eduart zimer - (sdu) - adventive plants - part 2 (2007)
DESCRIPTION
Part two of "Succulent plants from down under – Adventive Plants".TRANSCRIPT
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/eduart-zimer-sdu-adventive-plants-part-2-2007 1/14
Vdig 4
_uooukgjt pkdjts eram hawj ujhgr ‟ Dhvgjtlvg Vkdjts (Vdrt 0)>
Arlilj, Oklmdtg djh Oadstdk Bd`ltdts ‟ Odsudk vs. Jdturdklzgh ‟ Xbg _ghum Iraup
LU. Arlilj, Oklmdtg djh Oadstdk Bd`ltdts
Mast ae tbg suooukgjt pkdjts (ljokuhlji tbg dhvgjtlvg pkdjts) drg irawlji gspgoldkky lj oadstdkrgilajs ae Jgw ^gdkdjh djh drg dhvdjolji nust aoodslajdkky lj tbg ljkdjh drgds ‟ ae oaursg tbgrg drg
samg slijlelodjt gxogptlajs, gspgoldkky lj Jartbkdjh, Duockdjh, Atdia djh Ogjtrdk Atdia. Xbls ls tbgrgdsaj wby wg wlkk bdvg d okasgr kaac dt oadstdk bd`ltdts, lijarlji marg ar kgss tbg rgst ae tbg
oaujtry.
Jgw ^gdkdjh bds d oampasltg arlilj ‟ ta d smdkk juokgus ae iajhwdjlo arlilj jumgraus tgrrdjgs ae
hleegrgjt arliljs wgrg dhhgh oajtrl`utlji tbgrgearg ta tbg trgmgjhaus vdrlgty ae lts jdturg. Lt ls vgry
ljtgrgstlji ta a`sgrvg tbdt suooukgjt pkdjt spgolgs eram samg pdrts ae tbg warkh drg jat rgdkky tbrlvlji
lj tbg wlkh (g.i. odotl djh atbgr suooukgjts eram Jartb Dmgrlod ‟ gvgj vgry ljvdslvg ajgs suob ds
vdrlaus Apujtld spp. ilvlji bdrh tlmgs ta jglib`arlji Dustrdkldj goakailsts) wblkg atbgrs (g.i.
vdrlaus suooukgjts djh xgrapbytgs eram _autb Derlod) drg vgry wgkk rgprgsgjtgh. L waj“t ia taa hggp
ljta tbls ‟ lt ls d vgry oampkgx mdttgr djh pdrtky hlsputgh djh oajtrdhlotary ear tbg mast ae tbg gdrtbsolgjtlsts (djh oajeuslji dt tlmgs ear dj dmdtgur klcg mg L waukh dhh) - `ut tbg arlilj ae tbg dklgj
pkdjts ls hgeljltgky d elrst rdjc `drrlgr / oarrlhar ear tbg sprgdh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh.
Xbgrg drg mdljky tbrgg rgilajs eram wbgrg suooukgjt dhvgjtlvg pkdjts ta `g eaujh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh
drg arliljdtlji>
- _autb Derlod ‟ tbg vgry mast ae tbgm `gkajilji ta Ordssukdogdg djh Dlzadogdg drg irawlji
lj oadstdk rgilajs ds wgkk ds lj tbg battgr djh hrlgr ljkdjh. Ds tbg oklmdtg ae tbg oadstdkrgilajs ae _autb Derlod ls slmlkdr ta tbdt ae Jgw ^gdkdjh (d samgwbdt marg bumlh
Mghltgrrdjgdj typg ae oklmdtg) ls a`vlaus wby tbgsg pkdjts bdvg d trgmgjhaus suoogss djhbdvg sprgdh samgtlmg wlhgky lj jdturg. _amg ae tbgm bdvg d vgry ljvdslvg jdturg ‟ ds
Odrpa`ratus ghukls djh Ordssukd muktlodvd, wltb hleegrgjt oajsgqugjogs tbauib.
- Mgxloa ‟ gspgoldkky _ghum djh Gobgvgrld spgolgs (`atb `gkajilji ta Ordssukdogdg)arliljdtlji eram hry pkdtgdu ar maujtdljaus rgilajs drg dhdptlji vgry wgkk ta raocy oadstdk
bd`ltdts ae Jgw ^gdkdjh. _ghum ls d qultg suoogsseuk igjus wltb d`aut 4? ar 48 spgolgs (djhpassl`ky samg atbgr wdltlji ta `g hlsoavgrgh ygt) prgsgjt aj kdrig drgds lj `atb mdnar lskdjhs
djh hug ta tbg blib WU kgvgks bgrg gvgj blib dktltuhg spgolgs drg halji wgkk dt sgd kgvgk. Egw_ghums drg prgsgjt gvgj lj ljkdjh bd`ltdts.
- Gurapg - lj d kdrigr sgjsg ‟ ljokuhlji tbg Mghltgrrdjgdj rgilaj, Oduodsus rgilaj djh wgstgrj
oajtljgjtdk Dsld, `ut dksa Odjdry Lskdjhs djh Jartb Derlod. Xwa typgs ae pkdjts bdvg `ggj
suoogsseukky gstd`klsbgh avgr tbg ygdrs lj Jgw ^gdkdjh bd`ltdts ‟ dkpljg pkdjts (suob ds
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
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Vdig 0
vdrlaus _ghum spgolgs djh _gmpgrvlvum tgotarum) djh su`traplodk pkdjts (gspgoldkky egw
Dgajlum spgolgs).
Xbg oklmdtg ls dksa dj gxtrgmgky lmpartdjt edotar ds lt mdy dot ds d `drrlgr aj tbg kaji ruj ear mastae tbg dklgj pkdjts. Xbg oadstdk rgilajs ae Jgw ^gdkdjh bdvg d mlkh oklmdtg, mast ae tbg pkdogs `glji
erast-ergg dkk ygdr raujh3 gvgj lj tbg edr sautb, qultg oakh djh bastlkg, mljlmdk tgmpgrdturgs ae -0 ar -? hgirggs Ogkslus drg gxtrgmgky rdrg dt tbg wdtgrkljg (4), gvgj lj tbg mast sautbgrj pdrts ae _tgwdrt
Lskdjh. Bat summgr hdys drg dksa qultg rdrg3 tgmpgrdturgs ae avgr ?6 hgirggs Ogkslus drg qultg
ujusudk djh usudkky rgstrlotgh ta tbg Jartb Lskdjh sltgs djh tgmpgrgh `y d straji mdrljg gxpasurg.
Xbg oadstdk rgilajs drg qultg `rggzy dt dkk tlmgs wblob ls jat ujlmpartdjt djh obdrdotgrlzgh `y
usudkky blib WU kgvgks dt sgd kgvgk gvgj hurlji okauhy hdys, jat ta spgdc tbdt tbg suj ls qultg straji
lj okgdr hdys. Dkk tbls oajtrl`utgs ta tbg suoogss ae samg dhvgjtlvg suooukgjt pkdjts. Xbgrg drg samgslijlelodjt hleegrgjogs lj tgmpgrdturgs tbauib `gtwggj tbg jartbgrj djh sautbgrj tlps ae Jgw
^gdkdjh ‟ tbgrg ls d hlstdjog ae 4,566 cm“s (dkmast 4,966 cm“s le wg ljokuhg _tgwdrt Lskdjh)3 lj
Jartbkdjh tbgrg drg straji su`traplodk ljekugjogs wltb mgdj djjudk tgmpgrdturgs ae avgr 45 hgirggsOgkslus wblkg lj tbg mast sautbgrj pdrts ae tbg _autbgrj Lskdjh (_autbkdjh) tbg oklmdtg ls ljekugjogh
`y su`-pakdr wgdtbgr systgms hrapplji tbg mgdj djjudk tgmpgrdturg ta nust avgr < hgirggs Ogkslus ‟
tbdt“s d slijlelodjt hrap ae 9 hgirggs! Xbgrg drg stlkk egw suooukgjt pkdjts tbauib, suob dsOdrpa`ratus ghukls ‟ ta mgjtlaj nust ajg ae tbgm ‟ odpd`kg ta oavgr dkmast tbg gjtlrg strgtob.
