edition super quiz workbook - · pdf file2011 super quiz workbook | 5 1.02 fill in the ......

®

the World Scholar’s Cup®

YEARS

17DOING OUR BEST, SO YOU CAN DO YOURSWORKBOOK

AUTHORMelanie AtkinsonEDITORChris YetmanALPACA-IN-CHIEFDaniel Berdichevsky

SUPER QUIZSUPER QUIZ

2 0 1 12 0 1 2ED I T ION

The Age of Imperialism: The Making

of a European Global Order

2011 Super Quiz Workbook | 2

Super Quiz Workbook

2011 – 2012: The Age of Imperialism: The Making of a European Global Order

Table of Contents

Author’s Introduction .................................................................................... 3 I. The First Age of Imperialism ...................................................................... 4 II. New Imperialism: Motives and Tactics .................................................... 33 III. Tactics of Rule ....................................................................................... 76 IV. The End of Empire .............................................................................. 111 V. Cumulative Exercises ............................................................................. 124 About the Author ....................................................................................... 146 About the Editor ........................................................................................ 146 About the Beta Testers ............................................................................... 147 Answer Key ................................................................................................ 148

Melanie Atkinson Texas A&M University ‘98

University of Dallas ‘05

Chris Yetman, editor Carleton College ‘86

University of Arizona, ’88, ‘95

DemiDec and The World Scholar’s Cup are registered trademarks of the DemiDec Corporation.

Academic Decathlon and USAD are registered trademarks of the United States Academic Decathlon Association. DemiDec is not affiliated with the United States Academic Decathlon.


Author’s Introduction On June 22, 2011 President Obama delivered a speech about American involvement in Afghanistan in which he pledged America’s continued commitment in the region but was careful to make this distinction: “We stand not for empire, but for self-determination.” A series debuted last year on HBO called Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City. The word ‘empire’ is now synonymous with power and authority and, oftentimes, the abuses thereof. How is it that the word “empire” got such a bad rap? Well, if you don’t know the answer to that question you won’t have to read very far in this year’s Super Quiz resource to discover the answer—the track record of European imperialism in the 15th-20th centuries.

This workbook will hopefully be your companion through those six centuries of imperialism, colonization, and decolonization. You’ll read primary and secondary sources related to imperialism in North and South America, Africa, and Asia. This workbook will guide your through your reading—whether it be your first time through the USAD resource or your second or third reading1. The first four sections of the workbook correspond with the four sections of the Super Quiz resource and the last section of the workbook serves as a cumulative review of all four sections.

Best of luck to you and your teammates this competition season! I wish you lots of productive study sessions, highlighters that never run out of color2, and lots of memorable moments for your team’s Quote Book3. Academic Decathlon is such a unique opportunity for you to learn to study and work together with your classmates in a way that you really will bond as a team. But, it all starts with you. And it all starts with your reading and studying. There’s no substitute for it. There are supplements—like this—but there are no substitutes. Happy Reading, and may the odds be ever in your favor.

Godspeed,

Melanie Atkinson

1 Or your sixth or, you know, maybe seventh because you live in Texas or California. --Jasmin 2 If they only made these. Of course, I did find some erasable highlighters at Staples last year…let’s just say happiness and dances ensued. --Stephen 3 Don’t have a quote book for your team? You should get one. Hilarity will ensue. --Melanie


I. The First Age of Imperialism

This workbook section covers pages 6 – 32 in the official curriculum guide. In this section we will learn about the origins and

development of European Imperialism.

1.01 DATING (pp. 6-9) First Dates1. From the beginning the curriculum guide gives you several important dates related to exploration. We’ll start by identifying a few here.

1 I promise this exercise will be less awkward than a real first date. --Melanie 2 If the mere mention of the word Constantinople doesn’t make you break out into song, you should immediately Google “Istanbul, not Constantinople” by They Might Be Giants (who are IMHO an otherwise useless band) and listen away. WARNING—It’s infectious! --Melanie 3 AKA Zheng He --Melanie 4 And they scored Brazil by mistake. --Anto

Year Event

Portuguese first explored the coasts of West Africa

Columbus “discovered” America; end of Reconquista; according to the USAD resource the “most important year” of European exploration

Vasco de Gama arrived in Asia

Turks captured Constantinople2

Chinese royal court moved from Nanking to Peking

Peking named official capital of China

first of Admiral Cheng-ho’s expeditions3

Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between Spain and Portugal4

Ming Dynasty came to power in China

Charles V was born

Dutch East India Company formed


1.02 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 6-8) Here We Come A’ Wesseling1. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about early imperialism. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

Constantinople Admiral Cheng-ho expeditionary European

Mediterranean Mandarins eunuchs emperor

North Africa Ottoman Byzantine Ming

Assyrians Romans Mohammed junks 1. The __________________________ and __________________________ founded great empires

long before __________________ expansion of the 15th-19th centuries.

2. Arab expansion by followers of __________________________ in the 7th century fanned out

across the coasts of the __________________________ into parts of Europe and

__________________________.

3. The __________________________, or Osman, empires established an independent state on the

edge of the __________________________ Empire, culminating in an eventual takeover of their

capital, __________________.

4. The _________________ dynasty in China sent out __________________fleets, beginning in

1405 with a fleet under the command of _______________________. Chinese ships called

___________________ were first-rate shipping vessels with greater capacity than European ships of

the time. The expeditions were ended by the ________________ in the 16th century after internal

fighting between the __________________________ who launched the expeditions and the

__________________________ who were opposed to trade2.

1 H.L. Wesseling is the author of this article. You should probably remember that. “Here We Come A’Wassailing” is the title of a traditional British Christmas Carol. That’s probably less important. --Melanie 2 An interesting video for you! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/media/expl_01q.html


1.03 CHOICES (pp. 8-9) Coke or Pepsi?1 Identify whether the statements below describe Chinese or European rule and exploration. You can’t pick both. That’s cheating.

Chinese European Statement

coveted luxury goods of the east

suffered endless series of wars and turmoil during years of exploration

governed by a single ruler could make decisions about exploration

possessed freighters which carrying capacities of 1,500 tons

brought home a giraffe2 on one expedition to present to the ruler

divided when costly expeditions led to financial difficulties and a struggle for power between rival political groups

motivated by religious zeal and greed

organized into independent, rival states

developed technologies like the compass, printing press, paper, and gunpowder

1 Dr. Pepper, please. I’m addicted to the stuff. --Melanie 2 Not to be confused with Girafarig, a psychic and normal type Pokemon that my five year old son is currently using to “bam” a guy (“bam” is our word for kill—it’s so unnerving to hear a child say “kill”) in his Pokemon Coliseum game. Don’t judge. I’ve got to give him something to do while I work hard for all of you. --Melanie


1.04 IDENTIFICATION (pp. 9-10) Name that European. I supply the description, you give me the name…or vice versa.

DESCRIPTION NAME(S)

Example: My favorite Dallas Maverick basketball player. A seven-foot tall, blonde German Adonis who plays such beautiful basketball it makes me cry.

Dirk Nowitzki

Piet Heyn

Pieter Dirckszn Keyzer

and Cornelis de Houtman

seventeen-member board of directors of the VOC (Dutch East India Company)

Jean-Baptiste Colbert1

Frederick William2

1 I had a student a few years ago who watched the TV show The Colbert Report but entirely missed the satire. He believed everything Stephen Colbert said, mistaking his verbal irony for a clear, true reflection of very far right-winged politics that this student completely agreed with. I tried to correct him but with little success. --Melanie 2 He has two first names like Ron Paul or Nolan Ryan. --Melanie


1.05 CHARTING (pp. 9-10) VOC vs WIC. Classify the following information as related to the Dutch East India Company or the Dutch West India Company.

Answers

financed by shares issues on Amsterdam Stock

Exchange

first multinational undertaking in history

its charter included the West Coast of Africa

took over control of Brazil from the

Portuguese in 1630

drove the Portuguese from the Indonesian

archipelago

created in 1621 with monopoly of trade in

Atlantic

controlled Formosa (Taiwan) VOC

engaged in trade in North America

acquired Manhattan from the Indians for

$601 WIC

founded a refueling post for ships on the Cape of Good Hope

Dutch East India Company Dutch West India Company

1 I paid almost $60 for the fake Coach purse I bought a couple years ago in Chinatown, NYC. They got the whole island for $60. Darn inflation. --Melanie


1.06 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 10-11) Truth or Dare1. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. Circle, or check the correct option. If it’s false, make it true and explain why the statement is wrong. An example has been provided.

T F

√

Example: The biggest debate in the pizza world is about toppings.

The crust—should it be thin like New York pizza (great for folding and eating) or thick like Chicago pizza (packed with tomato and cheese goodness)2?

T F 1. Only some parts of the Caribbean were under European rule during the colonial period.

T F 2. The most important cash crop in the Caribbean was tobacco.

T F 3. Caribbean culture was changed drastically with colonization.

T F 4. The indigenous population increased when the Europeans arrived.

T F 5. European ships sailed to East Africa to pick up slaves for the Caribbean cash crop plantations.

T F 6. The Atlantic slave trade lasted from the 16th-19th centuries, reaching its peak in the 17th and 18th centuries.

T F 7. The exploitation of gold and silver mines in the Caribbean and other parts of the New World gave Europeans something to trade to Asians for the luxury goods the Europeans sought.

1 When I was a kid I always chose “truth” because I was boring and didn’t have anything to hide—and I was too chicken to choose dare. --Melanie 2 I prefer thick crust. You can always e-mail me at [email protected] and tell me about your favorite. --Melanie


1.07 EITHER/OR (pp. 11-12) Paper or plastic?1 Circle the correct choice to complete the following sentences.

Example: American colonists fought a (5, 7) year war beginning in (1776, 1787) to gain independence from the (BRITISH, DARK SIDE).

1. The Seven Years War put an end to the first (DUTCH, FRENCH2) colonial empire and a

temporary end to (FRANCE’S, BRITAIN’S) role in Asia—except for a few posts in (INDIA,

INDONESIA).

2. America (ABOVE, BELOW) the (RIO GRANDE, COLORADO) River became dominated by

(ENGLISH, FRENCH) culture after the Seven Years War—except for a (FRENCH,

PORTUGUESE) minority which remained in (QUEBEC, ONTARIO).

3. The southern part of the continent was dominated by (ENGLAND, SPAIN) and spoke

(ENGLISH, SPANISH)—except for Brazil which spoke (PORTUGUESE, FRENCH).

4. No European settlements of any kind flourished in (ASIA, SOUTH AMERICA) yet some

Europeans did settle in (ASIA, THE SOUTH PACIFIC). For example, Europeans and Asians

mixed to form Batavia in the (NETHERLANDS-INDIES, FRENCH INDIES).

5. The distance from Europe to Asia was (LARGER, SMALLER) than the distance from Europe to the

Americas.

6. Of (MORE, LESS) importance, though, was climate. Asia and the Caribbean were (WELL, ILL)

suited for European settlement.

7. Climate in North America was much (MORE, LESS) favorable. Also, North America was (MORE,

LESS) densely populated than Asia.

8. European diseases introduced in the New World killed roughly (60, 80) to (80, 90) percent of the

indigenous population. Similar depopulation later occurred in (AUSTRALIA, INDIA) and New

Zealand.

1 The correct answer here is to BYOB—bring your own bags. --Melanie 2 I like the all caps, it’s like you’re yelling the information at me, making me memorize it. --Jasmin


1.08 LISTING (pp. 8-9) Craig’s List. Does anyone know who Craig is?1 Anyway, provide a short answer for each of the tasks below.

1. Name three British inventions that sparked the Industrial Revolution. Include the inventor’s name as well.

a.

b.

c.

2. Name four factors that sparked revolutions in Latin America and later in Asia.

a.

b.

c.

d.

3. Name four early-developing European industries2.

a.

b.

c.

d.

4. Name the few areas of European expansion in African between 1492 and 1815.

a.

b.

c.

d.

1 Ok, I looked it up and the founder of Craig’s List is Craig Newmark. He began the list as a hobby in 1995. http://www.craigslist.org/about/factsheet 2 My students have something we call the “rule of four”. That means you always note any USAD list of four items because they make excellent “All of the following EXCEPT” questions. --Melanie


1.09 ORDERING (pp. 10-12) Would you like fries with that? Put in order some of the important events in early European imperialism. Then, in the parentheses, write the year in which the event occurred.

Order Year Event

____ ( ) 1. Beginning of the French Revolution1

____ ( ) 2. End of American Revolution

____ ( ) 3. Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo2

____ ( ) 4. U.S. pledges its support for the independence of its southern neighbors in the Monroe Doctrine

____ ( ) 5. Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne in Spain

____ ( ) 6. Beginning of the Seven Years War

1.10 IDENTIFY (pp. 6-14) De Donde Eres? Identify the country associated with the following key figures in early European imperialism.

Person Country

Example: Lady Gaga Another planet3

Vasco de Gama

Cheng-ho

Piet Heyn

The Tudors

Jean Baptiste-Colbert4

Prince Henry the Navigator

1 I know this one! --Amanda 2 A crushing defeat for Napoleon but a great song by Abba.--Melanie 3 I think Saturn since she dressed up such once. --Jasmin 4 I’m having a flashback to the French Revolutionand it’s not pretty. --Amanda


1.11 CONNECT THE DOTS (pp. 6-13) La, la, la, la... 1 Draw lines to connect the related items.

Person Role Significance

1. Osman I Ming ruler

Placed on the throne in Spain in 1808

2. Zhu Yuanzhang Ottoman ruler

Created water-powered spinning frame

3. King Joseph European ruler

Arrived in Asia on an expedition in 1498

4. Richard Arkwright Portuguese explorer

Founded dynasty after defeat of rival rebels in 1368

5. Charles V Napoleon’s brother

Ruled over the only empire on which the sun never set

6. Vasco de Gama British inventor

Founder and namesake of the Ottoman Empire

1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt9EFc_7Wq8


1.12 SHORT ANSWER (p. 13) In short1. Answer the questions in short answer form (maybe a few words or a few sentences)

1. Why were the British late-comers to colonization and empire-building?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. How did the establishment of French and Dutch settlements in North America affect the English’s move towards colonization?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. How was the ‘first’ British Empire organized? What did Adam Smith likely mean when he said in 1776 that the British Empire “existed in imagination only”?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Why did Europeans want to find a western passage to the luxury items they sought in the East?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

1 This is a legitimate short title and not AT ALL another short joke about how amazingly short my assistant coach is. I promise. --Melanie


1.13 FILL IN THE BLANK (PP. 14-15) The world is mine for the taking. Below are two word banks—one with dates and the other with people, places, or things. Use the two word banks to fill in the statements below about early European exploration. Each word or date will be used only once.

DATES

1521 1460 1494 1475

1506 1492 1542 1513

1482 1519 1541 1415

WORD BANK

Henry Ceuta Spain Balboa

Portugal gold Fortunate Cape Verde

slave Guinea Aragon Leon

Pacific Tordesillas 370 Castille

Cortes Florida Panama St Lawrence

San Francisco Cartier Cabrillo Aztecs

1. Prince __________________ was a __________________ explorer who began the age of

exploration and empire by capturing __________________ in Morocco and the

__________________ Isles between the years __________________ and __________________.

2. Established in the year __________________, El Mina on the coast of __________________ was

the first European __________________ and __________________ trading stronghold on the

African mainland.

3. The Canary Islands were captured by __________________ from __________________ in the

year __________________.

4. Ferdinand of __________________ and Isabella of __________________ united Spain with their

marriage and commissioned Columbus’ voyage. Columbus always believed he had reached Asia—

even after four voyages over eleven years and until he died in the year __________________.

5. Signed in the year __________________ , the Treaty of __________________ divided the New

World along a line that ran __________________ leagues (or 1200 nautical miles) west of the

__________________ Islands.


6. Vasco Nunez de __________________ explored the Isthmus of __________________ and

discovered the __________________ Ocean in the year __________________.

7. In the year __________________ , Juan Ponce de __________________ attempted the first

colonization of __________________.

8. Spanish conquistador __________________ conquered the mighty __________________ only

two years after his arrival in the New World in the year __________________.

9. In the year __________________ Jacques __________________ established a settlement base at

Charlesbourg-Royal on the __________________ River.

10. In __________________ Juan __________________ travelled up the west coast of North

America as far as __________________ Bay.

