
land
New
Ze
ala
nd
Fin
land
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Port
ug
al
Norw
ay
Fra
nce
Italy
Sw
ede
n
Slo
ven
ia
Gre
ece
Icela
nd
Isra
el
Me
xic
o
Chile
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Pola
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
Hung
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
Ind
one
sia
Equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Chart D3.1-1
In only 6 countries were relative salaries for teachers
higher than those of comparably educated workers
Ratio of teachers' salary to earnings for full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education aged 25-64 (2011 or latest available year)
0
1
1
2
Spa
in
Kore
a
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Port
ug
al
New
Ze
ala
nd
Cana
da
Germ
any
Fin
land
Isra
el
Eng
land
Austr
alia
Denm
ark
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Neth
erla
nds
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Irela
nd
Sw
ede
n
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Scotla
nd
Pola
nd
Chile
Norw
ay
United
Sta
tes
Esto
nia
Austr
ia
Italy
Hung
ary
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Icela
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ratio
Chart D3.1-2
Lower secondary teachers' salaries at the top of the scale
are 61% higher, on average, than starting salaries
Annual statutory teachers' salaries, in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs (2011)
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
Luxe
mb
ou
rgS
witze
rla
nd
Germ
any
Denm
ark
Spa
inN
eth
erla
nds
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Cana
da
Austr
alia
Irela
nd
No
rwa
yF
inla
nd
Austr
iaB
elg
ium
(F
l.)
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Port
ug
al
Sw
ede
nE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Eng
land
OE
CD
ave
rag
eS
cotla
nd
Italy
Fra
nce
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Kore
aS
loven
iaJa
pa
nIc
ela
nd
Gre
ece
Me
xic
oIs
rael
Chile
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licA
rgen
tin
aP
ola
nd
Esto
nia
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ind
one
sia
Starting salary and minimum training
Salary at top of scale and maximum qualifications
Equivalent
USD converted
Chart D3.2
Between 2000 and 2011, teachers’ salaries rose, in real
terms, in almost all countries. Notable exceptions are
France and Japan. Index of change between 2000 and 2011 (2000 = 100, constant prices),
for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Port
ug
al
Denm
ark
Kore
a
Hung
ary
Scotla
nd
Austr
ia
Isra
el
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Austr
alia
Sw
ede
n
Me
xic
o
Icela
nd
Fin
land
Spa
in
New
Ze
ala
nd
Eng
land
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Italy
United
Sta
tes
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Gre
ece
Fra
nce
Ja
pa
n
2011 2005
Index of change
Chart D3.3
Between 2009 and 2011, teachers’ salaries fell, for the
first time since 2000, by around 2% at all levels of
education OECD average of the index of change between 2005 and 2011 (2000 = 100, constant prices),
for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Primary level Lower secondary level Upper secondary level
Index of change
Chart Box_D3.1
Between 2000 and 2011, the number of teaching hours at
the secondary level remained relatively stable.
Number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education (2000, 2005 and 2011)
- Net statutory contact time in public institutions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
1 600
Arg
en
tin
a
Chile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Me
xic
o
Scotla
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Austr
alia
Port
ug
al
Germ
any
Neth
erla
nds
Cana
da
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Irela
nd
Spa
in
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Eng
land
Slo
ven
ia
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Norw
ay
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Denm
ark
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Italy
Icela
nd
Kore
a
Esto
nia
Isra
el
Austr
ia
Hung
ary
Ja
pa
n
Fin
land
Pola
nd
Ind
one
sia
Russia
n…
Gre
ece
Hours per year
2000 2011
Chart D4.1
Public-school teachers teach between 994 hours per year
at the pre-primary level to 664 hours at the upper
secondary level of education, on average Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2000, 2005 and 2011)
- Net statutory contact time in public institutions
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1 0001 1001 2001 3001 4001 5001 6001 7001 800
Arg
en
tin
a
Chile
United
Sta
tes
Scotla
nd
Me
xic
o
Austr
alia
Port
ug
al
New
Ze
ala
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Cana
da
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Irela
nd
Germ
any
Eng
land
Spa
in
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fra
nce
Ind
one
sia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
ia
Italy
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Kore
a
Hung
ary
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Austr
ia
Esto
nia
Turk
ey
Fin
land
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
No
rwa
y
Isra
el
Ja
pa
n
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Gre
ece
Denm
ark
Hours per year
Upper secondary education, general programmes Pre-primary education
Primary education Lower secondary education
Chart D4.2
In 2011, 64% of secondary school teachers were at
least 40 years old
Age distribution of teachers in secondary education (2011)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ItalyAustria
GermanyEstoniaIceland
NetherlandsCzech Republic
FinlandNorwaySweden
SpainNew Zealand
SwitzerlandEU21 average
JapanHungary
OECD averageSlovenia
FranceSlovak Republic
IsraelBelgiumIreland
PortugalUnited States
KoreaLuxembourg
CanadaChile
PolandUnited Kingdom
BrazilIndonesia
%
Aged less than 30 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50 or older
Chart D5.1
In 2011, 59% of primary school teachers were at
least 40 years old
Age distribution of teachers in primary education (2011)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ItalySweden
GermanyEstonia
Czech RepublicAustria
HungaryNew Zealand
IcelandJapan
FinlandEU21 average
SloveniaPoland
OECD averageSwitzerland
NorwayIndonesia
Slovak RepublicNetherlands
PortugalUnited States
SpainLuxembourg
CanadaChile
FranceBelgium
BrazilIsrael
IrelandKorea
United Kingdom
%
Aged less than 30 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50 or older
Chart D5.3
The proportion of female teachers decreases as the
level of education increases
Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education (2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Esto
nia
Icela
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Isra
el
Hu
ng
ary
Italy
Chile
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Norw
ay
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Pola
nd
Cana
da
Fin
land
Bra
zil
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Denm
ark
Kore
a
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sw
ede
n
United
Sta
tes
New
Ze
ala
nd
Irela
nd
Fra
nce
Germ
any
Belg
ium
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Spa
in
Ind
one
sia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Me
xic
o
Chin
a
Neth
erla
nds
Ja
pa
n
Turk
ey
Lower secondary education Pre-primary education Primary education
Upper secondary education Tertiary education%
Chart D5.2