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
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Vdig ?
Pdljedkk ls usudkky mahgrdtg ta d`ujhdjt, lj mast ae tbg rgilajs tbg djjudk kgvgks drg samgwbgrg
`gtwggj 976 ‟ 4,076 mm, `ut slijlelodjt hleegrgjogs mdy `g `gtwggj sltgs nust egw cm“s dwdy`godusg ae tbg hamljdjt wljhs djh tbg tgrrdlj orgdtlji vdrlaus sbdhawlji drgds. Lj samg pkdogs (djh
ajky lj samg ae tbg ygdrs (0) ) rdljedkk odj `g vgry blib, wltb kgvgks up ta 0,?66 mm. Lt rdtbgr kaacsvgry blib ear pkdjts wltb xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlajs (djh ujhgr jarmdk olroumstdjogs lt ls sa), `ut jat aj
tbg oadstdk kljg. Lj tbg ljkdjh, lj d hleegrgjt cljh ae bd`ltdt klcg tbg obdrdotgrlstlo Jgw ^gdkdjh `usb ‟d mlxturg ae egrjs, oajlegrs djh jat taa blib trggs djh `usbgs, jat taa klibt djh cggplji tbg malsturg
hug ta d hggpgr rlob salk ‟ marg klcg d pdrdhlsg ear gplpbytlo pkdjts, lt“s d rgkdtlvgky hdrc djh qultg
bumlh pkdog djh lt“s jat gxdotky d pkdog wbgrg suooukgjt pkdjts odj sgt eaat. Xbg sgd sbargs aj tbgoajtrdry drg kgss oavgrgh wltb vgigtdtlaj ear vdrlaus rgdsajs (bumdj hgstruotlaj ae bd`ltdts ar
jdturdk graslaj praogssgs) djh hug ta tbg sdjhy ar sbdkkaw raocy salks, samgtlmgs hamljdtgh `y
raocy autoraps djh stggp raocy wdkks, tbgrg ls muob kgss wdtgr rgtgjtlaj le djy. _traji wljhs djh
bdrsb suj drg hrylji aut rdplhky tbg salk djh usudkky gvgj detgr starms djh bgdvy rdljs tbg salk mdy
`goamg hry lj d mdttgr ae hdys ‟ ujhgr tbgsg olroumstdjogs lt“s jat tbdt blib rgdkky. Marg, usudkky ljoadstdk rgilajs tbgrg ls d wdtgr hgelolt lj tbg summgr majtbs (ar dt tlmgs gvgj sbart pgrlahs ae
hrduibt) gjoaurdilji tbg irawtb djh sprgdh ae pkdjts wltb xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlajs, gspgoldkky aj tbg
gdstgrj oadsts ae `atb mdnar lskdjhs. Aj tbg atbgr bdjh tbgrg ls d qultg oajstdjt pdttgrj ae tbg
wgdtbgr systgms (igjgrdkky bumlh erajts dhvdjolji eram wgst, jartb-wgst ar sautb-wgst) sa tbdt
tbgrg ls d slijlelodjt hleegrgjog `gtwggj tbg wgstgrj oadsts (muob marg bumlh) djh tbg gdstgrj
4. ‟ ?. Jgw ^gdkdjh ls d oaujtry
ae oklmdtlo oajtrdsts ds yau odj
sgg eram tbgsg mdps, djh baw
oampkgx lt rgdkky ls, wltb qultg
hleegrgjt mloraoklmdtlo jlobgs dkk
avgr tbg pkdog3 nust ds dj gxdmpkg
‟ pkgdsg jatg tbg hdrc `kug spat
lj tbg ogjtrg ae tbg Ygst Oadst
(_autbgrj Lskdjh) wltb kgss tbdj
4,866 sujsbljg baurs ygdrky nust
466 cm eram ajg ae tbg sujjlgst
kdogs lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ‟
Tuggjstawj, lj Ogjtrdk Atdia.
Xbg mgdj ygdrky rdljedkk mdp
sbaws didlj baw buig tbg
hleegrgjog `gtwggj tbg Ygst
Oadst djh tbg Gdst Oadst ls ‟
gspgoldkky lj tbg _autbgrj Lskdjh.(Mdps `y JLYD ‟ Jdtlajdk Oklmdtg
Ogjtrg).
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
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Vdig 8
oadsts (hrygr)3 tbls pdttgrj hamljdtlji tbg wgdtbgr mast ae tbg tlmg (gspgoldkky lj tbg Jartb Lskdjh) ls
jat ajky ljekugjolji tbg rdljedkk kgvgks `ut dksa tbg jum`gr ae sujjy / okauhy hdys lj d ygdr, wblob lsdjatbgr edotar ae irgdt lmpartdjog ear tbg suooukgjt ekard. Lj tbg _autb Lskdjh tbg blib _autbgrj Dkps
rdjilji dkmast eram jartb ta sautb drg tdclji up mast ae tbg rdlj djh tbgrgearg sbdhawlji tbggdstgrj oadstdk pdrts.
_lmpkleylji d kat ‟ wg odj sdy tbdt tbg tgmpgrdturgs drg hgorgdslji eram jartb ta sautb djh tbg
rdljedkk ls hgorgdslji eram wgst ta gdst ‟ tbgsg drg tbg mdnar oklmdtlo pdrdmgtgrs ljekugjolji tbg
hlstrl`utlaj ae tbg suooukgjt ekard lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ‟ igjgrdkky aj tbg gdstgrj oadst (dkk tbg wdy eram
edr jartb hawj ta tbg sautb), djh kgss aj tbg wgstgrj oadst (gxogpt Jartbkdjh djh Duockdjh). Lt ls
tbgrgearg jat tbdt bdrh ta hrdet d hlstrl`utlaj mdp ae suooukgjt pkdjts lj Jgw ^gdkdjh. Aj tbg Jartb
Lskdjh suooukgjt pkdjts drg irawlji dkmast gvgrywbgrg aj tbg gdstgrj oadsts, djh `dslodkky drg qultgsprgdh lj ljkdjh eram edr jartb ta sautb Duockdjh djh jartbgrj Ydlcdta, aj tbg wgstgrj oadst tbgrg
drg slijlelodjt ljtgrruptlajs sautb ae Duockdjh ‟ gxogpt Ydjidjul ‟ Mdjdwbdtu - Barawbgjud ‟
Ygkkljitaj, lj wblob tbgy sggm ta tbrlvg djh sprgdh pra`d`ky `godusg ae tbg straji wljhs `dttgrljiusudkky tbg drgd djh ae tbg vgry raocy bd`ltdts. Aj tbg _autb Lskdjh tbg suooukgjt pkdjts drg
ljbd`ltdtlji dksa tbg gdstgrj oadst eram Jgksaj dkk tbg wdy hawj ta Atdia (gspgoldkky Odjtgr`ury ‟
Obrlstoburob wltb d bat spat lj @djcs Vgjljsukd), mastky eakkawlji okasg tbg sbargkljg, wltb samg
spgolgs irawlji gvgj lj _autbkdjh djh aj tbg rgmatg djh bastlkg _tgwdrt Lskdjh. Xbgrg wgrg dksa
slijlelodjt eljhljis ‟ egw _ghum spgolgs `ut dksa Apujtld vukidrls djh tbg gjhgmlo _droaoarjld
quljqugekard - lj ljkdjh kaodtlajs ae Ogjtrdk Atdia, eram tbg gdstgrj oadst up ta Dkgxdjhrd,
Oramwgkk djh okasg ta Tuggjstawj, pra`d`ky `godusg ae tbg sujjy oajhltlajs djh usudkky jat taablib rdljedkk bgrg gvgj le klibt erasts drg ergqugjt lj wljtgr. Aj tbg wgstgrj oadst tbgrg ls ja
suooukgjt ekard dt dkk sautb ae Irgymautb (tbls tawj ls samgwbgrg lj tbg jartbgrj tblrh ae YgstOadst), jat gvgj Odrpa`ratus ghukls wblob usudkky takgrdtgs prakajigh bumlhlty djh kaw
tgmpgrdturgs ar tbg gjhgmlo Hlspbymd dustrdkg ssp. dustrdkg eaujh gvgj aj tbg rgmatg _tgwdrtLskdjh.