1.14 MATCHING (pp. 14-15) And soon I’ll match them in renown1. Match each historical figure with the correct fact.

a. Montezuma b. Pizarro c. Cortes d. Juan Cabrillo e. Coronado f. Hernando de Soto g. Bartolome Ferrelo h. Joao Fagundes i. Jacques Cartier j. Isabella of Castille k. Cabeza de Vaca

_____ 1. Conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire

_____ 2. Traveled up the west coast as far as San Francisco

_____ 3. Last ruler of the Aztec Empire

_____ 4. Explored SE United States and discovered the Mississippi River

_____ 5. Conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

_____ 6. Explored SW United States looking for El Dorado

_____ 7. Most influential early French explorer

_____ 8. Sailed the Gulfs of Mexico and California

_____ 9. Obtained royal permission to establish colony on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland2

_____ 10. Traveled up the west coast as far as Oregon in 1543

_____ 11. Namesake for Columbus’s failed settlement colony

1 Everybody now “And nobody in all of Oz/ No wizard that there is or was/ is ever gonna bring me down!” --Melanie 2 How much longer will this name be relevant? --Melanie


1.15 FALSE (pp. 15-16) A half truth is a whole lie. Each of the following sentences is false. Correct each sentence to make it true.

Example: The greatest season of the year is spring. summer1

1. Giovanni de Verrazzano was sponsored by Francis I on his exploration of South America, establishing long-lasting French territorial claims.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Giovannia de Verrazzano was killed by Powhatan Indians.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The most influential early British explorer, Jacques Cartier of St Malo, sailed the St. Lawrence River as far as modern-day Montreal.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Cartier returned to France with gold and diamonds for Francis I.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. French Huguenots continued the long-standing tradition of using the New World as a sanctuary for religious refugees.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Nicholas Durand, Chevalier de Villegagnon, was a strict Catholic all his life.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. The Wars of Religion in France stopped French expansion in the New World altogether.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. No attempts at colonization were made by the French since merchants preferred trading posts rather than settlement colonies.

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Samuel de Champlain’s colony at Quebec grew quickly between 1608 and 1620.

______________________________________________________________________________

10. The Spanish became natural allies of the Dutch as England was their big rival for imperialist power.

______________________________________________________________________________

1 Vacations, swimming, countless days to study super quiz and read Heart of Darkness—what’s not to love? --Melanie


1.16 IDENTIFY (p. 16-17) The Tudors. The British were late-comers to colonization in part because of internal problems and distractions experienced by the Tudor rulers after the Wars of the Roses1. Identify each ruler’s major concerns or weaknesses that prevented colonization from being priority number one during his/her reign.

Ruler Domestic Concerns or weaknesses during his/her reign

Henry VII

Henry VIII

Edward VI2

Queen Mary3

Elizabeth I4

1 The Wars of the Roses were civil wars fought between two warring houses—the House of Lancaster and the House of York. www.warsoftheroses.com --Melanie 2 Edward was Henry’s son with Jane Seymour, wife #3. She died very soon after Edward’s birth. --Melanie 3 Mary was Henry’s daughter with Catherine of Aragon, wife #1. She was VERY Catholic—like her mother. 4 Elizabeth was Henry’s daughter with Anne Boleyn, wife #2. Known as “The Virgin Queen”, Elizabeth was the last of the Tudors.


1.17 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 17-18) The British are coming. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about the history of England and its notion of empire. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word(s) from the word bank. All words will be used once.

Long before building what we traditionally think of as the British Empire, the British were building an

empire at home. English kings had always sought domination of the ______________ of England,

Wales, Scotland, and ______________. An ancient ______________ King Athelstan claimed to be

‘Imperator’ over various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. ______________ took the title ‘King of the

______________2’ and ‘Emperor and Lord’ of the nations, seas, and kings of all Britain. In Medieval

times, English claims to empire were made especially under King ______________. Later

______________ adopted the symbol of a ‘closed’ crown, a circlet with two crossed bands also called an

______________ .

The Tudors and Stuarts ended the traditional concept of empire with their ______________ . Welsh

resistance lessened further when Henry VII, who was part ______________, ascended to the English

throne. Henry VIII brought Wales even further under British rule with the Two Acts of

______________. Scotland claimed its own ‘closed’ imperial crowns until Scotland and England

clashed in the ______________ war of 1547-1550. After the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 a new kind of

composite monarchy was ushered in under the Stuart King James VI and I3. James first used the term

‘Britain’ to refer to the union of kingdoms.

1 Edgar seems a fitting name for a troubled American Gothic writer but not at all a very regal name. There isn’t anything intimidating about an ‘Edgar’. --Melanie 2 Still one of the best titles I’ve ever seen. So many math jokes to be made. --Stephen 3 The same guy. Confusing, I know. He was Janes I of England and James VI of Scotland. --Stephen

WORD BANK

Edward I Edgar1 I Anglo-Saxon Angles

Union Henry V Three Kingdoms conquests

Anglo-Scottish Ireland imperial crown Welsh


1.18 JEOPARDY (pp. 17-18) Famous Brits for $400. Provide the person to match each description below1.

1. Rival for power with Elizabeth I; Elizabeth had her executed

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Part-Welsh ruler; first of the Tudor rulers

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Protector during the reign of Edward VI2

______________________________________________________________________________

4. King during the Anglo-Scottish war of 1543-1546

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Author of Historia Regum Brittaniae3

______________________________________________________________________________

6. First wife of King Henry VIII

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Author of The Faerie Queen and View of the Present State of Ireland

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Dethroned James II in the 1688 Glorious Revolution

______________________________________________________________________________

9. The ‘Old Pretender’; a1715 uprising in his support took place in parts of Scotland and northern England

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Known as the ‘Young Protector’; he rallied 25, 000 to his cause in 1745

______________________________________________________________________________

1 You don’t have to answer in the form of a question this time…they’re all “Who was…” --Melanie 2 Remember Edward VI was very young when he took the throne. He needed help. --Melanie 3 “History of the Kings of Britain”


1.19 IDENTIFY (pp. 18-19) Team Jacobite. The Jacobite Risings were a series of conflicts fought to put the deposed James II—and later his descendants—back on the throne. Below you’ll find charted information about the uprisings. Fill in the blanks to complete the chart.

Example: Bazinga! Sheldon’s expression when he catches someone with one of his not-so-brilliant practical jokes.

The Jacobite Risings began as a result of this, also called the Revolution of 1688.

1715 and 1745

In July 1745, Charles Edward Stuart landed on these islands off the west coast of Scotland

By September 1745, 25,000 Highlanders had captured this city in their attempt to restore a Stuart to the throne

Culloden

1.20 ORDERING (pp. 17-21) Fifteen-something. Put in order the following events in British history. In the parentheses next to each event, write the year or range of years in which the event occurred.

Order Year Event

_____ ( ) Irish Parliament declared Henry VIII the ‘King of Ireland’

_____ ( ) First year of the Scottish Reformation which united most of the British Isles Protestantism

_____ ( ) Approximate publication date of Spenser’s View of the Present State of Ireland.

_____ ( ) Beginning of the Nine Years War in Ireland

_____ ( ) Henry VIII sought a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon

_____ ( ) Henry VII chartered a joint English-Portuguese merchant venture

_____ ( ) Sebastian Cabot explored what is now Hudson Bay

_____ ( ) John Hawkins began carrying human cargo between Africa and the Spanish Caribbean


_____ ( ) Catholic Queen Mary died, allowing her Protestant sister Elizabeth to take the

throne in England

_____ ( ) Queen Elizabeth’s Privy Council considered arguments for colonization and further attempts to locate a north-west passage

_____ ( ) Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor reopened trade with Russia

_____ ( ) Ferdinand Magellan rounded Cape Horn, proving the existence of a south-west passage at the bottom of South America

1.21 COMPARING (pp. 17-19) If It’s Not Scottish It’s…Irish. Determine which of the following statements apply to the Scottish and which apply to the Irish.

S I 1. Its Parliament declared Henry VIII lord and king here in 1541

S I 2. Its settlers often established a ‘colony-within-a-colony’ in which their own culture dominated

S I 3. Oliver Cromwell conquered vast reaches here, transferring land to Protestant colonists

S I 4. Henry VIII attempted unsuccessfully to secure their allegiance through the imposition of feudal rule and English church and common law

S I 5. Joined with England through the Act of Union of 1707

S I 6. Site of the April 1746 massacre and end of the Jacobite risings

S I 7. Rather than being absorbed its people were dispossessed, removed, or killed—much like the Amerindians upon the arrival of the Europeans in the New World

S I 8. Joined with England through the Act of Union of 1800

1.22 TRUE OR FALSE (P. 19-20) All the Single Men1. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true.

T F Example: Most migrants to Ireland and America were single ladies. men

T F 1. The majority of individuals living in Ulster were from English, Scottish, or Welsh birth or descent.

T F 2. Henry VII gave John Cabot license to conquer any people or lands he came in contact with on his voyage to North America.

1 It’s just not quite as catchy, is it? --Melanie


T F 3. Despite early failures, Henry VII remained interested in New World expansion and exploration until his death in 1509.

T F 4. Richard Hore and his crew successfully explored the eastern coast of North America in 1536.

T F 5. Colonization in America and colonization in Ireland share many similar characteristics.

T F 6. Giraldus Cambresis described the English as ‘living themselves like beasts’.

T F 7. Most settlers chose colonization to Ireland and to America because of their religious convictions.

1.23 LISTING (pp. 20-23) If at first you don’t succeed. Complete the lists below with information about British history and early attempts at British colonization.

1. List 4 of the joint stock companies that formed in the late 16th and early 17th centuries which were precursors to later endeavors like the Virginia Company. Include the year each was formed.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________________________

d. ________________________________________________________________________

2. List three significant events that occurred in the year 1558.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________________________

3. List five things that went wrong with Grenville’s attempted settlement colony.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

c. ________________________________________________________________________

d. ________________________________________________________________________

e. ________________________________________________________________________

4. List two things that Walter Raleigh’s life and explorations seem to represent.

a. ________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________


1.24 MATCHING (pp. 20-23) Who dat?1 Match the following important British folks with the proper descriptors.

a. Francis Drake b. Martin Frobisher c. Arthur Barlow d. Thomas Hariot e. John White f. Walter Raleigh g. Elizabeth I h. Virginia Dare i. John Rut j. Philip II k. Manteo and

Wanchese

_____ 1. author of A Briefe and True Report of the New found Land of Virginia; a mathematician and botanist who learned Carolinian Algonquin

_____ 2. two Indians who came to England from the New World

_____ 3. the first English child born in North America

_____ 4. explorer who was executed on his return to English in 1618 as King James’s symbolic gesture to make peace with Spain

_____ 5. leader of a fleet of six ships that attacked Spanish ships near the Isthmus of Panama; called ‘El Diablo’ by the Spanish

_____ 6. surveyor and artist who worked to identify and draw local flora and fauna in Richard Grenville’s attempted settlement colony; he later attempted his own settlement but was unsuccessful

_____ 7. explorer who set out to find a north-west passage in a series of voyages beginning in 1570

_____ 8. one of the captains, along with Philip Amadas, who Raleigh sent out in 1584 to explore and claim land from Chesapeake Bay to the Carolinas

_____ 9. explorer who made the first known full reconnaissance2 of the North American seaboard in 1527

_____ 10. ruler who experienced famines, Irish colonization, and continued wars with Spain during the last years of her rule

_____ 11. ruler of Spain, husband to Mary

1 I still don’t understand this slogan. But I do like the Saints and Drew Brees. I have a thing for quarterbacks. --Melanie 2 The word ‘reconnaissance’ makes everything seem so cool. From now on consider any attempt to find something reconnaissance. Trying to find the answer to a particular super quiz question…reconnaissance. Looking for the mustard in the fridge…reconnaissance. You get the idea. --Melanie


1.25 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 23-25) Below you’ll find a word bank and a series of statements. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank.

WORD BANK

centralized India independent mercantilism

Spain France Britain Africa

West Indies Portugal army the Netherlands

economy Brazil Utrecht navy

1. After 1715 a new era began in European imperialism in which the three pioneers in colonization

overseas--_______________, _______________, and _______________--moved aside, leaving the

other two Atlantic powers _______________ and _______________ to move to the forefront of

imperialism.

2. Portugal maintained its dominion over _______________ which was officially recognized at the

Peace of _______________ in 1715.

3. France was the only state in Europe to maintain both a large _______________ and a large

_______________. As such, they were the only serious competitor to Great Britain after the

decline of the Dutch _______________.

4. The rivalry between France and Great Britain played itself out in four areas: the _______________,

the western coast of _______________, the North American continent, and ______________ and

other Asian lands.

5. French colonies tended to be more _______________ in their structure while British colonies in

North America were more _______________. Both, however, applied principles of

_______________ to regulate colonies trade.


1.26 FINISH THE SENTENCE (pp. 25-27) Nice guys finish last. Each of the following sentences about mercantilism needs to be completed.

Example: The best of the Star Wars movies is The Empire Strikes Back1.

1. Mercantilism assumed that one state’s share of gold and silver could only increase…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. By producing raw materials or staple crops for their parent country, colonies were able to provide a...

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Parent countries also needed their colonies as protected markets for their…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The success of mercantilist economies depended on the development of a powerful navy, since…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Naval vessels needed stopping places, which meant that…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Colonial commerce provided new products, like sugar, and stimulated…

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. The West Indies seemed to be ideal colonies because of their…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The slave trade was highly profitable but…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

1 If you think it’s Return of the Jedi, you’re wrong. My husband and I have this argument quite often. It’s Empire, hands down. One word about Jedi—ewoks. End of story. --Melanie


9. Europeans did not colonize or conquer African territory; rather, they established…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Many Africans died before even reaching the New World, perishing during…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

1.27 CAUSE/EFFECT(pp.26-28) In full effect. In the table below, fill in the causes or effects related to the Atlantic slave trade.

Cause Effect

Forbidding topography in the interior of the continent and native resistance proved

dangerous to European traders.

Demand continued to rise because of the plantation economies in place in places like the

West Indies, Brazil, Venezuela, and the southern colonies of North America.

Slave traders sought to maximize their profits by jamming as many captives as possible onto slave

ships.

The conditions on slave ships were awful. With as many as 500 people packed into even medium-sized ships slaves had to lie pressed

against one another with no room to stand and little to no food or provisions.


1.28 SHORT ANSWER (p. 27) D-fence! D-fence! Read “A British Defense of Slavery and the Plantation Economy” and answer the following questions.

1. According to the author of the article, Malachy Postlethwayt, the most beneficial trade that Britain

engaged in was what?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. What commodities does Postlethwayt list as being produced solely because of the “constant supply

of Negroe servants [slaves]” sent to plantations?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. According to Postlethwayt, how do the British pay for most of the African slaves they buy?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. In a sentence or two summarize Postlethwayt’s main ‘defense’ of British involvement in the Atlantic

slave trade.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


1.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 28-29) Which seat should I take1? Circle the choice that best completes the sentences here about French colonization and the “Great War for Empire”.

1. As French fishermen and fur traders prospered in (CANADA, PORTUGAL), French soldiers

established strongholds to protect their holdings and support them.

2. The terminus of the (MISSISSIPPI, MISSOURI) River was guarded by (BATON ROUGE, NEW

ORLEANS).

3. Both the French and the British sought friendship and loyalty from (EACH OTHER, INDIANS).

Because they were only (TRADERS, SETTLERS) the French didn’t force the Native Americans

from their traditional hunting grounds as the (DUTCH, BRITISH) had done. Therefore, the

French had the upper hand in gaining allegiance from the Native Americans.

4. The French received help from the American Indians in sealing off the (IOWA, OHIO) Valley.

The Ohio Company of Virginia, a large investment company, would be ruined by such a move by

the French, so in (1745, 1764) it sent a young militiaman named George (CLOONEY2,

WASHINGTON) to lead an expedition against Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a (SUCCESS,

FAILURE)3.

5. The (SEVEN, NINE) Years’ War centered on the bitter rivalry between Austria and Prussia, but

enmeshed Russia, France, and (SPAIN, BRITAIN) as well. The war is often called the (LAST,

GREAT) war for (EMPIRE, COLONIES) and its North American sector is known as the

(FRENCH, BRITISH) and (INDIAN, SPANISH) War.

6. In the war, (BRITAIN, FRANCE) began very successfully, taking several forts on the (GREAT

LAKES, MISSISSIPPI RIVER). However, Britain’s (ARMY, NAVY) proved to be too much for the

French, who depended on naval support for troop reinforcement, (DEMAND, SUPPLY), and

(MORALE, MOVEMENT).