?. ‟ 8. Xyplodk raocy sgdsbarg bd`ltdt dt Murlwdl (Duockdjh) wltb
stggp oklees djh irdssy pkdtgdus (kget) djh oadstdk sdjh hujgs bd`ltdt
wltb trdlklji xgrapbytgs pkdjts dt Ybdjidmdtd (Oaramdjhgk) aj tbg
rlibt. (Dkk pbatas `y Ghudrt ^lmgr)
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
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Vdig 7
Xbg oadstdk bd`ltdts ae Jgw ^gdkdjh drg vgry vdrlgh djh oampkgx, rdjilji eram sdjhy `gdobgs
oajtljugh lj samg pkdogs `y sdjh hujgs ta blib stggp oklees, `djcs djh raocy autoraps, eram
jumgraus kdiaajs djh gstudrlgs ta enarhs djh sdkt mdrsbgs, wltb tbg bljtgrkdjh bdvlji samgtlmg d
vgry dkpljg dspgot gvgj dt kaw dktltuhgs djh stdrtlji vgry okasg eram tbg sgdsbarg, samgtlmg dt kgss
tbdj 466 m eram tbg tlhdk kljg ‟ d buig hlvgrslty aeegrlji appartujltlgs djh apgj jlobgs ear tbg
dhvgjtlvg ekard wltb xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlajs (jat jgogssdry suooukgjt) wblob mdy gstd`klsb smdkk `ut
wgkk sgttkgh papukdtlajs odpd`kg ae rgjgwlji tbgmsgkvgs djh hlspgrslji wltbaut eurtbgr dsslstdjog. Ltls wartb paljtlji aut tbdt tbg jdtlvg xgrapbytlo ekard ls jat tbdt wgkk rgprgsgjtgh djh ls usudkky jat drgdk oampgtltlaj ear tbg dklgj ekard trylji ta gstd`klsb, tbg ajky gxogptlaj lj tbls rgidrh `glji mdy`g
tbg sdjh hujgs bd`ltdt.
7. ‟ 5. D hleegrgjt typg ae oadstdk pkdtgdu wltb klibt eargst djh irdssydsturgs lj Ygjhgrbakm, jartb ae Duockdjh (kget) djh d typlodk Pdjiltata
sgdsbarg dspgot wltb kdvd `kaocs, sdjh, orusbgh sbgkks djh Dirapyraj
ujoglearmg lj MoCgjzlg @dy ‟ Pdjiltata Lskdjh (Duockdjh) aj tbg rlibt.
9. Oadstdk bd`ltdt wltb
sdjhstajg djh klmg raocs
oavgrgh `y hgjsg vgigtdtlaj
okasg ta tbg wdtgrkljg. \au odj
sgg tbg strlp ae Ordssukd muktlodvd irawlji aj tbg kawgr
tblrh ae tbg raoc - Pussgkk ‟
@dy ae Lskdjhs (Jartbkdjh), djh
yau odj sgg dksa tbg blib tlhg
mdrc, nust ta bdvg dj lmdig a
tbg mdrljg gxpasurg. Lt kaacs
lhykklo, `ut lt ls qultg gxpasgh dt
tlmgs.
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
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Vdig 5
Lj ljkdjh tbgrg drg kgss appartujltlgs ta ljelktrdtg tbg wgkk gstd`klsbgh (djh marg bumlh) bd`ltdts djh
tbg qultg ergqugjt erasts aoourrlji hurlji wljtgr sautb ae Duockdjh (?), tbgsg drg hlsoaurdilji
edotars, dktbauib dkpljg pkdjts suob ds samg ae tbg _ghum spgolgs djh aoodslajdkky Ordssukd
muktlodvd, Ordssukd tgtrdiajd djh Vartukdod akgrdogd drg prgsgjt3 aj tbg atbgr bdjh mast ae tbg
suooukgjt pkdjts bdvg dj appartujlstlo obdrdotgr (le jat ljvdslvg) djh mdy eljh lj hlstur`gh drgd
wbgrg ta sgttkg (mdljky `godusg ae hgeargstdtlaj, ur`djlzdtlaj, dirloukturg, pu`klo warcs, wdstgkdjhsdjh gdrtb warcs ae djy typg), eakkawlji typlodkky tbg radhslhgs ar tbg `dkkdst ae tbg rdlkwdys djh
gstd`klsblji wbgrg hlstur`gh drgds drg dvdlkd`kg.
<. Xbgrg drg gxtrgmgky
sklm obdjogs ear
suooukgjt dklgj pkdjts
ta sgttkg lj tbls typlodk
Jgw ^gdkdjh `usb
bd`ltdt ‟ bumlh djh
rdtbgr hdrc. Xatdrd
Bglibts ‟ sautb a
Duockdjh.
2. Kdvd `kaocs djh mlxgh
arms djh by`rlhs a
gajlum bdwartbll,gajlum olkldtum djh
assl`ky Dgajlum dr`argumirawlji taigtbgr lj Lskljitaj
@dy ae Pdjiltata Lskdjh
(Duockdjh). D pdrdhlsg ear
suooukgjt pkdjts, wltb d
surrgdklstlo tauob tbau b.
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
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Vdig 9
U. Odsudk vs. Jdturdklzgh
L prgegr ta usg tbg warh ‛dhvgjtlvg” (mgdjlji dhhltlajdk) ljstgdh ae jdturdklzgh wbgj rgegrrlji tadklgj ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh `godusg ae lts wlhgr mgdjlji ‟ irauplji taigtbgr dkk typgs ae dhhltlajs.
Xbls tgrm, rdrgky usgh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh detgr D. N. Bgdky bds usgh lt lj 4<7<, ls irauplji `atb mdljodtgiarlgs ‟ odsudk djh jdturdklzgh, wblob ls prgegrd`kg ds tbg mast ae tbg dklgj suooukgjt pkdjts
aoourrlji lj jdturg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh drg odsudks djh bdvg d rgstrlotgh ar muob kaodklzgh hlstrl`utlaj,
`glji nust dj dhhltlaj ta d ujlqug ekard. Xbg orltgrld ear ljokuslaj lj ajg ar tbg atbgr odtgiary ‟
mdljky ds hgsorl`gh `y V. @. Bggjdj & dk. (0660) ‟ drg>
d) Odsudk>
- tbgy drg pdsslvgky rgigjgrdtlji ajky aj tbg vloljlty ae tbg ouktlvdtgh pdrgjt pkdjts ar le marg
wlhgsprgdh ls rgprgsgjtgh `y lsakdtgh ljhlvlhudks djh ls jat earmlji papukdtlajs3- tbgy drg idrhgj gsodpgs pgrslstlji ear d klmltgh tlmg ajky3
- tbgy drg arliljdtlji eram idrhgj hlsodrhs djh drg pgrslstlji kaodkky ̀ ut jat sprgdhlji sgxudkky
ar vgigtdtlvg.
`) Jdturdklzgh>
- tbgy earm d sgke-mdljtdljgh papukdtlaj, gltbgr `y sggh ar vgigtdtlvg rgprahuotlaj3- tbgy aoour rgpgdtghky lj jdturdk ar sgml-jdturdk bd`ltdts ar lj ur`dj gjvlrajmgjts djh lj
slijlelodjt jum`grs.- tbgy mdy earm vgry straji papukdtlajs odpd`kg ae `goamlji dt kgdst kaodkky tbg hamljdjt
earm ae vgigtdtlaj djh rgstrlot ar rgpkdog oampgtltlaj pkdjts ar odpd`kg ae eukky ljtgirdtlaj ljjdtlvg bd`ltdts.
Lt ls qultg bdrh samgtlmg ta ljokuhg tbgm lj ajg ar tbg atbgr ae tbg twa odtgiarlgs ds tbg suoogss ae
dklgj ekard hgpgjhs jat ajky aj tbg obdrdotgrlstlo ae tbg spgolgs ‟ suob ds ljvdslvg obdrdotgr, jdturdkbd`ltdts prgegrrgh - ar appartujltlgs ilvgj djh mgdjs ae hlspgrsdk, `ut bdzdrh pkdys d mdnar rakg taa.
Aj tbg atbgr bdjh lt ls lj my apljlaj nust d stdtlo vlgw ds papukdtlajs ae dklgj pkdjts mdy sprgdhrdplhky ajky ta hgorgdsg aj d kaji tgrm, samg ae tbgm hlsdppgdrlji oampkgtgky detgr samg tlmg ta
rgdppgdr hgodhgs kdtgr (8). Xbg tlmg ilvgj ls djatbgr vgry lmpartdjt edotar. Xwa vgry iaah gxdmpkgs‟ tbg elrst ajg Apujtld vukidrls (7) rgpartghky gsodpgh lj jdturg eram twa pkdjtdtlajs lj Duockdjh
djh Ydlcdta djh a`sgrvgh djh oakkgotgh aj sgvgrdk aoodslajs hurlji tbg 4256“s bdvg hlsdppgdrgh
ajky hgodhgs kdtgr, tbg twa cjawj smdkk Duockdjh papukdtlajs `glji kaodtgh samgwbgrg gksg3 tbgsgoajh ajg ‟ gvgj le jat d suooukgjt pkdjt ‟ ls @lhgjs plkasd, sa wlhgsprgdh lj Duockdjh drgd `y
4294 tbdt X. Clrc gvgj oajslhgrgh tbls pkdjt ta `g jdtlvg, `ut stdrtlji ta hgokljg kdtgr aj. Detgr egw
hgodhgs tbls pkdjt slmpky hlsdppgdrgh ajky ta rgdppgdr detgr 4<97. Xbgrg drg dksa egw spgolgs cjawj
ear kaji tlmg `ut tbasg drg jaw marg wlhgsprgdh djh oajslhgrgh eukky jdturdklzgh djh tbdt wgrg
prgvlausky trgdtgh ds odsudk ar nust mgjtlajgh lj samg pdpgrs ds aoodslajdkky aoourrlji lj smdkk prljt
pdrdirdpbs. Xbls mgdjs tbdt tbls cljh ae oyokgs mdy dot avgr d oajslhgrd`ky pgrlah ae tlmg djh mdy
dksa bdvg vgry oampkgx rgdsajs, atbgr tbdj tbg usudkky doogptgh ‟ ljvdslvg obdrdotgr, bd`ltdt
hgstruotlaj ar oklmdtg sblets ‟ djh mdy `g a`sgrvgh ajky wbgj djdkyzlji kajigr pgrlahs ae tlmg (5).Oklmdtg obdjigs mdy `g ae rgkgvdjt lmpartdjog, dktbauib tbls hags jat sggm ta gxpkdlj gvgrytblji.
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Vdig 2
Bawgvgr, lj mast ae tbg odsgs djh dt kgdst rgidrhlji tbg dklgj suooukgjt ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh tbg
‛odsudk” kgvgk ls tbg mdxlmum tbgy odj rgdob ujkgss bd`ltdt hgstruotlaj ls jat aeegrlji tbgm jgwappartujltlgs. D mdnar rakg ls pkdygh `y tbg geeart ae tbg gjvlrajmgjtdk aridjlzdtlajs tawdrhs
oajsgrvdtlaj ae bd`ltdt. Ugigtdtlaj oajtrak djh okasg majltarlji ae cjawj papukdtlajs odj pravlhgdj ljhlodtlaj ae tbg patgjtldk tbrgdt tbgsg pkdjts mdy rgprgsgjt ear tbg jdtlvg `latd le tbglr gxpdjslaj
ls jat oajtrakkgh djh dkkaw d tlmgky dotlaj ear grdhlodtlaj ae sgvgrg ljegstdtlajs.
Lj rdrg odsgs dklgj suooukgjt pkdjts mdy bdvg d `gjgelo ljekugjog aj tbg jdturdk bd`ltdts ‟ djh L wlkk
mgjtlaj didlj Odrpa`ratus ghukls gspgoldkky ear mdljtdljlji tbg sdjh hujgs bd`ltdt ‟ `ut tbdt“s
rdtbgr tbg gxogptlaj3 ja mdttgr baw muob wg kavg tbg suooukgjt pkdjts wg bdvg ta doogpt tbdt tbglr
pkdog ls lj tbglr arliljdk jdturdk bd`ltdt (wbgrg wg sbaukh pratgot tbgm `y dkk mgdjs), djh jat
djywbgrg gksg.
UL. Xbg _ghum Iraup
_ghum ls d vgry suoogsseuk iraup ljhggh, wltb smdkk papukdtlajs ar lsakdtgh iraups ae pkdjts
sodttgrgh dkk avgr Jgw ^gdkdjh, djh lt ls qultg ujhgrstdjhd`kg wby ‟ tbgsg drg pra`d`ky tbg samg ae
tbg mast ouktlvdtgh suooukgjt pkdjts bgrg, djh drg dksa oaplji vgry wgkk wltb tbg oklmdtg djh tbg kaodk
bd`ltdts. Ds samg ae tbgm drg dkpljg pkdjts tbgy bdvg mdjdigh ta gstd`klsb gvgj lj oaakgr rgilajs ae
tbg ljkdjh (samg ae tbgm rgstrlotgh ta tbg _autb Lskdjh ajky) dktbauib tbg prgegrrgh bd`ltdts drg lj tbgoadstdk drgds. _ghums drg lj pgregot mdtob wltb Jgw ^gdkdjh oklmdtg ‟ mast ae tbgm bdvg dkrgdhy
samg hgirgg ae xgrapbytlo dhdptdtlaj djh bdvg dkrgdhy swltobgh ta ODM pbatasyjtbgsls. Ds mast aetbg pkdjts gsodpgh lj jdturg bgrg drg arliljdtlji eram dkpljg bd`ltdts tbgy drg takgrdjt ae d kdrig
hlurjdk tgmpgrdturg rdjig jat ta spgdc ae egw erast bdrhy spgolgs tdclji up ta -40 hgirggs Ogkslus argjhurlji gvgj wggcs oavgrgh wltb sjaw. _ghums drg usudkky gdsy ta pkgdsg ‟ irawlji lj dkmast djy
mghlum, samg prgegrrlji ja salk dt dkk djh irawlji hlrgotky aj raocs, `ut igjgrdkky kaaclji ear d kgssgxpasgh sltg3 le jat taa gxpasgh ta blib tgmpgrdturgs (ar le tbgy bdvg d iaah jdturdk vgjtlkdtlaj wbgj
tbls aoours), mahgrdtg klibt oajhltlajs (tbgy tdcg eukk suj, `ut prgegr sgml-sbdhg) djh d oajstdjtsuppky ae malsturg (jgvgr hry aut oampkgtgky ear d prakajigh pgrlah ae tlmg) tbgy wlkk tbrlvg. _uob
paocgts djh jlobgs drg sodttgrgh dkk avgr Jgw ^gdkdjh, gspgoldkky lj oadstdk djh su`-dkpljg drgdsmdclji lt gdsy ear tbls pkdjt iraup ta gstd`klsb djh sprgdh lj jdturg. Lt bds `ggj gstd`klsbgh tbdt tbg
Jgw ^gdkdjh pkdjts drg usudkky sgttlji sggh djh bdvlji tbgrgearg iaah mgdjs ae hlspgrsdk. Mast aetbg pkdjts `gkajilji ta tbls iraup drg arliljdtlji eram Mgxloa djh Gurapg, wltb egw dhhltlajs eram
wgstgrj oajtljgjtdk ar traplodk Dsld.