7. When William Pitt took over as (PRIME MINISTER, PROTECTOR) in 1758, he set the defeat of

France and their being ‘driven from the seas’ as his highest priority. His strategy involved an

(IMMEDIATE, INTERMITTENT) series of offensives and an imaginative use of the British

(ARMY, NAVY). The result was a complete defeat of the French navy and domination of the seas by

the British. 1 How about the one that’s empty? Do you expect your friends to rearrange their entire seating so you can sit wherever you like, Rebecca? How selfish of you! --Jasmin 2 Sorry about that one. --Melanie 3 Thank goodness for APUSH. --Amanda


8. In the French and Indian War, British forces defeated France at the battle of (QUEBEC,

MONTREAL). By 1760, the French gave up their last outpost of power in North America to the

British, who had already ousted the French from the Ohio Valley and the (MISSOURI RIVER,

GREAT LAKES) area. Great Britain also seized French holdings in the (EAST, WEST) Indies.

9. The Treaty of (PARIS, VERSAILLES) signed in (1736, 1763) saw Britain give France some of its

holdings back in return for an end to the fighting. The Treaty of Paris also excluded French troops

from (INDIA, AFRICA).

10. The French surrendered (CANADA, NEW ORLEANS), which Britain unwisely retained since the

threat of (DUTCH, FRENCH) power had helped keep the North American British colonists

(SCARED OF, LOYAL TO) Great Britain. France would use the (FRENCH, AMERICAN).

Revolution to seek revenge against the British, offering to aid the rebellious colonies in their fight for

independence.

1.30 OUTLINING (pp. 30-31) Rising up to the challenge of our rival. Complete the following outline about British and French imperialism in India.

I. The _____________ Dynasty in India was in decline in the eighteenth century.

a. Several factors led to the decline of the Mughals including _____________ strife,

_____________ instability, and _____________, greed, and incompetence in the ruling

circles.

b. This early decline had little to do with _____________ incursions.

II. At first, the British and French were only interested in _____________ in India.

a. British and French _____________ had prospered on the edges of the Indian

Subcontinent.

b. Britain administered its economic interests in India through the

__________________________.

i. It was a _____________ corporation established to compete with the

_____________.

ii. It had commercial depots in _____________, _____________, and

_____________.


c. The British and the French used only small armed forces just for protection of their

commercial interests and _____________.

i. To do so they depended on the good will of the native _____________, or

provincial governors.

ii. The nawabs often cooperated with the Europeans in exchange for payment of

_____________.

III. As the British and French rivalry and struggle for power globally began to intensify, their

interests in India switched from merely economic to more aggressive military and political

intervention.

a. _____________ and his 1,500 _____________, or native soldiers, attempted to oust

the French and suppress any native opposition to British influence in Bengal.

i. Bengal was huge and prosperous.

ii. Bengal was also the _____________ heartland of India.

b. Clive faced an army of 50,000 fielded by the nawab but was able to bribe a

_____________ who wanted to replace the _____________.

c. After the battle of _____________, nawabs were stripped of their real power and

reduced to mere _____________.

i. The East India Company now held the real political power.

ii. The company held _____________ power without responsibility.

d. A number of civil wars made British domination even easier, and the British were able to

oust the French from any influence in the subcontinent with the signing of the

_________________________ in 1763.

e. When Parliament passed the India Act of _____________, the British government

replaced the _____________ as the ultimate authority.

i. A new ruling officer, the _____________ of India was named.

ii. The first governor-general was Lord _____________.

1. Cornwallis had just surrendered to the Americans at _____________ in

1781.

2. Just as the British lost one area, North America, they were able to gain

another in India.

IV. The British took several steps to ensure its rule, or raj, would succeed in India.


a. In order to create a loyal class, India’s rural gentry were given _____________, turning

them into landlords with the right to evict the peasants living on their land if they chose

to do so.

b. Indians were made a part of the political and military bureaucracy.

i. The highest positions in the army and civil bureaucracy were reserved for

_____________, yet each district had two British _____________ that were

assisted by Indian clerks, runners, and translators

1. One magistrate was _____________ _____________ and

_____________ _____________.

2. The second magistrate was responsible for _____________

_____________ 1.

V. The British raj dominated Indian life economically and eventually socially as well.

a. Britain monopolized trade in _____________ and _____________.

i. The salt monopoly took money from the Indian economy.

ii. The opium was exported to _____________ in exchange for tea2.

b. Britain had a “novel sense of mission” in India.

i. A group of _____________ and _____________ sought social reform in India.

ii. They hoped to “create a class of persons Indian in blood and color, but English

in taste, in opinion, and in morals and intellect”.

1 That sounds like a slogan for a super hero, not a magistrate. --Melanie 2 Those Brits and their tea. Like peas and carrots, I tell you. --Melanie


II. New Imperialism: Motives and Tactics

This section covers pages 33 – 77 in the USAD Super Quiz Resource Guide. In this section we’ll explore the developments, conflicts, and

challenges to empire building in the nineteenth century.

2.01 JEOPARDY (pp. 33-35) It’s elementary, my dear Watson1. Provide the question to match each answer below. This time, please answer in the form of question.

Example: A family that I care nothing about. Who are the Kardashians2? 1. In the nineteenth century, Europeans lost their Atlantic empires and built new ones here.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. The imperialist expansion of the nineteenth century was rooted economically in capitalism and philosophically in this school of thought. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. France lost control here in 1804.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. American-born people of Europeans descent who led the revolutions in Latin America were called this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. These two revolutions served as examples to later revolutions in Haiti, Brazil, and other parts of Latin America.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

1 I, for one, will welcome our new computer overlords. --Melanie 2 No really, who are these people and why are we so obsessed with them? --Melanie


6. Runaway slaves were called this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Abolitionist campaigns were waged in places like the Netherlands and France but the most effective was held here.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Some of the strongest opponents to slavery were Protestants, especially from newer forms of Protestantism like this one.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. This Enlightenment writer wrote of natural and human universal rights but did condone slavery ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. This Enlightenment philosopher wrote of the noble savage, highlighting the virtues of the “savage” and the lack of morality found in civil society.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2.02 COMMONALITIES (PP. 33-35) A common cause. Below is a series of connected items. For each group, describe how they are related in the space provided. An example is done for you.

Items Connection

Example: Snookie an oompaloompa a carrot1

All are orange in color.

1 Why is John Boehner not on this list? I always wondered how he thought anyone would buy his “tan”. --Stephen


William Wordsworth

Percy Shelley

Robert Burns

Adam Smith

David Ricardo

Being anti-slavery became fashionable

Enlightenment ideas like natural rights

Merchants sought to replace mercantilist colonial system

Carolus Linnaeus

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

William Wilberforce

Charles Grant

Denis Diderot

Montesquieu

John Locke

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jeremy Bentham

James Mill

John Stuart Mill

Thomas Macaulay


2.03 DATING (pp.34-42) Date night. Complete the chart of dates and events below. In some instances you’ll fill in the blank. Other times you’ll supply the event which corresponds to the date that’s given.

Year Event

Denmark outlawed the slave trade

Liberia, an African settlement for freed American slaves, was founded

Britain abolished slavery

United States abolished slavery

1779

The British achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey

1852-4

Egypt seized Syria from Ottomans

Ottoman Public Debt Commission was formed

1840-2

Second Opium War between British and Chinese


2.04 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 37-38) We don’t need no education1. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about Thomas Macaulay and his thoughts on Indian education. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

historical pre-eminent education backwards

imagination Governor Council interpreters

narratives law liberal moral

ethical institutions free trade rule

ruling Orientalists blood taste 1. Thomas Macaulay was the Law Member of the __________________________ General’s

__________________________ and an important example of the British

__________________________ voice in India.

2. He believed that the way to civilize and transform a “__________________________” culture like

India’s was through education, specifically through the introduction of

__________________________, __________________________, and

__________________________. Macaulay saw this as necessary to disseminate

__________________________ values as well as maintain and strengthen British

__________________________ in India.

3. __________________________ scholars disagreed with liberals like Macaulay and thought that

India should be ruled by its own laws and through indigenous __________________________ and

languages.

4. Macaulay writes that Indians should be taught English because it “stands

__________________________ even among the languages of the west” and because “it abounds

with works of _________________________”.

5. According to Macaulay, the __________________________ compositions written in English have

“seldom been surpassed” as __________________________ and “never been equaled” as “vehicles

of __________________________ and political instruction”.

1 Teachers, leave them kids alone! Pink Floyd=my heroes. --Stephen


6. Macaulay points out in his article that even in India the language of the

__________________________ class is English.

7. Macaulay argues that, since the British can’t educate all Indians, the goals should be to educate a

class of people who would “be __________________________ between [the British] and the

millions” of Indians they govern. The class would be “Indian in __________________________

and colour, but English in __________________________, in opinion, in morals, and in

intellect”.

2.05 DEFINITIONS (pp. 39-44) Word up, yo1. Define each term as thoroughly as possible using information from Section II of the USAD resource.

Example: Super 8 A bargain hotel chain found throughout the U.S. OR a frightening movie from J.J. Abrams and Steven Spielberg

Sati

Factories

Tanzimat reforms

Opium Wars

Taiping Rebellion

Charter Act of 1833

1 People actually used to say that. But we did a lot of things back then that showed questionable judgment. Really, everyone? Legwarmers? Parachute pants? Fingerless gloves? We’re not to be trusted. --Melanie


Waitangi treaty

Matthew Perry

Meiji Restoration

Dominion status

2.06 FALSE (pp. 37-41) Liar, liar. Each of the statements below is false. Your job is to determine which piece of information is wrong and then correct it on the lines provided. An example is done for you.

Example: Apparently Ke$ha wakes up in the morning feeling like Kanye West.

P. Diddy.

1. Nineteenth century Europeans were more convinced of their superiority than ever before.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Late Eighteenth century colonizers like James Cook sought to colonize just as their predecessors had done before.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. All Hindus practiced the ritual of sati1.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. British victory at the Battle of Plassey dealt a critical defeat to the Mughal Empire and put the Dutch East India Company into a position of dominance.

1 As an Indian, I can tell you that sati is illegal in India nowadays, and it is no longer practiced in centers of populations. --Anto


______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. India remained a supplier of finished textile products even after the beginning of British rule.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. The chief ally of the British in Central Asia was Russia.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Europeans intervened in the failing Ottoman Empire and Qing China much as they did in the Mughal Empire.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The Ottoman Empire remained strong even into the nineteenth century.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. The Ottomans fought the French and British in the Crimean War.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. The majority of the Ottoman population benefitted from the European presence of the nineteenth century.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2.07 LISTING (pp. 42-44) Making a list, checking it twice. Complete the lists of items below.

1. List three terms of the Treaty of Nanjing which ended the first Opium War. (p. 42)

a.

b.

c.

2. List three ways in which indigenous populations suffered under European imperialism in Australasia. (p. 43)


a.

b.

c.

3. List the few places where European colonization had taken place in Africa prior to the nineteenth century. (p. 44)

a.

b.

c.

2.08 FINISH THE SENTENCE (pp. 44-45) The finish line1. Each of the following sentences about imperialism in Africa needs to be completed.

Example: The pigs in “Angry Birds” are…

…smug little jerks2.

1. Europeans who had previously ignored Africa began to see it as a potential marketplace as a…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. The African Association was dedicated to…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Mungo Park, the best known associate of the African Association, explored…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Africa became known as “The White Man’s Grave” because…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Africa’s topography proved to be difficult for Europeans until the invention of the…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

1 Ok, we’re not really close to the metaphorical ‘finish line’ here but if you’re still here you’re doing great! Press on! 2 That’s because they are the smartest animals on the planet. Even George Orwell thinks so. --Anto


6. Missionary work in Africa wasn’t only about saving souls anymore; rather, attention was turned to…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Many Europeans who sought to explore Africa publicized their travel through…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. An explorer’s ability to publicize and raise money for his campaigns often depended on his…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. David Livingstone was the author of Missionary Travels and a…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he was hired to…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2.09 CHARTING (p. 45) Bookworm. Fill in the blank boxes in the following chart about books mentioned in Section II of the USAD resource.

Title Author(s) Year published Brief summary of contents

Example: Bossypants

Tina Fey 2011

Tina Fey’s hilarious reflections on life and working at Saturday Night Live and 30 Rock—really

lol1 funny2

David Livingstone

1 Is it just me or does the “lol” look like a fat guy drowning? --Anto 2 This book really did make me laugh out loud. Seriously. In my experience people write ‘lol’ when things aren’t really funny enough to justify laughter—aloud or otherwise. --Melanie


Describes Henry Stanley’s trip to Africa to find David

Livingston who had gone missing. He was hired to do so

by the New York Herald.

American novelist’s work, a response to the works of Henry Stanley and others who wrote of their experiences in Africa

Polish-English novelist’s work, a response to the works of

Henry Stanley and others who wrote of their experiences in

Africa

2.10 CHARTING (pp. 45-47) What is your name? What is your quest?1 Who might have said the following made-up quotes? Some answers are specific individuals; others are simply representative of a group of people.

Example: “I am a fluffy, good-natured animal who is proud to serve as DemiDec’s mascot.” an alpaca2

“I invented something that made inland travel possible in Africa and on other continents as well.”

“Fifteen thousand of us migrated north of the Orange River in the Great Trek of 1835-1845.”

“I was the leader of Algerian guerrilla fighters clashing with the French in the 1840s and 1850s.”

1 What is your favorite color? 2 I went to an alpaca show last year at the Ft. Worth Stockyards. I’ve been to cattle auctions, dog shows, and pig races—of all these the alpacas were my favorite. They even had a little alpaca obstacle course. --Melanie


“I’m a member of a southern Bantu tribe that proved particularly difficult for the British to control in the early nineteenth century.”

“I built a powerful and extensive Zulu empire in the Natal region sparking major disturbances in southern Africa.”

“I am an Albanian officer in the Ottoman army who attempted to break Egypt away from the Ottoman empire.”

“I oversaw the construction of the Suez Canal.”

2.11 SHORT ANSWER (pp. 47-49) Six score and seven years ago. Answer the questions about Jules Ferry’s 1884 speech before the French National Assembly in short answer form (maybe a few words or a few sentences).

1. What “three orders of ideas” does Jules Ferry say that he will address?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. According to Ferry what is French industry’s biggest need and why?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Summarize the quote that Ferry reads from M. Camille Pellatan and describe how Ferry responds to

the quote.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. According to Ferry, why do the French need ports in places like Madagascar and Tunisia?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


2.12 EITHER/OR (pp. 47-49) Leno or Conan? Each of these statements from Jules Ferry’s speech before the French National Assembly needs to be finished. Circle the one that best completes the sentence. An example is provided.

Example: My husband’s nickname is (BULL, GOAT).1

1. “Gentlemen, it (EXCITES, EMBARRASSES) me to make such a prolonged demand upon the

gracious attention of the Chamber, but I believe that the (DUTY, PRIVILEGE) I am fulfilling upon

this platform is not a (EASY, USELESS) one.”

2. “…that need, felt more and more strongly by the industrial population of Europe…the need for

(IMPORT, EXPORT) markets. Is this some kind of (JOKE, CHIMERA2)? Is this a view of the

future or is it not rather a (PRESSING, PASSING) need, and, we could say, the cry of our

(AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL) population?”

3. “Gentlemen, I must speaker from a (HIGHER, LOWER) and more truthful (PLANE, GROUND).

It must be stated openly that, in effect, (SOME, SUPERIOR) races have (RIGHTS,

ADVANTAGE) over inferior (RACES, PEOPLE).”

4. “If the declaration of the rights of (HUMANS, MAN) was written for the blacks of equatorial

Africa, then by what right do you impose regular (COMMERCE, RULE) upon them?”

5. “I (REFUTE, REPEAT) that superior races have a (RIGHT, ABILITY), because they have a duty.

They have the duty to (CHRISTIANIZE, CIVILIZE) inferior races.”

6. “[The Republican Party] is quite (UNAWARE, AWARE) that one cannot impose upon France a

political ideal conforming to that of nations like (INDEPENDENT, COLONIAL) Belgium and the

(OTTOMAN EMPIRE, SWISS REPUBLIC).”