_ghum dorg Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] ls cjawj eram djolgjt tlmgs djh wds usgh `y tbg Pamdjs ds d
mghloljdk pkdjt. Dorg mgdjs ‛saur ” djh rgegrs tbg sklibtky dolh tdstg ae tbg kgdvgs lj gdrky marjlji.Xbls pkdjt wds dkrgdhy cjawj eram djolgjt tlmgs djh usgh `y Pamdjs djh kdtgr `y majcs ear lts
puridtlvg djh atbgr mghloljdk qudkltlgs djh ls tbgrgearg aetgj eaujh irawlji wlkh lj earmgr sltgs ae
majdstgrlgs. Hgpgjhlji aj tbg oajhltlajs tbgsg pkdjts mdy kaasg pdrtky tbg eakldig lj kdtg dutumj,
kgdvlji nust tbg tgrmljdk kgdvgs, wblob tdcg d rlob `rajzg oakaur ujtlk kdtg ljta jgxt sprlji wbgj tbg
jgw irawtb `giljs. Lt bds typlodk jgghs ear tbg igjus ‟ halji wgkk lj paar salks djh tdclji
gvgrytblji `gtwggj eukk suj djh klibt sbdhg. Xbg pkdjt wds elrst rgoarhgh lj tbg wlkh lj 4<68 `y Y.
Y. _mltb djh rgpartghky iraws jaw dkmast gvgrywbgrg bgrg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh, eram sgdsbarg ta
kawkdjh djh ta majtdjg sltgs, eram Vdwdcdtutu up jartb ta gdstgrj djh ogjtrdk Atdia lj tbg sautb. Ltprgegrs sbdkkaw raocy, irdvgky ar sdjhy salks, iraws dksa aj sbljikg djh mast paraus su`strdtgs ar
rgogjtky hlstur`gh suob ds radhslhgs ar rdlkwdy trdocs ar gm`djcmgjts, ru``kg, raoc `kuees ar
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Vdig <
djywbgrg gksg wbgrg tbg stajy iraujh ls gxpasgh ‟ ae oaursg mdljky lj tbg gdstgrj pdrts ae Jgw
^gdkdjh djh edr kgss lj tbg bumlh wgstgrjs pdrts. Lt ls vgry ujhgmdjhlji djh lt bds sprgdh wlhgkytbrauibaut tbg oaujtry eram sgd kgvgk ta jgdrky 4,766 m d`avg sgd kgvgk. L bdvg ta dhmlt tbdt,
dktbauib L cjaw tbg pkdjt eram ouktlvdtlaj, L bdvg jgvgr sggj lt lj wlkh gvgj le rgpartghky lt ls tbgwlhgst sprgdh dklgj suooukgjt pkdjt bgrg.
_ghum dk`um Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] bds d slmlkdr sprgdh rdjilji eram Xdlpd (Jartbkdjh) ta
Hujghlj (Atdia). Lt sbaws slmlkdr prgegrgjogs ta _ghum dorg, ljokuhlji tbg dkpljg gxpasurg, `ut lt
dksa aoours lj sdjhy sltgs djh stajy rlvgr`ghs ar gvgj dkaji eaatpdtbs orasslji `usb kdjh. Xbg elrst
oakkgotlaj wds mdhg eram gm`djcmgjts jgdr Cawbdl @usb (Obrlstoburob) lj 4<78 `y B. Xdk`at, `ut
Bgdky wds tbg elrst ta mgjtlaj lt lj 4<7<. Bgdky tbauibt tbdt lt ls dkrgdhy marg wlhgsprgdh tbdj tbg
cjawj oakkgotlaj waukh bdvg bdh ljhlodtgh, `ut bg wds oajslhgrlji nust tbg _autb Lskdjh ds dpassl`kg hlstrl`utlaj drgd. Xahdy lt ls cjawj eram sgvgrdk oakkgotlajs tbdt lt ls dkrgdhy wlhgsprgdh
eram jartb ta sautb. Bgdky ls dksa mdclji d vgry ljtrliulji rgmdrc> ‛ Lt dppgdrs ta bdvg goajamlo
slijlelodjog lj sgvgrdk kaodkltlgs ds d wggh ae `dkkdst dkaji rdlkwdy trdocs”. _amg ae tbg elrstoakkgotlajs mdhg lj tbg _autb Lskdjh wgrg mgjtlajlji Vgkkdgd edkodtd, Drgjdrld sgrpykkleakld djh Drd`lhapsls tbdkldjd ds dssaoldtgh pkdjts.
46. _ghum dk`um irawlji aj `kdoc kdvd djh soarld `kaocs aj Pdjiltata Lskdjh (Duockdjh).
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Vdig 46
_ghum hdsypbykkum Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] ls djatbgr ae tbg suooukgjt dhvgjtlvg pkdjts elrst
mgjtlajgh `y Bgdky lj 4<7<. Xbg elrst oakkgotlaj wds mdhg lj 4<79 lj Admdru (Mt. Oaac) eramsmdkk mlxgh papukdtlaj. Lt bdsj“t sprgdh taa muob sljog djh lt stlkk bds d kaodklzgh hlstrl`utlaj lj Vart
Jgksaj, Mt. Oaac, Odjtgr`ury djh Obrlstoburob. Lt ls gstd`klsbgh ajky oadstdkky djh iraws dkaji hryrlvgr`djcs djh rdlkwdy trdocs, djh ‟ ds d pdrtloukdr bd`lt ae tbls pkdjt ‟ nust lj mlxgh papukdtlajs
wltb _ghum dorg djh _ghum rgekgxum.