7. “Something else is needed for France that she cannot be merely a (FREE, AVERAGE) country, that

she must also be a (POWERFUL, GREAT) country, exercizing all her rightful (POWER,

INFLUENCE) over the destiny of Europe, that she ought to propagate this influence throughout

the (WORLD, CONTINENT) and carry everywhere that she can her (LANGUAGE, CULTURE),

her customs, her (FLAG, BANNER), her arms, and her (LEGACY, GENIUS).

1 When he proposed in college people started calling me Ms. Goat, and we’re still frequently known as ‘The Goats’. So, the moral of the story is be careful who you fall in love with. --Melanie 2 A mythological ‘she-goat’ creature, nowadays chimera refers to something foolish or hard to believe. --Melanie


2.13 EXCLUSIONS (pp. 49-52) One of these things is not like the other things1. In the table below, each group of terms has an outsider that doesn’t belong. Cross out the excluded term and in the right-hand column explain why it doesn’t belong. An example has been provided.

Example: Taylor Lautner, Joe Jonas, John Mayer, Zac Efron

all ex-boyfriends of Taylor Swift

Economic exploitation Religious crusade Military glory Central government initiative

To excite the popular imagination To stress the economic importance of empire To make empire seem exotic and intangible To project France’s mission to civilize the non-European world

aquarium zoo fairground circus

postcards photos prints film monthly magazine

novels of Pierre Loti songs of Edith Piaf films of Jean Renoir posters of Pierre Colombier

1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WhuikFY1Pg


Pepe Slimane Paulo a blind Arab beggar

2.14 QUESTION/ANSWER (pp. 49-52) Just the facts, please.Complete the table below with basic information about the 1931 French Colonial Exhibition.

Question Answer

How long did the preparation for the Exhibition take?

Who was president at the time?

When did it open?

Where did it open?

How big was the Exhibition?

How did the French people feel about the Expedition prior to its opening?

How did the president arrive at the Exhibition?

What accompanied the presidental motorcade’s arrival?


What decorated the Great Hall?

What other nations sent exhibits?

Who spoke on behalf of the other nations’ exhibitors?

Who was the French minister of colonies at the time of the Exhibition?

Who was in charge of organizing the Exhibition?

What was first on the Expedition route?

What was next on the route?

What was the high point and most popular part of the attraction?

What information was available at the Exhibition?

How many people visited the Exhibition?

Did the Colonial Exhibition achieve its goals?


2.15 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 52) Working hard to get my fill1. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about Juilan Duvivier’s 1937 film. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

dangerous 1931 Gabin warning

beggar genre violence king

Slimane 1937 colonial outsiders

Paris casbah troubled box office

Juilan Duvivier’s Pepe-le-Moko is the epitome of the _______________________ of

_______________________ film. When it was released in _______________________, the film was

a big _______________________ success. The film is based on a _______________________ book.

Jean _______________________ portrays a gangster, Pepe, “an athletic and handsome” man who is

“_______________________ of the Algiers _______________________ underworld”. His nemesis,

_______________________, is an Arab Policeman. Pepe is able to evade Slimane until he becomes

psychologically _______________________ by the noise and smell of the casbah; even to the point

that he verbally abuses a blind Arab _______________________. Pepe longs for the peace and quiet of

the working-class world in _______________________ he once knew. At the end of the film, he 2

commits suicide. The movie illustrates how the French were fascinated with but also afraid of the

casbah. The _______________________ is clear—the casbah—and the empire too—are places of

sexual passion and _______________________ and as thus are _______________________, powerful

entities where _______________________ do not belong.

1 The perfect sing-along song for any team activity, particularly Decathlon. We had some truly awful singers every year, but they still belted it out like the rest of them. --Stephen 2 Spoiler alert!


2.16 CAUSE AND EFFECT (pp. 52-53)

Special effects. Complete the following chart by including the effect for each of the causes listed below.

Cause Effect

The French passed harsh labor codes, believing laziness to be an inherent characteristic of the native population.

French believed wage work was a part of civilized living.

Conditions at the labor camps were crude, inhuman, and degrading.

The indigenous population was forced to work for the colonial companies benefit.

French agriculture was revolutionized with new techniques like tractors, disc-plough and thresher

Better French medicine reduced infant mortality

The best land was used for export, especially wine.

The French protected their settlers’ interest even during the Great Depression.

Opposition to colonial rule rose up in Morocco, Syria, and Indochina


2.17 ORDERING (pp. 53-54) Custom order. Put in order the following events in history. In the parentheses next to each event, write the year or range of years in which the event occurred.

Order Year Event

_____ ( ) France annexes Tunisia

_____ ( ) France annexes Morocco

_____ ( ) Election of the left-wing Popular Front

_____ ( ) Great famine in North Africa

_____ ( ) The liberal constitution party in Tunisia, the Destour, begins to press for reform

_____ ( ) The more radical Neo-Destour party arises in Tunisia

_____ ( ) Open rebellion against French colonial rule arises in Syria

_____ ( ) French prime minister gives speeches and radio addresses about the importance of France’s imperial holdings

2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) An empire state of mind. Complete the lists below using information from the article “The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century” by Daniel R. Headrick.

1. List two momentous events of the nineteenth century according to Headrick.

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

2. List two ways in which the “new” imperialism of the nineteenth century was different according to Headrick.

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

3. According to Headrick, the goal of imperialism was to create colonies that were

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

4. Headrick writes that the three stages of imperialism were

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________


5. Key technologies in phase one were

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

6. The key technologies in phase two were

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

7. The key technologies in phase three were

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________

d. _______________________________________________________

8. Macgregor was motivated by

a. _______________________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________

2.19 MATCHING (pp. 56-57) Don’t play with matches. Match each historical figure with the correct description.

a. Diogo Cao b. Francisco Barreto c. William Bolts d. Mungo Park1 e. Capt. James

Tuckey f. William Laird g. Macgregor Laird

_____ 1. Scottish shipbuilder

_____ 2. founder of the African Inland Commercial Company who led an expedition up the Niger River without incident until most of them died of disease

_____ 3. explorer who led an expedition up the Zambezi River where many of his men succumbed to malaria in 1569

_____ 4. Portuguese captain whose men died in great numbers exploring the Congo River in 1485

_____ 5. 1777-1779 expedition leader at Delagoa Bay where 132 out of 152 Europeans died

_____ 6. leader of 1816-1817 exploring party up the Congo River in

1 I think the writers of USAD get paid extra for every mention of Mungo Park. --Melanie


which 19 out of 54 Europeans died

_____ 7. leader of a 1805 venture into the upper Niger River which resulted in the death of all Europeans present

2.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57) You’re cordially invited. Ok, so let’s say that formal written invitations were sent out for expeditions. This might be what one would sound like for Macgregor Laird’s expedition up the Niger River. Below you’ll find a word bank and a series of statements about this imaginary invitation. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

Richard Lander 26 William Laird 40

Macgregor Laird Niger River Columbine iron

steamers Seddon wood Quorra

swivel Alburkah. Langley 14 You’re cordially invited to join us on a monumental journey led by _______________________. On

our passage, the ship _______________________ will be used as a storeship and two

_______________________ will also accompany us up the _______________________ . The larger

of the two steamers, the _______________________, is made of wood and was constructed by

_______________________ and _______________________. She measures 112 x 16 feet and is

powered by a _______________________ - horsepower engine. Altogether

_______________________ men will sail on the Quorra, which will be armed with a 24-pound swivel

gun, eight 4-pound carriage guns, and an 18-pound carronade1, a small cannon. The smaller of the two

ships built by _______________________, son of the great shipbuilder _______________________,

is called the _______________________. She is 70 x 13 feet and carries a crew of

_______________________. Unlike the Quorra, which is made of _______________________, the

Alburkah is made almost entirely from _______________________, except for the deck. She has a 15-

horsepower Fawcett and Preston engine and carries a 9-pounder and six 1-pounder

_______________________ guns.

1 Carronades were designed for short-range fire and were designed to take out installations or ships. --Anto


The previous travels of Richard and John Landers prove that a steamer like ours sailing up river with a

cargo of trade will open up an immense part of Africa to the commerce and influence of Great Britain.

Join us on our great adventure! 1

2.21 CHARTING (pp. 57-61) Where’d it go down? Complete the table below by filling in the places that match the descriptions below.

Place Description/Event

Merchants from here joined Macgregor Laird in the founding of the African Inland Commercial Company

Laird’s fleet reached here without incident

In 1807, the British government stationed a fleet here to intercept slaving ships and end the slave trade

In 1825-6, an epidemic here, likely of yellow fever, killed 276 out of 399 whites,

Known as the “White Man’s Grave”

The first important experiments with extraction and use of quinine took place here

Cinchona bark came only from trees that grew here until the 1850s

The ship North Star was stationed here in 1839 when an important discovery about quinine was made

Macgregor Laird’s expedition on the ship Pleiad stayed 112 days on these two rivers

David Livingstone was here when he first heard of the effective use of quinine

1 Cheesy, I know.


2.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59) Fact or fiction? Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. Circle, or check the correct option. If it’s false, make it true and explain why the statement is wrong.

T F 1. West Indian soldiers on the West African coast had a better resistance to disease than the white soldiers they served with.

T F 2. The British government never recognized the significance of soldier death rates in West Africa due to disease.

T F 3. The principal killer of Europeans in Africa was yellow fever.

T F 4. Macgregor Laird believed that malaria was caused by firewood from a certain location.

T F 5. Alphonse Laveran discovered that malaria was transferred via mosquito bites.

T F 6. A remedy for malaria was discovered long before the 19th century through trial and error.

T F 7. The bark of cinchona trees was an effective and easily disseminated cure prior to the 19th century.

2.23 COMPARISON (pp. 58-60) This or that? For each item below, determine whether it describes the Plasmodium Vivax strain (PV) or the Plasmodium Falciparum (PF) strain of malaria.

PV PF 1. Endemic only in tropical Africa

PV PF 2. Endemic throughout much of the world

PV PF 3. The less deadly of the two strains

PV PF 4. Causes a general weakening of the body and produces intermittent fevers

PV PF 5. Generally can be treated with quinine pills at the first sign of chills or fever

PV PF 6. The body’s resistance to this strain is only temporary

PV PF 7. The bloodstream must be saturated with quinine before the onset of first infection in order to cure this strain

PV PF 8. The deadlier of the two strains

PV PF 9. Jesuits introduced the bark of the cinchona tree as a cure to this strain


2.24 CHARTING (pp. 58-60)

Which doctor?1 Complete the following chart, filling in the occupation, country of origin and accomplishments of the individuals given.

Name Scientist or physician? Country of origin Accomplishment

Example: Dr. Emmett Brown Physician U.S. Helped Marty McFly get back to the

future in the movie by the same name.

Pierre Joseph Pelletier

Jean Andre Antonini

Francois Clement Maillot

Alphonse Laveran

1 I once visited a witch trial museum in Salem, Mass. The entire museum was geared at the idea that witches aren’t evil, that they’re regular folks like you and me that don’t use magic…basically that we shouldn’t discriminate against witches. Then, at the end there was a gift shop full of tall, black witch hats, magic spell books, and broomsticks. I’m an English teacher, so I get irony. I don’t think they did. --Melanie


Dr. T.R.H. Thompson

Joseph Biename Caventou1

Giovanni Batista Grassi

Amico Bignami

Ronald Ross

1 Why do all these guys have 3 names? I thought that was reserved for 90s child stars and presidential assassins. --Melanie


2.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63) Common grounds1. Below is a series of connected items. For each group, describe how they are related in the space provided. An example is done for you.

Example: Corey, Topanga, Mr. Feeny

characters from Boy Meets World, one of my favorite sitcoms2

Hasskail Markham Weir Spruce Cross

Quinine Calomel Rhubarb Resin of Julep

Peru Ecuador Bolivia Colombia

Missionaries Soldiers Traders Administrators Planters Tourists

Bengal Ceylon Madras Java

1 An excellent coffeehouse in Waco, TX…if you ever happen to be there you should check it out. You should also go on campus at Baylor University and see the natural bear habitat there. But the coolest thing about Waco? It’s the birthplace of Dr. Pepper. --Melanie 2 Although wasn’t it strange how Mr. Feeny followed them from junior high to high school to college? --Melanie


Dayspring Rainbow Sunbeam1

2.26 DEFINITIONS (pp. 60-63) Words with friends. Complete the chart below by either filling in a complete definition of the word or the work which matches the given definition.

Example: ProcrastinEating putting off something you should be doing by eating2

Mossing

a technique used to increase the yield of alkaloids where one cuts trees to the ground every 6-7 years

the taking of quinine prior to known exposure in order to prevent rather than cure the most dangerous strain of malaria

most celebrated of all European explorers of Africa

Dr. William Baikie

commodity which replaced slaves as the principal export of Southern Nigeria

Kina Bureau of Amsterdam

1 These sound more like the celebrity kids’ names than powerful steamships. --Melanie 2 If this describes you, put the Cheetos down and read, dude. --Melanie


river which was the scene of the earliest and most active use of steamers by the invading Europeans because it was the easiest to navigate in all of tropical Africa

Ma Roberts

2.27 QUOTING (pp. 57-62)

Say anything1. Complete the following chart about quotations from the article “The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century” by Headrick. You’ll fill in the speaker as well as its context or meaning.

Speaker Quote Context/Meaning

Example: A band of knights “Ni” knights commissioned to protect certain words and

phrases (also “Peng” and “Neeee-wom”)2

“…Those viewing mankind as one great family, consider it

their duty to raise their fellow creatures from their present

degraded, denationalized, and demoralized state, nearer to Him in whose image they

were created.”

“It is thanks to Maillot that Algeria has become a French land; it is he who closed and sealed forever this tomb of

Christians.”

1 Say Anything is my favorite movie. Of all the movies of all time, it is the best. You should watch it sometime—after competition season, of course. --Melanie 2 Just don’t say the forbidden word. --Stephen


“I have had melancholy experience of the effects of wood taken on board and used as Firewood for the Engines on the Coast of

Africa.”

“…The climate [of Africa] would not be so fatal as it has hitherto proved to Europeans,

if a different mode of daily living, a proper method of prophylactic hygiene, and another line of therapeutic practice in the treatment of

fevers, were adopted.”

“The improvement over the recent past was understood well enough in official and missionary circles to reduce

sharply the most serious impediment to any African

activity.”

The steamship “will convert a most uncertain and precarious trade into a regular and steady one, diminish the risk of life, and free a large portion of the capital at present engaged in

it”


2.28 ANALOGIES (pp. 57-62) The missing link. For each comparison below, fill in the missing information. An example has been provided.

Example: Star Trek : Trekkies :: Glee: : Gleeks

1. ____________________________: poor transportation :: quinine1 : malaria

2. Alburkah : ____________________________:: Quorra : wood

3. Mungo Park : Niger River :: Francisco Barneto : ____________________________

4. Paludisme : French :: mal’aria : ____________________________

5. Weir : ____________________________:: Spruce : botanist

6. Bark of cinchona tree : prevention of malaria :: ____________________________: lubrication of

industrial machinery

7. Macgregor Laird : Scotland :: King Leopold II : ____________________________

8. Pelletier : chemist :: Cross : ____________________________

2.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62) Quinine—not just a valuable “Words with friends” entry. Each of these statements about quinine needs to be finished. Circle the one that best completes the sentence. An example is provided.

Example: My new ipad is (USEFUL, FUN).2

In order to address the growing (DEMAND FOR, SUPPLY OF) quinine an attempt was made

by the British and the (DUTCH, FRENCH) to grow (CINCHONA, POPLAR) trees in areas outside

of the Andes Mountains. In 1853-54 Justus Charles Hasskarl traveled to the (ANDES, HIMALAYAS)

under an assumed name and (SECRETLY, ALLEGEDLY) collected seeds, most of which (DIED,

SPROUTED). Later in 1858-1860, Markham and Weir traveled, again secretly, to collect (SEEDS,

YOUNG PLANTS) of the Cinchona Calisaya tree. At the same time, an (ENGLISH, AMERICAN)

botanist Robert (SPRUCE, PINE) and a gardener Robert Cross collected specimens in (ECUADOR,

PERU). Of the 100,000 seedlings and 637 young plants only 463 seedlings reached (INDIA,

ALGERIA) forming the nucleur of the cinchona plantations at Ootacamund in the Nilgiri Hills near

(MADRAS, BENGAL).