_ghum hgoum`gjs P. X. Okdusgj 4<97 SMgxloa] wds oakkgotgh ds gdrky ds 4<25 dt @rltdjjld
Bglibts lj Jgksaj `y _ycgs wba pu`klsbgh tbg jdturdklzdtlaj ae tbls pkdjt lj 4<22 lj vak. 8 ae ‛Ekard
ae Jgw ^gdkdjh” djh lj bls 4<2< Obgocklst. Bawgvgr, lt hagsj“t sggm ta sprgdh taa muob sljog djh
`glji oakkgotgh nust eram egw kaodkltlgs ds Iaasg @dy (Mdrk`arauib) djh @djcs Vgjljsukd
(Obrlstoburob) djh dksa egw atbgr pkdogs lj Odjtgr`ury. Lt prgegrs tbg radhslhgs wbgrg lt irawsusudkky blhhgj `gtwggj irdssgs ar tdkkgr vdsoukdr pkdjts. Ds dj dkpljg pkdjt lt a`vlausky prgegrs d
oaakgr oklmdtg djh lts hlstrl`utlaj ls dppdrgjtky rgstrlotgh ta tbg _autb Lskdjh. Bawgvgr, twa
oakkgotlajs ae d vgry slmlkdr pkdjt (9) wgrg mdhg lj Ydjidjul djh Ygkkljitaj, tbg kdttgr aj ‛vgrystggp okdy `djc aj radhslhg3 pdtob sprdwklji hawj `djc dmaji Ordssukd muktlodvd djh pdrtky
avgrtappgh `y Oapraspramd rgpgjs aj d jartb dspgot”. Xbls pkdjt rgmljhs ae d mljldturg _ghum
prdgdktum djh ls dksa aetgj oajeusgh wltb _ghum pdkmgrl Ydtsaj tbg mdlj hleegrgjog `glji tbdt tbg
kdttgr bds marg ar kgss ikduoaus djh usudkky smdkkgr kgdvgs. Vkdjts jaw trgdtgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs
bdvg prgvlausky `ggj ljokuhgh wltblj d `radhgr oajogpt ae _ghum oajeusum Bgmskgy.
_ghum earstgrldjum O. D. _mltb 4262 SGurapg] (2) ls sodttgrgh lj sgvgrdk kaodkltlgs lj Duockdjh
drgd, ljokuhlji Bdurdcl Iuke lskdjhs suob ds Klttkg @drrlgr Lskdjh djh Pdjiltata. @ggvgr bds hajg tbg
elrst oakkgotlaj `doc lj 4<92 lj Klttkg @drrlgr Lskdjh `ut tbg elrst dooaujt ae tbls eljhlji dppgdrgh 46
ygdrs kdtgr, lj vak. 8 ae ‛Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh”. Lt bds `ggj oajeusgh sgvgrdk tlmgs wltb _ghum
rgekgxum lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ds samg ae tbg hlstljiulsblji obdrdotgrs drg gvlhgjt nust aj klvlji mdtgrldkdjh odjjat `g prgsgrvgh lj bgr`drlum spgolmgjs (<). Dktbauib slijlelodjt hleegrgjogs gxlst tbls pkdjt
44. _ghum hgoum`gjs ,
d ekawgrlji pkdjt eram
Dkerlstaj @atdjlo
Idrhgjs.
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Vdig 44
bds `ggj trgdtgh ujtlk rgogjtky usudkky ds d earm ar vdrlgty ae _ghum rupgstrg Kljjdgus 497?, tbg
mdlj hleegrgjog `gtwggj tbg twa `glji tbg ikduoaus kgdvgs ae tbg kdttgr.
_ghum klg`mdjjldjum Bgmskgy 4292 SMgxloa] ls cjawj eram tbg wlkh `y nust d sljikg oakkgotlajeram d raocy skapg lj Dkgxdjhrd (Ogjtrdk Atdia) ‟ d wajhgreuk sujjy vdkkgy surraujhgh `y
maujtdlj rdjigs. Ds dj dkpljg pkdjt lj lts arliljdk bd`ltdt lt waukh bdvg eaujh d iaah pkdog bgrg. Lt lsajg ae tbg vgry egw dhvgjtlvg suooukgjt pkdjts jat slibtgh lj oadstdk drgds ygt.
_ghum mgxlodjum @rlttaj 42<< SMgxloa] wds oakkgotgh ear tbg elrst tlmg lj 4<55 `y Bgdky lj d
wdstgkdjh jgdr Bgdtboatg (Obrlstoburob) djh wds slibtgh sgvgrdk tlmgs detgr tbdt lj Obrlstoburob djh
Odjtgr`ury drgds pra`d`ky arliljdtlji eram hlsodrhgh idrhgj wdstg. Lt wds qultg strdjig ds sgvgrdk
smdkk papukdtlajs wgrg cjawj ear hgodhgs bgrg `ut jawbgrg gksg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh dktbauib tbg pkdjtls vgry papukdr lj ouktlvdtlaj lj atbgr rgilajs taa. Bawgvgr, lj Duiust 0669 egw pkdjts wgrg
hlsoavgrgh lj Vutdruru (Ydlcdta) aj tbg `djcs ae tbg Ydlcdta rlvgr djh dksa lj 0669 dj lsakdtgh
pkdjt wds oakkgotgh eram Pdjiltata Lskdjh (Duockdjh), suiigstlji tbdt tbg hlstrl`utlaj drgd lspassl`ky muob wlhgr tbdj `atdjlsts bdvg tbauibt ear hgodhgs.
_ghum mardjgjsg Bum`akht, @ajpkdjh & Cjutb 420? SMgxloa] ls djatbgr dkpljg _ghum
arliljdtlji eram Mgxloa halji vgry wgkk lj tbg sujjy vdkkgys ae Dkgxdjhrd djh Oramwgkk (Ogjtrdk
Atdia). Xbgrg wgrg nust egw pkdjts slibtgh djh oakkgotgh `y _ycgs lj 4<20 djh pu`klsbgh `y H. P.Ilvgj lj 4<28.
_ghum prdgdktum ssp. prdgdktum Hg Odjhakkg 4289 SMgxloa] ls djatbgr Mgxlodj _ghum
arliljdtlji eram dkpljg bd`ltdts, wblob ls vgry wlhgsprgdh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh. Lt wds elrst oakkgotgh lj4<7? jgdr Ybdcdrajia - @ujjytbarpg (Mdjdwdtu) `ut lj sbart tlmg atbgr papukdtlajs wgrg
hlsoavgrgh sa tbdt lj 4<7< Bgdky dkrgdhy cjgw ae lts gxtgjslvg oakajlgs earmgh lj `atb mdnarlskdjhs. Lt ls qultg aetgj sggj aj radhslhg `djcs djh ru``lsb humps `ut dksa aj oadstdk oklees djh lj
atbgr pkdogs lj raocy salks ar wbgrg mdrljg gxpasurg ls dvdlkd`kg. Lt ls dj dkpljg pkdjt tbauib,rgpartghky aoourrlji nust lj tbg sautbgrj tblrh ae tbg Jartb Lskdjh djh dkk avgr tbg _autbgrj Lskdjh
djh gvgj gjnaylji tbg su`-pakdr ljekugjogs ae tbg edr sautb.
40. _ghum prdgdktum ssp. rdgdktum, d smdkk lsakdtgh
kdjtkgt irawlji aj kdvd
`kaocs surraujhgh `y massgs
lj Pdjiltata Lskdjh
(Duockdjh).
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Vdig 40
_ghum x ru`ratljotum P. X. Okdusgj 4<82 Spra`d`ky d idrhgj by`rlh arliljdtlji eram Mgxloa] lsdjatbgr pkdjt elrst oakkgotgh `y _ycgs (4<25, _odr`arauib Blkk ‟ Obrlstoburob) wba dksa pu`klsbgh
tbg jdturdklzdtlaj ae tbls pkdjt lj 4<22 lj vak. 8 ae ‛Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh” djh lj bls 4<2< Obgocklst.Lt ls ourrgjtky rgstrlotgh ta Jgksaj, Odjtgr`ury djh Obrlstoburob wbgrg lt ls aoourrlji lj raocy salks
okasg ta idrhgjs. Xbg wgkk cjawj Ngkky @gdj Vkdjt ‟ vgry papukdr bgrg lj Jgw ^gdkdjh ‟ ls d typlodkidrhgj gsodpg3 dktbauib lt ls jat sgttlji sggh tbg edt oykljhrlodk kgdvgs drg gdslky hgtdoblji djh
sgttlji raats gspgoldkky lj kdtg wljtgr djh sprlji, earmlji lj tlmg d iraujhoavgr ae trdlklji stgms.