1 The hypochondriac said to the doctor … “What do you mean I’m just a hypochondriac? I don’t even know what that is”. The doctor replied “it’s when you always think you have diseases you don’t have”. “Wow” the hypochondriac replied. “I’ve definitely got that.” --Melanie 2 I love it—I just can’t figure out why. Or what to do with it. But I definitely LOVE it! (and we got it for free) --Melanie


After extensive experimentation and the eventual demise of the Andean bark industry, a

compromise was worked out between the (BRITISH, FRENCH) and the (DUTCH, GERMANS).

Plantations in (INDIA, CHINA) produced a cheaper, less (POTENT, CONTAMINATED) bark from

which chemists extracted totaquine, a mixture of antimalarial alkaloids. Most of this product was

reserved for (FRENCH, BRITISH) military and personnel stationed in the (TROPICS, COASTAL

AREAS). The rest of the product was sold in (FRANCE, INDIA). The quinine made by the

(DUTCH, FRENCH) was more potent, (PURE, CONTAMINATED), and (CHEAP, EXPENSIVE).

It made up over (FIFTY, NINETY) percent of the world market in the early twentieth century.

2.30 ORDERING (pp. 59-63) New world order. Put in order the following events in imperialist history. In the parentheses next to each event, write the year or range of years in which the event occurred.

_____ ( ) Laird’s expedition on the Pleiad

_____ ( ) two French chemists, Pelletier and Caventou, extracted the alkaloid of quinine from the bark of cinchona trees

_____ ( ) the Espoir destroyed the villages that had been responsible for the previous assault on the Rainbow

_____ ( ) foreign office agreed to send Dr. Baikie to open relations with the Caliphate of Sokoto on the Middle Niger

_____ ( ) Livingstone used the Ma Roberts1 to explore the Zambezi River up the Kebrabasa Rapids

_____ ( ) David Livingstone first heard of quinine prophylaxis

_____ ( ) delta traders whose business was threatened attacked the Rainbow

1 Reminds me of Ma Joad. --Amanda


2.31 IDENTIFY (pp. 62-63) Shipping and handling. Complete the following chart by identifying the explorer responsible for each of the following ships1

2.32 FINISH THE SENTENCE (pp. 63-64) Unfinished business. Each of the following sentences about the effects of weaponry on imperialism needs to be completed.

1. According to Headrick, the history of imperialism is essentially the history of…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. In nineteenth century battles between European powers with similar weapons, the outcome of

battles was determined by…

1 When I was a kid we had a boat named Lightning. She was gold but not nearly as fast as her name makes her sound. --Melanie 2 What would Calypso ever see in him? --Melanie

Ship Explorer

Example: Flying Dutchman

Davy Jones2

Pleiad

Ma Roberts

Pioneer

Khedive

En Avant

Ballay

Lady Nyassa

Lion Blot


______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Compared in size with European armies, indigenous armies were…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Besides size, another advantage the indigenous armies held over the invading European armies was

their…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Lastly, European invading armies didn’t always have the troops or money for military operations

they needed because…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. The nineteenth century saw an astounding development in…

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. The modern gun was developed not particularly for use in colonization but rather for…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The application of the modern gun to colonial warfare was a fortuitous side effect and was able to

shift the…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2.33 LISTING (pp. 64-66) Gunplay. Please complete the lists below about the development of weaponry and its effect on imperialism.

1. What are two especially important steps in the process of developing the modern gun? (p. 64)

a.

b.


b. What are two characteristics of an ideal musket bullet? (p. 65)

a.

b.

c. What are three of the Anglo-Indian wars of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? (p. 66)

a.

b.

c.

2.34 DATING (pp. 64-66) Get your tickets to the gun show1. Complete the chart of dates and events below. Complete the sentence description of the event with the year in which it happened.

1 My husband says this a lot while looking at his muscles in the mirror. –Melanie 2 More transformers, cars, pirates, wizards, vampires, superheroes, chipmunks, and kung fu pandas. What’s not to love about that? --Melanie 3 My friend recently flew to Philly on Flight 1776. --Melanie

Event Year

Eample: The year of the sequel2 is 2011

British soldiers used the Brown Bess until the year

Alexander Forsyth, a Scottish clergyman and amateur chemist, proposed using potassium chlorate as a detonating powder and a percussion lock instead of a flintlock in

Joshua Shaw of Philadelphia3 put detonating powder into little metal caps, simplifying the loading process after the year

French army became the first military force to adopt percussion locks in

Woolwich Board approved the first British percussion gun, the Brunswick rifle in

The British army continued to purchase flintlocks as late as

The British created their first Rifle Brigade in

Napoleon banned rifles from his armies, calling them “the worst weapon” in


2.35 FALSE (pp. 67-68) Negative, Ghostrider. Each of the statements below about the French in Algeria is false. Your job is to determine which piece of information is wrong and then correct it on the lines provided. An example is done for you.

Example: My favorite shoes are my high heels because they’re so comfortable. Tom’s1. 1. The French had better guns and more skill at using them than the Algerians.

2. The French steamer Sphinx helped defend the city of Algiers in 1830.

3. The most important Algerian chief was the emir Abd-el Kader who was successfully bribed by the French in 1833.

4. Abd-el Kader created a well armed fighting force, but the French easily defeated them.

5. Abd-el Kader got all of his weaponry from the French.

6. Fighting in India and Algeria proved difficult for the Europeans because their weaponry was antiquated compared with that of the indigenous armies.

7. The fact that river steamers weren’t needed in India and Algeria meant that the disadvantage the Europeans had experienced in Burma and China wasn’t present in European battles in those areas.

1 One for one. www.toms.com

Captain Norton invented a bullet with a hollow base in

A French army captain combined a hollow base and oblong shape into one bullet in


8. Since steamers weren’t necessary in India and Algeria, the European were forced to fight on equal footing on land in neutral territory—making their conquests short, easy, and cheap.

2.36 CHARTING (pp. 68-69) A person matching that description. Complete the following chart by entering the person or persons who matches the descriptions given.

PERSON/PEOPLE DESCRIPTION

Example: DJ Lance Rock host of Yo Gabba Gabba! wears a tight orange jumpsuit actor, musician, and DJ

most famous hunter in the area around Stanley Pool friend of local chiefs used his Winchester repeater to impress the indigenous peoples

German explorer traveled through West Africa in 1893 destroyed a wall with his machine gun to gain the respect of his indigenous hosts

visitor to Bornu fired a “few blind shots” to convince indigenous peoples to allow his men to hunt

got into a dispute with the inhabitants of Bumbireh, a village on the shore of Lake Victoria but escaped later returned and decimated the settlement

British consul at Zanzibar appalled at Stanley’s vengeful destruction of a village


one of Africa’s most powerful kingdoms defeated in 1873-74 by General Wolseley

Senegalese ruler defeated by French force of 1,400 men

conquered the Sudan in 1898 used the latest weapons to seek revenge on the Sudanese Dervishes

2.37 NUMBERING (p. 69) We’re in a tight spot. Indigenous armies often greatly outnumbered the invading European armies they fought. Still, because of superior European weaponry the results were almost always devastating for the indigenous armies. Complete the following sentences by filling in the missing numbers.

1. The entire Ashanti kingdom was defeated with only ________________ men armed with rifles.

2. Senegal ruler Mahmadou Lamine’s army was defeated with only ________________ men armed

with Gras-Kropatcheks1.

3. The entire Fon army was defeated near Porto Novo by ________________ French soldiers2 who

fired ________________ rounds of ammunition in a ________________ hour battle.

4. A ________________ man army of the Nupe Emirate of Sokoto was defeated by a Royal Niger

Company force composed of ________________ Europeans and ________________ African

soldiers because the Nupe, despite their sophisticated weaponry, didn’t have sufficient training.

5. Despite their ________________ men and ________________ guns, the fiercest of the Sudanese

slave-traders, the Rabah, were defeated by a French force of ________________.

6. In 1908 the ________________ man army of Wadai was routed by ________________ French

soldiers.

7. General Kitchener’s conquest of the Sudanese Dervishes in 1898 ended with ________________

dead on the British side and ________________ Dervishes dead at the Battle of Omdurman.

1 A general term for the variant of guns designed by Alfred von Kropatschek. --Anto 2 And the French usually only win wars against themselves. --Melanie


2.38 JEOPARDY (pp. 69-71) This is Jeopardy. Provide the question to match each answer below. This time, please answer in the form of question.

1. An upstart who assumed the traditional Islamic role of military-religious leader in the high country between the upper Niger and the upper Senegal.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Better than any other African ruler of his time, Samori Toure understood the importance of this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Samori Toure was the first leader in his region of Africa to do this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Samori Toure bought as many Gras and Mauser rifles as he could from dealers here.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The most interesting aspect of Samori’s career was his attempt to create his own one of these.

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. A rival warlord of Tewodros in Ethiopia, he recruited an English sergeant to train his troops.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. By this year Menelik of Showa had a better-equipped army than any African ruler ever before him.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. By this agreement the Italians promised to supply Menelik of Showa with arms.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


2.39 EITHER/OR (pp. 71-72) Strategery. Circle the correct choice to complete the following sentences about military strategy and tactics.

1. European forces in Asia and Africa (BROKE, FOLLOWED) most of the (CLASSIC,

UNORTHODOX) rules of war. The terrain made it necessary to advance (SINGLE-FILE, SIDE-

BY-SIDE) along narrow paths. This and other factors meant that the soldiers would have been

vulnerable to (TRADITIONAL, GUERILLA) attacks.

2. The indigenous armies attacked mostly with a (FRONTAL, SURPRISE) assault, or rush by

(SMALL, LARGE) numbers of fighting men. Despite showing (SUPERIOR, SURPRISING)

courage they were no match for the (TECHNIQUES, RIFLES) of the Europeans.

3. Imperialist warfare presents a/an (PARADOX, IRONY) since European strategy was primarily

(OFFENSIVE, DEFENSIVE) but their tactics were primarily (OFFENSIVE, DEFENSIVE).

4. One of few studies of nineteenth-century colonial warfare is a book by (COLONEL, GENERAL)

Charles Callwell called (SMALL, LARGE) Wars: Their Principles and Practice”. The book offers

information about the paradoxical offensive (STRATEGY, TACTICS) and defensive (STRATEGY,

TACTICS). Callwell writes of the supposed (PHYSICAL, MORAL) different between the

Europeans and the “barbarians” against whom they fought.

5. Charles B. Wallis, a former (DISTRICT, REGIONAL1) commissioner in (SENEGAL, SIERRA

LEONE) wrote a book, West African Warfare, which was a manual for (BRITISH, FRENCH)

officers. Wallis’ book was more realistic than Callwell’s but he also talked about the indigenous

peoples as (“SAVAGES”, “DISCIPLINED”). Wallis stressed the strict (RULES, DISCIPLINE) of

the Europeans and the (INEXPERIENCE, ENTHUSIASM) with which the British army fought.

6. Writers like Callwell and Wallis created a (FALSE, TRUE) aura of (PHYSICAL, MORAL) and

racial superiority but seemed to ignore the great effect that the (MILITARY, TECHNOLOGICAL)

revolution in tactics had on the outcome of the colonial wars. World War (ONE, TWO2) revealed

that even Europeans who felt themselves superior were as (INVINCIBLE, VULNERABLE) as any

other fighter.

1 I was hoping that Darryl would be the Office’s new regional manager. He’s maybe my favorite character—after Jim, of course. --Melanie 2 OR Z…which is the book my husband is currently reading. I definitely couldn’t read about zombies right before bed. --Melanie


7. In colonial warfare, then, modern weaponry made battle (QUICK, SLOW) and (EASY, COSTLY

FOR EUROPEANS) but on Europeans battlefields the new weaponry turned World War One into

a (OFFENSIVE, DEFENSIVE) war that made victory (IMPOSSIBLE, QUICK AND EASY).

2.40 QUESTION/ANSWER (pp. 72-75) The Suez crisis. Complete the table below by answering basic questions about the Suez Canal.

Question Answer

What feelings led up to the opening of the canal?

What leader of France entered the canal on November 17, 1869?

What other leaders joined the French empress?

How much did the opening of the canal cost?

What ship pioneered the Red Sea Route?

Who travelled to Egypt to look at the possibility of building the canal in 1841?

Who was the nephew of Mehemet Ali who disapproved of the idea of building a canal?

Who gave Ferdinand de Lesseps the concession to build the canal on November 30, 1854?


The “Near Eastern question” addressed the fact that the building of the canal probably meant that Egypt would break away from which empire?

Rivalry between which two European powers slowed down the project?

What did the British government build in the 1850s as a response to its weakening position in India?

Who carried out a great public relations campaign that gained British support in 1856?

How many men worked on the canal in its most active phase?

What was built in 1862 to alleviate the problem of disease and dehydration for those working on the canal?

What did the British government speak out against during the construction of the canal?

What war caused a “cotton famine” making Egyptian cotton more important than before for the British?

What replaced corvee labor in June 1864?

Unlike previous large-scale construction in Egypt, the emphasis here wasn’t on manpower but rather on what?

By what year did the canal begin to operate at capacity?


2.41 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 74-75) Dear Egypt and France—thanks for the Canal. Love, Great Britain1. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about the Suez Canal and technological imperialism. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

territories human reluctantly financial

cost French time lower

Royal headlights Egyptian Bombay

increase individuals night Great Britain 1. After a difficult first decade, traffic on the Suez Canal continued to

__________________________ as more and more ships passed through it. The introduction of

electric __________________________ on ships in 1887 meant that

__________________________ travel was possible, cutting travel

__________________________ in half.

2. The canal was built with __________________________ labor and

__________________________ money but it mainly served the interests of

__________________________.

3. Britain __________________________ continued to acquire __________________________

during the nineteenth century, including adding Egypt in the name of

__________________________ solvency.

4. Innovations like the steamship, machine gun, and quinine essentially helped to

__________________________ the __________________________ of imperialism in both

financial and __________________________ terms—even to the point that small groups like the

__________________________ Presidency and the __________________________ Niger

Company could take part. Even more remarkable, perhaps, is the fact that single

__________________________ like Laird, Stanley, and Rhodes could explore and take out claims

for themselves.

1 In the style of Jimmy Fallon’s “thank you” notes. He’s so genius. --Melanie


2.42 IN SHORT (pp. 76-77) This section was anything but short1. Answer the questions in short answer form (maybe a few words or a few sentences)

1. Descibe the extent of African communication across the continent. How did this differ from what the Europeans thought to be true?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe European connection and communication with the rest of the world.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. What was the irony in the fact that Europeans thought that the Africans had secret “talking drums” that they used to communicate?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. How did technological advances fuel the racism of the nineteenth century?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 But you made it! Yeah for you!


III. Tactics of Rule This workbook section covers pages 78 – 107 in the USAD Super

Quiz Resource Guide. In this section we will see the new imperialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

3.01 LISTING (pp. 78-80) New balance. Provide short answers for these questions about imperialism of the late nineteenth century.

1. What are four features of “new imperialism”?

a. ___________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ___________________________________________________________________________

d. ___________________________________________________________________________

2. What five new nations emerged as imperialist powers in the “new imperialism” period?

a. ___________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ___________________________________________________________________________

d. ___________________________________________________________________________

e. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. What three technologies helped spread European influence abroad in the 20th century1?

a. ___________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. What forces were at play with the new nationalism and imperialist struggle?

a. ___________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ___________________________________________________________________________

5. What two areas of Africa remained free after European imperialism of 1880-1912?

a. ___________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________

1 This will sound very familiar to you. Déjà vu, anyone?


3.02 IDENTIFY (pp. 79-80) Country strong1. Below you’ll find descriptions of or actions taken by imperializing countries during the “new imperialism” of the late nineteenth century. Identify which country is being described. Some descriptions apply to only one country. Others apply to multiple countries—be sure to list them all.

COUNTRY BANK

Germany France Great Britain

US Japan Italy

DESCRIPTION COUNTRY

National unification transformed it overnight into one of the foremost continental powers (1)

Lagging rival of Great Britain who sought compensation for loss of economic primacy and political prestige (1)

Had been unrivaled until the “new” imperialist challengers, had the biggest empire (1)

Just beginning to carve their own colonial empire in the late nineteenth century (2)

By 1890 Great Britain was surpassed in steel and iron production by these emerging powers (2)

Began outselling Great Britain in certain overseas markets (1)

Exported 1/3 of its industrial goods to India in 1890 (1)

1 I love Gwyneth—especially on Glee—but did anyone really see that movie? --Melanie


Amassed the world’s second largest empire in the nineteenth century1 (1)

Began to build a navy to challenge Great Britain’s (1)

New nation that sought a colonial empire in North and East Africa (1)

The bulk of Africa territories were awarded to these two powers at the Berlin Conference (2)

3.03 DEFINITIONS (pp. 78-83) Out of service, out of Africa2. Below you’ll see definitions for some of the terminology regarding “new” imperialism of the late nineteenth century. I’ve given you the definition. You supply the term.

Example: humblebrag Bragging about one’s self within the context of something that seems self-deprecating or complaining. (i.e. So, I’m usually not very good at tennis, but last night for some reason I served up a lot of aces.3)

Armed steamboats

1884-85 meeting to sort out conflicts amongst Europeans countries over territory in Africa

Extreme European expansion and struggle for territory in Africa especially between the years of 1880 and 1912

1896 battle where an Italian army of 14,500 was defeated by the armies of King Menelik II

1 Second place is the first loser, right? 2 I wouldn’t hang about! 3 Said the guy next to me at the coffee shop just now. hehe. –Melanie


1905-06 conflict when Germany protested against the Franco-Spanish division of power in the region and demanded a sphere of its own

1911 crisis that erupted when the German Kaiser sent a gunboat to the Moroccan port of Agadir in a display of German power meant to intimidate the French.

3.04 TRUE OR FALSE (p. 80-82) Truthiness1. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true.

T F Example: Thankfully, Tosh.0 was just cancelled. renewed for a 4th season.

T F 1. At the Berlin Conference the European powers drew lines of partition to divide up African territory.

T F 2. The Berlin Conference decentralized power in Africa.

T F 3. The Berlin Conference extended the European abolition of slavery and the slave trade to Africa.

T F 4. Advanced European weaponry was used for the first time in World War I.

T F 5. Europeans benefitted from the divisions between local African communities.

T F 6. Even when Africans had access to equally advanced technology, they were easily defeated by the Europeans.

3.05 CHOICES (p. 80-82) Choose wisely, young grasshopper. Choose the word that best completes the sentences below. An example is provided for you.

Example: We have nothing to fear except _____________ . fear itself zombies2

1. In Africa, the Europeans faced _________ resistance from the indigenous peoples. little much

2. Europeans _________________ _________ the divisions between local African communities.

benefitted from

fought against

1 There’s nothing wrong stretching the truth. We stretch taffy and that just makes it more delicious. --Stephen 2 Just check this out. Then, you’ll know I’m right. http://emergency.cdc.gov/socialmedia/zombies_blog.asp


3. Otto von Bismarck was _________ imperialistically aggressive than

Kaiser Wilhelm II more less

4. ___________ was discovered in South Africa in 1886. diamonds gold

5. In the nineteenth century, Germany was working to build up a strong __________ to challenge Britain’s global power. army navy

6. The Congo Free State was many times _________ than Belgium. larger smaller

7. The gap in weaponry between the Europeans and the indigenous Africans was _____________ new. completely nothing

3.06 QUESTION/ANSWER (pp. 80-81) A conference call. Complete the table below with basic information about the Berlin Conference.

Question Answer

When did the Berlin Conference take place?

Who presided over the conference?

Was the leader an effective one?

What was the purpose of the conference?

The bulk of the African territories were given to what two powers?


Whose claims to the Congo were legitimized at the conference?

How was the African map redrawn?

What motivated the abolitionist push at the conference?

3.07 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 82-84) Blank check. Below are a word bank and a series of statements. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word(s) from the word bank. All words will be used once.

1._________________________managed to enlarge its _________________________holdings on

the West African coast and to establish Portuguese East Africa on the Southeast coast of Africa.

2. _________________________sought to stake a territorial claim in East Africa but were defeated

by King _________________________II’s troops.

3.Italy was able to successfully declare a _________________________in Tripoli in 1912.

4. _________________________clearly dominated West Africa and

_________________________Africa, expanding out in every direction from

_________________________where they had been entrenched since 1830.

5. Britain sought to build a _________________________from _________________________to

_________________________that would span their African Empire.

6. The British and French shared financial control over _________________________until the

French were edged out in the 1870s and 1880s. The British claimed it as a protectorate in 1882.

WORD BANK

France Capetown Cairo railway

Egypt Portugal Angolan Menelik

Italy North protectorate Algeria


3.08 DATING (pp. 82-85) Search and seizure. Complete the following chart of dates concerning French imperialist efforts in the latter part of the nineteenth century.

3.09 FINISH THE SENTENCE (pp. 83-84) My name is Earl. Each of the following sentences about the Earl of Cromer needs to be completed.

1. Evelyn Baring’s title was…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. He was the first British Commissioner of…

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 “All hail the New York Giants!” King Julien

Year Event

Tripoli was made a French protectorate

Tunisia was made a French protectorate

France seized the French Congo in Central Africa

The French invaded the Lake Chad region, linking its possessions in the West and North to those in Central Africa

The French combined Chad and French Congo to form French Equatorial Africa

France conquered Madagascar1 and established a prosperous sugar plantation economy

Moroccan Crisis

Important confrontation occurred between Britain and France at Fashoda on the Nile

Establishment of the Union of South Africa

Anglo-Zulu War


3. After Egypt became a British colony in 1882, he became the…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Egyptians disliked several things about Cromer including…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Cromer’s primary agricultural objective was…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. After his death he was called the…

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. In 1882, Cromer called the class of pure Egyptians “ignorant” since they…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Cromer called the foreign occupation of Egypt…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. The question Cromer addressed in his article is whether…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


3.10 IDENTIFY (pp. 84-86) Place value. Complete the following chart of dates concerning imperialist efforts in the latter part of the nineteenth century.

3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) Words, words, mere words. Define each term as thoroughly as possible using information from Section III of the USAD resource.

Example: cupcake The most perfect, portable, pleasant, piquant food known to man (or woman). They’re so popular they’ve even been given their own TV shows including Cupcake Wars and DC Cupcakes.

Description Place

The Egyptian capital of Sudan

The Mahdi established an Islamic state which flourished here for 12 years

The British seized power in here 1894

The British took control here in 1889

Threats to independent Afrikaner republics north of here led to the Boer War

It was established in 1910

An important confrontation between the British and the French took place here on the Nile River

The British invested more than 2.5 million pounds here in the late nineteenth century, mostly in railways

The British allied with the French and the Ottomans to fight against the country in the Crimean War

Germany staked a claim to these islands in the colonial competition for the islands of the South Pacific

The Germans and Americans fought over control here in the South Pacific

It was annexed by the U.S. in 1898


Great Game

Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907

Black Flags

Sino-Japanese War

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion

Meiji Restoration

Russo-Japanese War


3.12 CHARTING (pp. 84-89) The bear necessities. Complete the following chart by entering the person who matches the descriptions given.

PERSON DESCRIPTION

Example: Steve Irwin

• TV personality and wildlife expert • exhibited extreme knowledge and bravery on his TV show, The

Crocodile Hunter • a ship on the TV show Whale Wars is named for him

• leader of an insurrection which sought Filipino independence • was captured by the Americans

• a part of the “Patriotic Harmonious Fists” • fought against foreign influence in China in the early twentieth

century

• leader of the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911

• his regime and rule was undermined when his country was defeated by the Japanese in 19051

• He wrote a poem about the “burden” of trying to civilize non-Europeans2.

• He wrote Social Evolution • wrote about his belief that Africans were biologically defective and

Europeans superior

• His theory of natural selection was applied to humans by some social theorists.

• General who helped suppress the Taiping Rebellion • Known as “Chinese” Gordon

1 He was also the father of Anastasia and the last of the powerful Romanov dynasty. 2 You’ll never watch Jungle Book again without thinking of this poem.


3.13 CHOICES (pp. 88-89) Natural selection. Identify whether the statements below describe Darwinian or Enlightenment thought. Mark both if the statements apply to both schools of thought.

Darwinian thought

Enlightenment thought Statement

X Example: The subject of many a fish (or dead fish) bumper sticker

In the late nineteenth century, it changed what it meant to be human

Believed in a single human species

Emphasized the specter of the animal nature of all humans

Held the notion that a single human trajectory existed along which cultures developed at various paces

Believed that environment shaped culture

Believed that biology determined culture

Believed in the human mastery of nature

Argued that small physical distinctions between the races emerged early in human history through the process of sexual selection

3.14 ANALOGIES (pp. 80-89) Define the relationship. For each comparison below, fill in the missing information. An example has been provided.

1. Meiji Restoration : Japan :: Taiping Rebellion : ____________________

2. Benjamin Kidd : Social Evolution :: ____________________: National Life from the Standpoint of Science

3. Charles Darwin : Natural Selection :: ____________________: Doctrine of survivals

4. Mungo Park : Africa :: ____________________: Pacific

5. Kaiser Wilhelm II : Germany :: King Leopold II : ____________________

6. Bechuanaland : Botswana :: Rhodesia : ____________________

7. Boxers1 : China :: Black Flags : ____________________

1 I want to write something here about underwear but it just doesn’t quite feel right.


3.15 EITHER/OR (pp. 90-91) Pearson and his peers. Circle the correct choice to complete the following sentences.

Example: I don’t trust people who don’t have a (DEGREE, FACEBOOK1).

1. Karl Pearson was a student of (LAW, POLITICS) and (CULTURAL, SOCIAL) and political

psychology at (CAMBRIDGE, OXFORD) and a (MATHEMETICIAN, SCIENTIST).

2. Pearson held the (FIRST, SECOND) chair of eugenics at the (UNIVERSITY, LONDON) College

and later became the (DIRECTOR, FOUNDER) of Eugenics there.

3. He studied under Francis Gabon, the (FOUNDER, OPPONENT) of eugenics, the goal of which

was selective (BREEDING, ENROLLING) of humans in order to improve the human race.

4. Pearson claimed to be a (COMMUNIST, SOCIALIST) but by (TODAY’S, HIS) standards his

views are troubling and quite racist.

5. He claimed that a country should (REPLENISH, CREATE) its “better” stock of humans at the

(BENEFIT, EXPENSE) of other (“INFERIOR”, “SUPERIOR”) races in order to make progress

and improve itself.

6. His principles of eugenics were carried out by (MANY, A HANDFUL) in the twentieth century in

the (WESTERN, EASTERN) world, most notably perhaps the German (NAZI, NATIONAL)

Party.

STUDY BREAK Time for some art! Draw a stick figure representation of what would happen if you met Karl Pearson today.

1 Seriously, what do they have to hide?


3.16 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 90-91) One way. Below are a word bank and a series of statements from Karl Pearson’s article. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

unconscious tribes civilized conscious

fertility stock mankind plowshare

efficiency supply soil progress

changing universal inheritance dearth

trade-routes high civilization struggle

recruit better view external

mentally survival physically suffering

development account organized sword 1. “History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a ______________________ state of

______________________ has been produced, namely, the ______________________ of race

with race, and ______________________ of the ______________________ and

______________________ fitter race.”

2. “The struggle means ______________________, intense suffering, while it is in

______________________; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the

white man has reached his present stage of ______________________, and they

______________________ for the fact that he no longer lives in caves1 and feeds on roots2 and

nuts.”

3. “You may hope for a time when the ______________________ shall be turned into the

______________________, when American and German and English traders shall no longer

compete in the markets of the world for their raw material and for their food

______________________, when the white man and the dark shall share the

______________________ between them…when that day comes ______________________ will

no longer progress; there will be nothing to check the ______________________ of inferior

______________________.”

1 I’m glad we don’t live in caves anymore. Caves are scary. --Melanie 2 Not just possible food…also a very fine house band on the Jimmy Fallon Show. --Melanie


4. “In the early days of that struggle it was a blind, ______________________ struggle of barbaric

______________________. At the present day, in the case of the ______________________

white man, it has become more and more the ______________________, carefully directed

attempt of the nation to fit itself to a continuously ______________________ environment.”

5. “We have to remember that man is subject to the ______________________ law of

______________________, and that a ______________________ of capacity may arise if we

______________________ our society from the inferior and not the ______________________

stock.”

6. “You will see that my ______________________ …is that of an ______________________

whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal ______________________ by insuring that its numbers

are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up a high pitch of

______________________ efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races, and with

equal races by the struggle for ______________________ and for the sources of raw material and of

food supply.”

3.17 LISTING (p. 91) 4x41. Complete the lists below with information about the changes in life in the colonial world brought on by the Europeans.

1. Four areas of colonial life that Europeans changed

a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________________

2. Four specific ways that Europeans sought to consolidate and exploit their power over the colonies. a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________________

3. Four examples of places where cities and ports existed and Europeans undertook big modernization projects.

1 In my hometown of Ennis, Texas everyone drives a 4x4 pickup truck with tires taller than your grandma. Really. Everyone. --Melanie


a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________________

4. Four new modes of transportation brought to the empires.

a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________________

3.18 OUTLINING (pp. 91-92) We built this city. Complete the following outline about the changes in colonial life brought on by imperialist powers.

I. Europeans transformed the constructed _______________________ in their colonial

possessions in many ways.

a. New methods of _______________________

i. Highway systems

ii. Bridges

iii. _______________________

iv. Railway networks

b. New systems of _______________________

II. Europeans imposed their own models of _______________________ in the colonies

a. Reorganized current systems

i. Police

ii. _______________________

iii. Judiciary

iv. _______________________ service

b. Introduced new Europeans ideas in some areas

i. Education

ii. _______________________

III. All these changes were made for the safety and efficiency of the Europeans and their colonial

goals


a. _______________________ layouts in colonial cities and ports for easy transport of

goods

b. Railways and _______________________ for the rapid _______________________

of European troops

c. Colonial _______________________ cities to keep Europeans separated from natives

d. Creation of _______________________ -style institutions

i. Clubs

ii. _______________________ fields

iii. _______________________

3.19 FALSE (pp. 92-93) True lies. Each of the following sentences is false. Correct each sentence to make it true.

1. The gap1 between metropole2 and colony in the late nineteenth century widened.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. British India became a major producer of cash crops during the late nineteenth century, especially tea.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Indian indigo3 was long a staple of the British textile industry even after the invention of synthetic dyes in the early twentieth century.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The diaspora of migrant labor made the construction of infrastructure like railways and irrigation systems easier and also united families.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Europeans conquered by military, diplomatic, and economic means but did little to change culture in colonial areas.

1 My favorite store! And also my favorite baseball catch phrase “He went shopping at the Gap”. It means that a player hit the ball in the empty space between two outfielders. --Melanie 2 Means metropolis or city 3 Try to say that five times fast.


______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. One example of the influence of western culture is the popularity of soccer in the West Indies and South Asia.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Western-educated colonial subjects were able to bridge the gap between colonizers and the colonized.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The British rejected the caste system already in place in India.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3.20 CHOICES (pp. 93-94) Those Belgians didn’t waffle1. Identify whether the statements below describe Belgian or British imperialism.

Belgium Britain Statement

They were the most egregious example of domination through ruthless violence.

They devised a relatively hands-off policy in colonial rule.

They took the increasingly cynical, racist view of the “native” to its conclusion.

They impressed Congolese men into hard labor at gunpoint.

They largely delegated power to traditional colonial powers like chiefs, kings, and princes.

1 Sorry about that one.


Their indigenous police force compelled the rest of the population to abandon subsistence farming and instead produce rubber for the state.

Their police responded by shooting1 recalcitrants2.

They favored indirect rule because it was far less expensive than other methods of rule.

Their police force would turn over baskets of severed hands as proof of the punishment they carried out.

They tried to gain legitimacy among subject peoples in order to create stability in their colonies.

Their methods reduced the native population by at least half.

3.21 IDENTIFY (pp. 81-85, 92) Say my name. Complete the chart below which identifies the early name given to a region and the name currently given to that same region3.

EARLY NAME CURRENT NAME

Bechuanaland

Rhodesia

Nyasaland

German South West Africa

Congo Free State

1 If my acadec coach shot us everytime she thought we were being a recalcitrant, then I don’t think she would have an acadec team. Really. And I would be the first to go! --Jasmin 2 I have a lot of recalcitrants on my acadec team (see above footnote). But I love them all! --Melanie 3 This info is the type of stuff that USAD loves to test. If you’re asking yourself “Self, when will I never need to know this seemingly useless info?” --that’s not the point of acadec. The point is IMHO learning to learn. So, learn it! --Melanie


Togoland

German East Africa

Portuguese East Africa

Somaliland

Annam

Ceylon

3.22 WHO’S WHO? (pp. 84-94) Little people, big world. Complete the chart below by finding the name that matches the description or supplying the description for the individual(s) given. Each one is an individual who is mentioned only once or twice in Section III—that’s why they’re the ‘little people’. But they’re still important!