_ghum spgotd`lkg @argdu 4255 SObljd, Cargd, Ndpdj] dktbauib cjawj eram d 4<99 oakkgotlaj ae
Bgdky eram d wdstgkdjh lj Obrlstoburob drgd wds elrst pu`klsbgh `y _ycgs lj bls 4<22 & 4<2<
dkrgdhy oltgh warcs. Xbg pkdjt ls qultg wlhgsprgdh lj Ygkkljitaj, Jgksaj, Odjtgr`ury djh
Obrlstoburob djh lt prgegrs tbg sdjhy salks `gbljh tbg `gdobgs ar sdjh hujgs (usudkky earmgr `gdob
erajts) `ut lt dksa eakkawlji tbg radhslhgs djh tbg `dkkdst ae tbg rdlkradhs djh ls dksa aoourrlji lj tbg
praxlmlty ae wdstgkdjhs ar ru``lsb humps. D sljikg oakkgotlaj bds `ggj hajg eram Ydjidjul. Lt ls dvgry papukdr pkdjt bgrg, irawj lj prlvdtg _ghum oakkgotlajs djh lj prlvdtg djh pu`klo idrhgjs dkmast
4?. _ghum x ru`ratljotum , d ouktlvdtgh pkdjt eram my raoc idrhgj.
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Vdig 4?
tbrauibaut Jgw ^gdkdjh. Lt takgrdtgs d wlhg rdjig ae tgmpgrdturgs, bumlhlty kgvgks djh salk qudkltlgs
‟ nust gjauib ta bdvg d buig hlspgrsdk patgjtldk. Igjgrdkky lt stdys smdkkgr lj jdturg oampdrgh wltbouktlvdtgh pkdjts `ut ls bdrhy gjauib ta sprgdh djh gstd`klsb wgkk sgttkgh papukdtlajs. Lj samg ae tbg
pkdjts tbg ekawgrs drg hggp pljc oarrgspajhlji ta ov. ‛@rlkkldjt”, `ut lj mast ae tbgm tbg oakaur lspdkg pljc ta pljc. Lt ls qultg bdrh ta gstd`klsb le samg ae tbg jdturdklzgh pkdjts drg tbg arliljdk
spgolgs, mast klcgky jat ds d kdrig jum`gr ae ouktlvdrs wgrg vgry gdsy ta eljh lj Idrhgj Ogjtgrs earmdjy hgodhgs. Ds tbg pkdjts drg prapdidtlji ajky `y vgigtdtlvg mgdjs lt ls vgry klcgky tbdt mast ae
tbgm le jat dkk gsodpg pkdjts drg ae by`rlh arlilj.
Xbg gxdot appasltg ls bdppgjlji ta _ghum spurlum Mdrsobdkk vaj @lg`grstglj 4262 SOduodsus
rgilaj], wblob ls rgprgsgjtgh lj jdturg `y tbg arliljdk spgolgs ajky, dktbauib tbg Idrhgj Ogjtgrs djh
Ekawgr _baps wgrg aeegrlji dj dvdkdjobg ae mahgrj by`rlhs ear mdjy hgodhgs. Xbg pkdjt wdsoakkgotgh elrst lj 4<20 `y _ycgs lj Drrawtawj lj Ogjtrdk Atdia. _ycgs bds pu`klsbgh tbg eljhlji lj
bls 4<22 & 4<2< oltgh warcs. Ds dj dkpljg pkdjt eram d tgmpgrdtg rgilaj lt prgegrs tbg oaakgr oklmdtg
ae Ogjtrdk Atdia wbgrg sgvgrdk oakkgotlajs wgrg mdhg lj rgogjt ygdrs dt Dkgxdjhrd, Drrawtawj djhKdcg Bdwgd.
_ghum rgekgxum Kljjdgus 497? SGurapg] wds elrst mgjtlajgh `y Bgdky lj 4<7< `ut wds dkrgdhy
cjawj sljog 4<78, wbgj lt wds oakkgotgh lj Djhgrsaj“s @dy ‟ Hujghlj (Atdia)3 lj 4<79 twa atbgr
papukdtlajs wgrg hlsoavgrgh lj 4<79 lj Admdru (Mt. Oaac) djh Dkgxdjhrd (Ogjtrdk Atdia).Dppdrgjtky lt bds sprgdh sljog ‟ wltb egw jgw papukdtlajs sodttgrgh lj Atdia, Odjtgr`ury djh
Obrlstoburob djh ‟ sljog 4<28 - d sgoajh hlstrl`utlaj drgd lj Iuke Bdurdcl (Duockdjh) aj sgvgrdklskdjhs ljokuhlji Pdjiltata Lskdjh djh Klttkg @drrlgr Lskdjh. Lt ls d`ujhdjtky gstd`klsbgh aj raocy
autoraps, rdlkwdy gm`djcmgjts, radhslhgs, wdstgkdjhs djh oadstdk oklees.
Lj tbg gjh egw warhs d`aut wbdt L tbljc lt ls d hlsputgh jdmg - _ghum clmjdobll @ydkt 4<<<SMgxloa]. Xbls ls d rgogjt sgirgidtlaj eram _ghum hgoum`gjs (djh stlkk oajslhgrgh `y samg
`atdjlsts d syjajym ae tbls tdxaj djh ae _ghum okdusgjll @ydkt 4<<2). Xbgrg ls ajg pra`kgm tbauib(gvgj le wg doogpt tbg vdklhlty ae tbls jgw tdxaj) ‟ `atb lj ouktlvdtlaj djh jdturg lt ls vgry aetgj
mlskd`gkgh / mlslhgjtlelgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs ar gvgj ds _ghum oajeusum wblob mdcgs mg rdtbgrscgptlodk lj tbls odsg. Ja rgogjt dooaujt wblob mlibt ljokuhg lt ds d Jgw ̂ gdkdjh jdturdklzgh pkdjt ls
cjawj ta mg gxogpt Jgw ^gdkdjh Vkdjt Oajsgrvdtlaj Jgtwarc (www.jzpoj.ari.jz) wltb d kdstmljutg dhhltlaj3 tbg pkdjts pbatairdpbgh `y Ngrgmy Pakpbg lj Aota`gr 0669 lj Kawgr Butt, jartb ae
_tacgs (Ygkkljitaj) bdvg hgeljltgky d hleegrgjt kaac eram atbgr pkdjts kd`gkgh _ghum hgoum`gjs Lbdvg sggj. Bawgvgr, _ghum hgoum`gjs bds samg hgirgg ae jdturdk vdrld`lklty djh ‟ ta put lt tbls
wdy ‟ L“m rdtbgr cggj ta bgdr d sgoajh apljlaj eram d hleegrgjt `atdjlo dutbarlty. Ds dppdrgjtky ja
atbgr oakkgotlajs bdvg `ggj hajg ygt ‟ atbgr tbdj tbasg rgoarhgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs (1) autslhg tbgcjawj hlstrl`utlaj drgd ae tbls pkdjt djh wblob pra`d`ky bdvg dkrgdhy kast djy solgjtlelo rgkgvdjog -
lt ls taa gdrky ear tbls3 sgg (9) didlj.