NAME DESCRIPTION

Senegalese representative to the French legislature

leader of Anglo-Egyptian troops at battle in Khartoum in 1885

Lord Kitchener

leader of the British chartered Royal Niger Company

expansionist leader of British who fought the Zulus in the Anglo-Zulu war

Count Gobineau Robert Know

teacher of Pearson, founder of eugenics

Gurkhas and Sikhs

caste of people labeled by the British as suspicious because they were destined to be “criminals”


3.23 MULTIPLE CHOICE (pp. 93-94) I see London. I see France1. So, I know you probably get enough of these in focused quizzes, sequenced exams, comprehensive exams, etc. In fact, spend too much time in Academic Decathlon and you may find you approach the whole world as a multiple choice question2. Still, I’ve given you a few multiple choice questions to answer here. Choose the best answer carefully.

1. The French and the British

a. employed strictly indirect rule.

b. shared little in common in their ideologies or methods of rule.

c. relied on purely direct rule and violent means to control the colonial population.

d. combined direct rule through a European official with indirect rule through local officials as well.

e. abandoned assimilation early on in their imperialist quests.

2. British rule

a. cleared the way for benevolent local leaders to come to power.

b. promoted higher education amongst colonial subjects.

c. embraced and empowered Western-educated Africans.

d. left indigenous culture intact.

e. was less direct in Africa than it had been in India.

3. The French

a. granted citizenship to all of its colonial subjects.

b. and their policy of governance was less destructive to indigenous institutions than even British policy.

c. Abandoned their policy of assimilation, or mission civilisatrice, as official policy after World War I.

d. Were influenced by Darwin’s ideas earlier than many others in Europe.

e. Policy of assimilation grew out of the Enlightenment and its basic principles.

1 Forgive me—I have a five year old. --Melanie 2 Should I (a) study (b) text my friend (c) have a snack (d) check facebook (e) hug my mom. The correct answer? Go hug your mom—then study. Always study. Maybe text your friend to study with you and bring a snack along too? Don’t choose (d). You’ll end up losing precious time. This information isn’t going to learn itself. --Melanie


3.24 EITHER/OR (p. 95) Nothing unites like a common enemy. Circle the choice that best completes the sentences here about the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

1. Most of the accounts of the Indian Rebellion or Mutiny of 1857 are told from British or (INDIAN,

EUROPEAN) perspectives. Since history is written by the (WINNERS, LOSERS), very few

accounts—except a few (DENIALS, PROCLAMATIONS) from the leaders themselves—tell the

(BRITISH, INDIAN) perspective on the events of this important event in the history of the British

empire.

2. The few Indian narratives which survive tell about four things: (1) the condition of the rebels’ armies

and (ENCAMPMENTS, MORALE), (2) the nature of (INDIAN, BRITISH) fighting techniques,

(3) the extent and importance of (WRITTEN, ORAL) communication and rumour during the

rebellion, and (4) the great (PERSONAL, COLLECTIVE) difficulties of remaining loyal to the

British.

3. The Indian accounts were highly personal with (MUCH, LITTLE) comment about the rebellion as

a whole. They do, however, explain the native point of view of British rule in India and the part the

(GOVERNMENT, MILITARY) played in provoking the rebellion.

4. The catalyst to the revolt was the introduction of rifle cartridges greased by cow and pig fat. Since

the Indian soldiers, called sepoys, were to (BITE, TEAR) open the cartridges this was offensive to

both the (HINDUS, MUSLIMS) who don’t believe in eating pig products and (HINDUS,

MUSLIMS) who don’t eat beef.

5. Sepoys were also angry about other things too, including a (DECLINE, INCREASE) in salary,

(BENEFITS, STATUS), and respect from their company (OFFICERS, PEERS).

6. Another policy, one of taking over territories where a native ruler died (WITHOUT, WITH) a

legitimate heir, called the Doctrine of (LAPSE, CONTROL) greatly angered the sepoys. Some,

including Sita Ram, a (PRIEST, SEPOY) in the (BENGAL, BOMBAY) army, even argued that the

application of the Doctrine of Lapse in Oudh was actually the (SECONDARY, MAIN) cause of the

rebellion.

7. When the British claimed Oudh through the Doctrine of Lapse they greatly (ANGERED,

EMPOWERED) the Indians because Oudh was a (POOR, RICH), (HISTORIC, NEWLY

ADDED) part of India. The British seizure of such an area was seen as a clear (CULTURAL,

RELIGIOUS) insult.


3.25 SHORT ANSWER (pp. 95-97) Rebel yell. Answer the questions in short answer form (maybe a few words or a few sentences).

1. Who was Vishnubhat Godse and how was he related to the rebellion of 1857?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. What do the young soldiers say about the new guns and bullets sent to them by the English?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. How did the soldiers find out about the fact that the cartridge packets were made with cow and pig

fat?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. How did the soldiers in Godse’s story believe the British Parliament responded to the cartridge

controversy? Was this accurate?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


3.26 CAUSE/EFFECT (p.97) Before and after. In the table below, fill in the events related to the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.

Cause Effect

Example: Meet a prince and get him to fall in love with you.

Plan a wedding that’s an international news story, wear a beautiful dress, and watch your friends and

family show up in their crazy hats.

On February 26, the 19th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) at Berhampore refuses to use

the new rifle cartridge.

On March 29, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in the 24th BNI at Barrackpore tries to incite his fellow soldiers to refuse their cartridges.

On May 9th, 85 sepoys from the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry at Meerut refuse to use the

cartridges.

On June 8, the beginning of the British siege of the rebels begins in Delhi.

On June 6, the rebel siege of the British fort at Kanpur begins, Nana Sahib joins the

rebellions.

3.27 JEOPARDY (pp. 98-100) Question of the day. Provide the question to match each answer below. Please answer in the form of question.

1. This twenty-one year old Indian left his home in Pathardi seeking adventure in 1857.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. This man was a great rebel leader under the command of Nana Sahib.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Pandurang and his cousin were employed as a part of the rebel army after they were proven to not be working as this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


4. In Pandurang’s account of a battle near Khajuri, he describes the struggles that the Indian army had

with this aspect of battle.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Pandurang’s stories about the rebel armies often involve these two themes.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. This man also wrote of the weak fighting of the sepoys who had the English greatly outnumbered at Delhi and yet lost.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Vishnubhat Godse also wrote of the conditions within the rebel armies, particularly the attack here.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Of all the personal narratives that survive, only Sita Ram’s gives us an account of this phenomenon.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Sita Ram almost turned against the British when he was shown this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Sita Ram remained loyal to the British and was given this task by the British in the early 1858.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

11. In the most troubling account of the rebellion, Sita Ram wrote of being asked to execute this man.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

12. According to Ram’s accounts, this was the fate of the bodies of the rebel soldiers.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


3.28 QUOTING (pp. 95-100) The rebel alliance. Complete the following chart about quotations from the different Indian accounts of the Sepoy Rebellion. You’ll fill in the speaker as well as its context or meaning.


Example: Charlie Sheen

“I’m on a drug. It’s called Charlie Sheen”

Um…not sure what anything that guy said really meant. Your guess is as good as mine.

“[It] filled the minds of the sepoys with distrust and led

them to plot against the Government”

“The soldiers became exceedingly friendly to us…

Finally they told us that three days from now there will be a revolution. There doubtless will be killing and looting

too.”

“The men from our regiment wrote to others in the

regiment telling them of this, and there was soon excitement

in every regiment.”

“The assembly so decreed and he immediately set off to Hindusthan with loads of

cartridges.”


“He had us searched but no papers or any sort were found

in our possession. But he remained suspicious.”

“We were greatly afflicted; we had not eaten all day.”

“The sepoys could not have fought well to have allowed an English force of under 10,000

to defeat 70,000.”

“I regret it every hour.”

“The English began entering the city…they sought out

males from the age of five to the age of eighty and killed

them.”


“I remembered how the Sirkar had been my protector…I was determined never to betray it

so long as it continued to rule.”

“Through the kindness of the Major I was allowed to

perform the funeral rites over my misguided son.”

3.29 MATCHING (pp. 100-101) Makin’ history. Match each historical figure with the correct fact. Some letters will be used more than once.

a. Leopold II b. Edmund Morel c. The Germans d. The French e. The British f. George Orwell g. Herbert

Spencer

_____ 1. Founder of Social Darwinism

_____ 2. Wrote a book about Belgium’s King Leopold II

_____ 3. Set off the new round of empire building when he seized the Congo in the early 1880s

_____ 4. A British journalist in the Congo

_____ 5. They talked of spreading “culture”

_____ 6. Author of The Black Man’s Burden1

_____ 7. They talked of their mission to “civilize”

_____ 8. They believed they carried the “White Man’s Burden”

_____ 9. Commissioned a 1903 investigation in the Congo

_____ 10. Author of “Shooting an Elephant”

_____ 11. His intentions in imperialism were described as “purely commercial”—his rule was described as a “virtual holocaust”

1 See what he did there? I love a clever play on words.


3.30 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 101-102) King Leopold’s Ghost. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about Edmund Morel’s article “King Leopold’s Rule in Africa”. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

positive starvation children domestic

dark depopulation systematic daily

perpetual justice neglect live stock

eradicated depression food-stuffs taxes

unchecked elimination degraded lot 1. Morel writes: “Outwardly the most striking effect is ______________________: slaughter,

mutilation; emigration; sickness, largely aggravated by cruel and ______________________

oppression; Poverty and even ______________________ starvation, induced by unlimited taxation

in ______________________ and ______________________; a hopeless despair and mental

______________________ engendered by years of grinding tyranny; ______________________

of children by the general maltreatment of women”.

2. Morel writes of the devastation to the daily life of the native population and the “crushing weight of

______________________, remorseless oppression; the gradual ______________________ of

everything in the ______________________ life of the natives which makes that life worth living.”

3. Morel writes about how men were pressured to pay their ______________________ or produce

more by having their women taken “away from their homes for forced labor requisition”. Some

women were “[seized] as ‘hostages’ and [tied up]”. Oftentimes the women and their

______________________ were thrown in prison together where many died of

______________________, neglect, or physical abuse.

4. Morel writes that the life of the “______________________ slave under the African system is

blissful beyond words if you compare his ______________________ with that of the

______________________ serf under the Leopoldian system”.

5. Morel asks whether they’ll be a future time when Africa will bring forth a “reaction so violent than

an era of ______________________ will, for the first time in the history of Caucasian relationship

with the ______________________ Continent, arise, never to be ______________________”.


6. Morel places the blame on those who did nothing to prevent the exploitation of the Congo saying

“the wickedness of this thing is grafted in the fatuous stupidity and inhumanity of the Powers in

allowing the extermination of the Congo races to go on ______________________, barely, if at all,

reproved.”

3.31 FINISH THE SENTENCE (p. 103) CSI: Belgium. Each of the following sentences about King Leopold’s investigative commission needs to be completed.

Example: James Franco, famous Hollywood actor, is now apparently producing…

…invisible art1.

1. According to the report, the Belgians had “absolute and exclusive” control and ownership of…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. The commission reported that natives are forbidden to change…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Belgian agents because of their own personal interest in its yield often made excessive demands on

the production of…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. In order to meet the demands put upon them by the Belgians in charge, native men had to travel…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The natives who were harvesting the rubber faced…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. In all the settlements women were…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

1 Seriously—look it up. Sounds like something that QVC would try to sell my mother-in-law.


7. Many black soldiers were killed out of…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Men, women, and children who tried to escape were…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3.32 ORDERING (pp. 79-103) Dates. They’re what’s for dinner. Put in order the following events in European imperialism. In the parentheses next to each event, write the year in which the event occurred.

_____ ( ) beginning of a lengthy industrial depression which lasted to the early 1890s

_____ ( ) Kaiser Wilhelm II takes over as ruler of Germany

_____ ( ) Britain wins battle of Omdurman

_____ ( ) beginning of the Anglo-Zulu War

_____ ( ) beginning of the Boer War

_____ ( ) Suez Canal opened

_____ ( ) France forms the French Indochina Union

_____ ( ) beginning of the Russo–Japanese War

_____ ( ) Belgian Investigative Commission issues its report


3.33 CHARTING (pp. 83-101) The write stuff. Fill in the blank boxes in the following chart about books mentioned in Section II of the USAD resource.

Title Author(s) Year published Brief summary of contents

Modern Egypt: “Why Britain Acquired

Egypt”

“The White Man’s Burden”

Social Evolution

National Life from the Standpoint of Science

King Leopold’s Rule in Africa


“Shooting an Elephant”

3.34 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 103-104) Before Big Brother. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true.

T F Example: Jim Carrey’s most recent movie is Mr. Popper’s Platypuses1. Penguins

T F 1. George Orwell was well liked in Burma.

T F 2. Orwell was once tripped on the football field and a crowd of Burmans came to help him get back up.

T F 3. Orwell writes that the only people who supported him were the Buddhist priests.

T F 4. George Orwell worked for the British Empire but secretly disapproved of imperialism.

T F 5. Orwell claims to be keenly aware of the way in which the British Empire was weakening.

T F 6. Orwell writes that the British Empire is better than the younger empires that are going to supplant it2.

T F 7. Orwell claims that his encounter with the elephant helped him to realize the true nature of imperialism.

1 Platypi? 2 Belgium…we’re looking at you. --Melanie


3.35 ORDERING (pp. 104-106) Peer pressure. In the table below, fill in the events related to the shooting of the elephant in Orwell’s story as happening first, second, third, etc. You’ll also need to fill in the blanks here to complete the chart fully.

Event Order

The crowd following Orwell grows to around _____________________ thousand.

Orwell gets an old .44 _____________________ and starts out on a pony.

Orwell receives a phone call from the _________________________ at a police station asking him to help out with an elephant ravaging a bazaar

He sends an orderly to a friend’s house to borrow an elephant _____________________.

He hears yells of “Go away, _____________________!” a little bit away.

Orwell realizes that he _____________________ shoot the elephant and that he definitely didn’t _____________________ to shoot the elephant.

Orwell fires _____________________ more shots into the elephant.

He sees the body of a dead _____________________, a black Dravidian coolie very recently killed by the elephant

The natives spot Orwell’s _____________________ and begin to shout excitedly at the prospect that Orwell will shoot the elephant.

Orwell realizes that he’ll have to _____________________ the elephant.


Orwell fires the _____________________ shot at the elephant.

The elephant’s body is _____________________ by the Burmans by the afternoon.

3.36 CONNECT THE DOTS (pp. 103-106) Master of puppets. Draw lines to match the item being described to the simile or metaphor used to describe it in George Orwell’s “Shooting an Elephant”1.

1. The crowd was watching Orwell “He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it.”

2. The sahib must do what the natives expect of him “as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a

trick.”

3. Orwell considers what would happen if he missed the elephant as it charged him

“as of people who see the theater curtain go up at last”

4. The people anticipate Orwell’s shooting of the elephant with a big sigh

“like a huge rock toppling”

5. The elephant collapsed “I should have about as much chance as a toad under a steamroller.”

6. Orwell feels that he must do what the crowd expects him to do

He is the “leading actor of the piece”.

7. Orwell feels manipulated by the will of the people in the crowd He is an “absurd puppet pushed to and fro”.

1 For a good study guide for the short story—which I contend is really an essay—go to http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides6/Shooting.html#Symbols


IV. The End of Empire This workbook section covers pages 108 – 123 in the USAD Super Quiz Resource Guide. We will explore the process of decolonization

after the world wars as well as the postcolonial immigration and cultural mixing of the mid to late twentieth century.

4.01 QUESTION/ANSWER (pp. 108-110) I like to move it, move it1. Complete the table below with basic information about the life and work of Buchi Emecheta.

Question Answer

When and where was Buchi Emecheta born?

To where did she migrate in 1961 and why?

What was Emecheta’s husband doing in London?

How was Emecheta treated as an immigrant in London?

Where did Emecheta finally get a job?

What type of literature did Emecheta write?

How was her literature received?

1 You like to (MOVE it)!


What happened to Great Britain and the other imperialist powers after World War II?