Dhhltlajdk Pgegrgjogs>
H. P. Ilvgj ‟ Obgocklst ae Hloatykghajs Jdturdklzgh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh (Jgw ^gdkdjh Naurjdk ae @atdjy, Uak. 00, 4<28)3
V. @. Bggjdj & dk. ‟ Obgocklst ae Hloatykghajs, Iymjaspgrms, djh Vtgrlhapbytgs Jdturdklzgh ar Odsudk lj Jgw ^gdkdjh> Dhhltlajdk Pgoarhs 4<<< ‟
0666 (Jgw ^gdkdjh Naurjdk ae @atdjy, Uak. 84, 0660)3
JLYD ‟ Jdtlajdk Oklmdtg Ogjtrg - bttp>//www.jlwd.orl.jz/joo 3
VHE Orgdtgh wltb hgscVHE VHE Yrltgr - Xrldk >> bttp>//www.haouhgsc.oam
7/18/2019 Eduart Zimer - (SDU) - Adventive Plants - Part 2 (2007)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/eduart-zimer-sdu-adventive-plants-part-2-2007 14/14
Vdig 48
Jgw ^gdkdjh Vkdjt Oajsgrvdtlaj Jgtwarc (0667 - 0669) (www.jzpoj.ari.jz )3
O. N. Yg``, Y. P. _ycgs & dk. ‟ Obgocklst ae Hloatykghajs, Iymjaspgrms, djh Vtgrlhapbytgs Jdturdklzgh lj Jgw ^gdkdjh> Dhhltlajdk Pgoarhs djh
Oarrgotlajs (Jgw ^gdkdjh Naurjdk ae @atdjy, Uak. 09, 4<2<)3
G. ^lmgr ‟ Vkdjtg suoukgjtg jdturdklzdtg lj Jaud ^ggkdjhd (0669) - (Dztgclum ‟ rgvlstd oakgotlajdrlkar hg odotusl - 0669 / 0662 ‟ lj prljt).
Eurtbgr Pgdhljis>
H. N. Mdbaj ‟ Odjtgr`ury Jdturdklzgh Udsoukdr Vkdjt Obgocklst (Odjtgr`ury Hgpdrtmgjt ae Oajsgrvdtlaj - Ugrslaj Nujg 0669)3
Pdy _tgpbgjsaj ‟ _ghum> Ouktlvdtgh _tajgoraps (4<<8).
My Jatgs>
(4) Nust egw cm“s ljkdjh odj mdcg d slijlelodjt hleegrgjog. Dt Awdbd (Atdia) erggzlji tgmpgrdturgs drg rgdobgh lj 8? jlibts lj d ygdr, `ut nust lj ? egw
cm“s dwdy aj tbg sgdsbarg.
(0) Xbg Gk Jlja / Kd Jljd oyokgs bdvg d irgdt ljekugjog aj tbg oklmdtlo pdrdmgtgrs bgrg lj tbg sautbgrj Vdolelo, `rljilji sgqugjogs ae wdrm / oakh djh /ar hry / bumlh ygdrs.
(?) Lt ls jat tbg erggzlji tgmpgrdturgs dkajg, `ut tbg dssaoldtlaj wltb blib bumlhlty kgvgks hurlji wljtgr. Bgdvy erasts drg ujcjawj tbauib, gvgj lj
maujtdlj drgds ae _autb Lskdjh lt ls jat igttlji `gkaw -7 ta -46 hgirggs gvgj hurlji tbg oakhgst wljtgrs.
(8) Ybdt hrlvgs tbg suoogss ae dklgj spgolgs wlkk `g su`stdjtldtgh lj tbg tblrh pdrt ae tbls sgrlgs.
(7) Lt ls usudkky rgegrrgh ds Apujtld vukidrls `y Jgw ^gdkdjh dutbars dktbauib lt samgtlmgs ls rgegrrgh dksa ds Apujtld majdodjtbd, wblob ls tbg
doogptgh jdmg. Xa dhh samg oajeuslaj tbgrg drg dksa dutbars rgegrrlji ̀ atb jdmgs.
(5) D oajjalssgur ae ajg ae tbg mast spgotdoukdr dkags ‟ Dkag pakypbykkd (Dkdj O. @gvgrky lj ‛Xbg Goakailo _tdtus djh Gjvlrajmgjt ae Dkag pakypbykkd
lj Kgsatba” lj Odotus & _uooukgjt Naurjdk (W._.) 4<26) ‟ ls mgjtlajlji lj bls dooaujt d`aut pkdjts `gkajilji ta Dstgrdogdg edmlky `goamlji hamljdjt
lj blib dktltuhg bd`ltdts avgr d pgrlah ae 066 ygdrs. Dppdrgjtky lt bds klttkg ta ha wltb ika`dk wdrmlji ar bumdj hgstruotlaj ae bd`ltdts.
(9) Lj `atb odsgs tbg oakkgotlaj wds rgoarhgh ds _ghum hgoum`gjs (1). Bawgvgr, Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh vak. 8 (tbg gkgotrajlo vgrslaj ajbttp>//ekardsgrlgs.kdjhodrgrgsgdrob.oa.jz) ls tbg ajky saurog L oaukh eaujh mgjtlajlji tbgsg Jartb Lskdjh oakkgotlajs `ut hags jat ljokuhg tbgm lj d
passl`kg hlstrl`utlaj drgd. Xbgrg ls d passl`lklty tbdt tbgsg pkdjts drg wbdt ls jaw oajslhgrgh ta `g _ghum clmjdobll.
(2) Xbgrg drg twa artbairdpblo vgrslajs ae tbls jdmg ‟ earstgrldjum djh earstgrdjum. @atb vdrldjts ae tbg jdmg drg ljoajslstgjtky usgh `y hleegrgjt
Jgw ^gdkdjh dutbars (gvgj lj Ekard ae Jgw ^gdkdjh sgrlgs). L bdvg prgegrrgh ta usg tbg elrst jdmg ds tbls wds usgh `y Pdy _tgpbgjsaj, wba ls tbg
uktlmdtg oajtgmpardry dutbarlty lj _ghums.
(<) _ghum rgekgxum, _ghum earstgrldjum djh atbgr rgkdtgh igjgrd drg d vgry hleeloukt tdxajamlo iraup. Xbg Jgw ^gdkdjh pkdjts dsslijgh ta _ghum
earstgrldjum igjgrdkky dirgg wltb tbg hgsorlptlajs ae tbg avgrsgds pkdjts `ut hleegr lj ajg dspgot ‟ tbgy rdrgky rgtdlj hgdh kgdvgs `gjgdtb tbg kgdvgs
okustgrs ds hgsorl`gh lj avgrsgds warcs. Xbgrg ls dksa djatbgr slijlelodjt vdrldtlaj - O. N. Yg``, Y. P. _ycgs, djh V. N. Idrjaoc-Najgs ‟ gx. Ekard ae
Jgw ^gdkdjh (4<28 / 0668)> ‛@atb _ghum earstgrldjum djh _ghum rgekgxum vdry lj kgde oakaur. Lj Jgw ^gdkdjh mast pkdjts ae _ghum earstgrldjum
pra`d`ky bdvg irdss irggj kgdvgs `ut samg pkdjts, pravlslajdkky trgdtgh bgrg ujhgr _ghum earstgrldjum, drg samgwbdt kdrigr tbdj tbg irggj-kgdvgh
earm djh bdvg pdkg marg ar kgss ikduoaus-wbltg kgdvgs. Xbg kgdvgs ae _ghum rgekgxum drg usudkky ikduoaus ar aoodslajdkky hggp irggj”.
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Dkk grrars, amlsslajs djh mlsoajogptlajs drg mljg.
Ghudrt l̂mgr, Aota`gr ‟ Javgm`gr 0669
bttp>//ghudrt.pdig.tk/