How did the War impact the colonies?

Had the Europeans maintained complete control in the colonies prior to World War II?

Explain.

Who amongst the colonized peoples were content with the status quo of European rule?

Why did many immigrants migrate to European cities in particular?

Prior to decolonization how did Europeans view themselves?

How were colonial troops treated after the war?

4.02 LISTING (pp. 108-114) My name is on the list1. Complete the lists of items below.

1. Name three works by Buchi Emecheta. Include the date of publication for each. (p. 108)

a.

b.

c.

2. List three things immigrants sought in their migration to Europe (p. 108)

a.

b.

c.

3. List two things which caused the Europeans to lose their empires after WWII. (p. 109)

1 The list for the competition team hopefully! --Jasmin


a.

b.

4. List three areas that were easily granted their independence in the 1950s by France. (p. 112)

a.

b.

c.

5. List three things Africans in shantytowns during World War II did to earn a living. (p. 114)

a.

b.

c.

4.03 IDENTIFY (pp. 108-112) Conflict of interest. Complete the chart below by supplying the term that matches the definition given OR the definition for the word given.

Example: toothpaste hangover

The condition where everything—especially orange juice—tastes bad after you brush your teeth.

Lifting of imperial rule

The client relationship that developed after decolonization where the industrialized Western nations were still able to exploit the previously colonized areas

Independent portion of South Asia created for Muslims in 1947

Independent portion of South Asia created for Hindus in 1947

The one place in Asia where Great Britain maintained strong political control

Head above Water

An ideology uniting all of Africa which increased during World War II as African troops from different parts of Africa interacted with one another during the fighting.


The line that divided North Korea and South Korea after World War II

Modern-day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were once under French control and called this

Soldiers under Ho Chi Minh fighting for independence; their guerilla tactics proved too much for French forces

Carved out an independent Laos and Cambodia and divided Vietnam into North and South, each free from French control

Francophonie

Evian accords1

4.04 FILL IN THE BLANK (pp. 109-111) The Empire strikes back. Below are a word bank and a series of statements about the end of imperialism. Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the word bank. All words will be used once.

WORD BANK

Algeria impoverished decades aircraft

Labor food Writing jobs

conscription Winston Churchill films Technology

entrepreneurs sailors Reading urban

Vietnam Indonesia famine strengthen 1. __________________________’s main objective during World War II was to maintain and

perhaps even __________________________ the British Empire. However, the war weakened

Great Britain’s hold on its colonies just as it had for every other imperial power.

1 Home of the bottled water by the same name which, yes, is naïve spelled backwards. --Melanie


2. Colonial soldiers were exposed to __________________________ from the imperialists that they

wouldn’t have otherwise seen; they also improved their skills in __________________________

and __________________________.

3. Forced __________________________ and forced __________________________ were

especially troublesome imperialist policies to the colonized peoples during World War II. Riots were

sparked by differences in pay among Indian and British __________________________.

Colonized peoples prepared themselves for rebellion through __________________________ and

novels.

4. Local __________________________ did profit during the war when the industrialized powers

were preoccupied with war. India even developed its own __________________________

industry during the war. Other businesses like oil, steel, banking, and finance prospered as well.

5. The war left many Europeans __________________________ but was especially economically

difficult for local people who often lacked basic necessities. __________________________ in the

colonies certainly wasn’t a priority for the imperial powers during wartime so the colonies faced

times of __________________________ and social upheaval.

6. Especially prevalent was __________________________ poverty. Rural people flocked to the

cities in hopes of finding __________________________, making the situation worse.

7. At the end of World War II, open rebellion had broken out in __________________________,

__________________________, __________________________, and other colonies. Actually

colonial leaders assumed that the end of the empire was already at hand when the war ended. The

fact was that in many places the struggle for independence was to take several

__________________________.


4.05 DATING (pp. 110-113) We didn’t start the fire1. Complete the following chart of dates concerning decolonization efforts in the years after World War II.

4.06 MATCHING (pp. 111-113) Follow the leader. Match each leader with the correct fact(s). Some letters will be used more than once.

a. Mao Zedong b. Jiang Jieshi2 c. Ho Chi Minh d. Charles de Gaulle e. Winston Churchill f. Faisal

_____ 1. leader of the Communists who took over China in 1949

_____ 2. had his own ‘brand of nationalist socialism’

_____ 3. his regime was unpopular within his country but was supported by the U.S.3

_____ 4. Communist leader who fought for Vietnam’s liberation from the French

_____ 5. leader of the Nationalists who lost control of China when the

1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jR-A4QFHZBA 2 AKA Chiang Kai-shek 3 The U.S. wanted to keep the Communists out of power—too much red for our taste.

Year Event

A radical Hindu assassinated Gandhi as he worked for religious reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia

Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong take over China

With the support of the Soviet Union, North Korea invaded South Korea

After U.S. forces pushed the North Koreans back, almost to China’s border, and years of stalemate and agreement was reached by the opposing sides

Bloody battle of Dien Bien Phu forces French withdrawal from Vietnam

Mao Zedong died

National Liberation Front surfaces to attack French settlers and their Arab allies in Algeria

Evian accords assigned

Great Britain ceded Palestine to the United Nations to work out a settlement between the Jews and the Arabs

State of Israel established


Communists took over

_____ 6. granted independence to Algeria after his former allies turned against him

_____ 7. insisted on being provided alcohol and tobacco during his meetings with royalty from Saudi Arabia

_____ 8. demanded that any extraction of his country’s resources be done without British involvement

_____ 9. collectivized agriculture and sought to brutally repress the privileged class once he took over in China

_____ 10. King of Saudi Arabia in post World War II era

_____ 11. revised the constitution where he ruled soon after taking over

4.07 FINISH THE SENTENCE (pp. 113-114) Black gold. Each of the following sentences about oil needs to be completed.

Example: Will Schuester always wears…

a snappy sweater vest.

1. Toward the end of WWII an eminent American geologist predicted a shift in…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. He called the oil in the Middle East the “ greatest…

______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________”.

3. Europe needed oil from the Middle East but was in a difficult spot because of the feelings of…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. The Saudis were able to increase the…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. The Cold War gave Middle Eastern countries the ability to manipulate the US and the USSR by…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


6. The shah of Iran demanded the same…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. In 1953 a U.S.-government backed cartel reached an…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. In both their dealings with the Saudis and the Iranians the British interests were hidden because…

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4.08 JEOPARDY (p. 114) Ready, set, answer. Below you’ll see answers to questions about the Suez Canal. Provide the appropriate questions to match the answers given. Please answer in the form of a question.

1. He took over as president of Egypt in 1952.

____________________________________________________________

2. The owner of the Suez Canal in 1952.

____________________________________________________________

3. Egypt’s new president had this as his primary goal.

____________________________________________________________

4. This country blocked loans for the building of the Aswan High Dam.

____________________________________________________________

5. British Prime Minister during the struggles with Egypt over control of the Suez Canal.

____________________________________________________________

6. The month and year when Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal.

____________________________________________________________

7. These two nations joined Great Britain in a secret plot whereby Israel would attack Egypt, opening the door for gains in the region.

____________________________________________________________

8. In 1956 when Israel attacked Egypt and there was a revolt in Hungary the US was preoccupied with this.

____________________________________________________________

9. Britain bombed the suburbs of this Egyptian city during the Suez Crisis.

____________________________________________________________


10. The British refused to follow a policy of appeasement with Nasser as they had before with this notorious world leader, to whom they even directly compared Nasser1

____________________________________________________________

11. This nation threatened the British, French, and Israelis if they chose not to withdraw from the Suez Canal.

____________________________________________________________

12. He declared U.S. refusal to intervene in the Suez Crisis to be an example of America’s independence from Europe’s colonial ambitions.

____________________________________________________________

13. What did the outcome of the Suez Crisis symbolize for the countries of the Middle East?

____________________________________________________________

4.09 WHO’S WHO? (pp. 112-122) We’re not gonna take it. Complete the chart below by finding the name that matches the description or supplying the description for the individual(s) given.

Name Description

General who became French President in 1958, revised the constitution, and negotiated Algerian independence

Kwame Nkrumah

British Conservative Party member who campaigned against immigration, predicting that the rivers would fill with blood if too many Asians were allowed to enter Britain.

Ugandan dictator who expelled all Ugandans of Asian lineage in 1973 in order to make the country “a black man’s country”

Meena Pathek

1 You see a lot of this today. The fact is that, as the brilliant Jon Stewart says, “This leader is This leader” (I don’t want to give away the answer )…no one else. Hopefully, we’ll never see another one like this guy. I say we should be careful throwing that particular insult around.


Member of The Beatles who played the sitar and wrote songs with Asian musical patters after becoming interested in Asian music1

Artist who created statues in the late 1940s and early 1950s which reflected non-Western influence in its resemblance to slim, colorful totem poles

Artist who created huge papier-mache statues of women brightly garbed called “Nanas” whose art reflected non-Western influence

Gyorgy Ligeti

German composer who traveled widely and incorporated musical sounds from around the world in his music

4.10 EITHER/OR (pp. 112-123) It’s raining men. Circle the correct choice to complete the following sentences.

Example: My favorite show on the Disney Channel is (PHINEAS AND FERB, THE SUITE LIFE).

1. Immigrants from the former colonies to Europe were sought mostly because of a (SCARCITY,

SURPLUS) of native-born (LEADERS, LABORERS).

2. Though countries like (GERMANY, AUSTRIA), who were trying to rebuild after the war, needed

more laborers, Europe wasn’t prepared for such an influx of new people. Immigrants needed

housing, a place in (SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT), education, civil rights, and ultimately family

and human (RELATIONSHIPS, RESPONSIBILITIES).

3. Between 1947 and 1954 a (MILLION, HUNDRED THOUSAND) North Africans entered

France.

1 I have no idea how the Beatles managed to make an appearance in the super quiz section this year, but I’ll take what I can get. Good to know somebody at USAD shares my views on music. --Stephen


4. Many immigrants looked to Europe as a land of (OPPRESSION, OPPORTUNITY), relatively

good government, and (WEALTH, CITIZENSHIP). The first immigrants, male guest workers,

lived together in (COTTAGE, BARRACK)-style houses. This afforded later arriving immigrants

the opportunity for (SUPPORT, HOMESICKNESS) and community.

5. Many (UNDOCUMENTED, UNQUALIFIED) workers flocked to Europe because of the

availability of jobs and the higher wages paid there. In an economic (DEPRESSION,

DOWNTOWN) in the 1970s, Germany and France ended their immigration programs. Guest

workers who didn’t want to get “stuck” in their homelands petitioned to be able to (LEAVE, STAY

IN) Europe permanently for fear that they’d be sent home never to return to Europe again.

Governments set up programs to (ENCOURAGE, DISCOURAGE) people to stay in their

homeland, even (BEGGING, PAYING) them to do so.

6. With the (LACK, WAVES) of immigrants from the former colonies, Europeans had to start

focusing on (RACE, ECONOMICS) and immigration, especially after a surging tide of new arrivals

from the West Indies, India, and Pakistan met with racist riots.

7. In 1962 the (BRITISH, FRENCH) government passed laws separating the right to Commonwealth

immigration from the right to citizenship. Then, (SIX, SIXTEEN) years later a series of laws limited

entry even of British holders of a (PASSPORT, CITIZENSHIP CARD).

8. A growing racist sentiment was reflected by leaders like Enoch Powell, a (CONSERVATIVE,

LIBERAL) leader who argued that keeping Europe “white was not only (UNNATURAL,

NATURAL) but (HEALTHY, UNHEALTHY).

9. Opposition to racism like Powell’s arose. The (GREEN, LABOUR) Party ran pro-

(INTEGRATION, SEPARATION) campaigns advocating things like tolerance and integration.

Bills mandating (EQUAL, PREFERENTIAL) treatment in housing, jobs, and advertising, and

providing services such as (MEDICAL, EMOTIONAL) care, financial services, and education were

passed to make things fairer for new immigrants.

10. First-generation immigrations often lived in (THEIR OWN, OTHERS’) communities within

European society. Second generation immigrants often took part in (SOCIAL PROTESTS,

POLITICS) and developed a (WEAK, MIXED) identity.


4.11 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 114-19) Channeling Gandhi. Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. If it’s false, make it true.

T F Example: The 2011 remake I’m most excited about is Conan the Barbarian. Footloose!

T F 1. Ghana, home of Buchi Emecheta, achieved its independence in 1950.

T F 2. Some European settlers in Africa violently resisted independence movements.

T F 3. Those who migrated from the former colonies to Europe did not always find the freedom and rights they hoped for as European nations wrote laws to disqualify them from citizenship and equal treatment.

T F 4. Many employers who hired minorities and women expected that they would fail at anything, except for menial labor.

T F 5. Cries of “reverse discrimination” came out of efforts to ensure fair representation of the population.

T F 6. France insisted that it was “not a country of immigration.”

T F 7. Families arrived first in France, then later in Germany and Great Britain.

4.12 DEFINITIONS (pp. 116-121) Be our guest. Define each term as thoroughly as possible using information from Section IV of the USAD resource.

Pieds noirs

Harkis

Guest workers


“company culture”

Bonnet Law

gado gado

Ghetto Blaster

The Beatles

Outwork


V. Cumulative Exercises This workbook section covers the whole freakin’ resource. Deal with

it.

5.01 DESCRIPTIONS Match.com. Complete the table below by filling in the persons that match the descriptions below. Then, fill in the blanks with the appropriate country.

Person Description

Example:

Robert Pattinson Remarkably pale yet remarkably attractive British movie actor who is the subject of Jimmy Fallon’s skits about being “bothered”.

Founder of the Ming Dynasty in ________________________

________________________explorer who arrived in Asia in 1498

Known as “The Navigator”, he started the era of exploration when he

began to explore for ________________________

________________________mariner who explored North

America’s coast from South Carolina to Newfoundland, establishing

long-lasting French claims there

Most influential ________________________ explorer who sailed

the St. Lawrence River establishing a base there near Quebec


________________________citizen who sailed for

________________________making the first English-sponsored

verifiable contact with North America

________________________explorer who rounded the Cape Horn

and proved there was a south-west passage to Asia at the bottom of

South America

________________________sailor who combined the plunder of

Spanish ships with exploration of Cape Horn, claiming Nova Albion

(now California) and circumnavigating the globe

________________________explorer and leader of expeditions to

the South Pacific with commercial and scientific goals

________________________explorer and leader of expeditions up

the Niger River

________________________ leader of an expedition up the

Zambezi Valley to establish contact with the kingdom of

Monomotapa in 1569

________________________ explorer who traveled through

Western Africa in 1893; demonstrated the power of his machine gun

in order to “gain the respect” of the indigenous peoples

________________________ captain who sent a party of men to

explore the Congo River in 1485


5.02 ORDERING Can’t we all just get along? Put in order the following events. In the parentheses next to each event, write the year in which the event occurred.

_____ ( ) Battle of Poitiers

_____ ( ) Turks capture Constantinople

_____ ( ) Beginning of the Crusades

_____ ( ) Battle of Waterloo

_____ ( ) Beginning of Nine Years War

_____ ( ) Beginning of Seven Years War

_____ ( ) Boxer Rebellion

_____ ( ) Beginning of the Boer War

_____ ( ) French Revolution

_____ ( ) Battle of Plassey

_____ ( ) Battle of Omdurman in Sudan

5.03 FILL IN THE BLANK Point blank. Finish the sentences below about some of the foreign words and nicknames used in the resource. Use the word bank to help you. You’ll use each word only once.

WORD BANK

Muslims French Granada Italian

malaria Portuguese calomel Javanese

Boxers Ever-victorious foreign Plassey

figureheads typhoid sailing British

Mexican Manhattan ships rhubarb

provincial Reconquista tribute Bad air

The East Spanish Europe Taiping Rebellion 1. The ____________________________ for this first-class ____________________________

vessel derived from the ____________________________ word for ship, ajong. The junks were

able to carry 1,500 tons, much more than their European counterparts at the time.


2. The ____________________________ ended in 1492 when the last

____________________________ were driven out of Europe with the fall of the Sultanate of

____________________________.

3. Nawabs were ____________________________ governors in India. The British often depended

on their good will, which they secured with ____________________________ payments. After

the Battle of ____________________________ of 1757, nawabs became mostly

____________________________, as real power lay in the hands of the

________________________East India Company (EIC).

4. The deadliest of the African diseases, malaria, is named for the ________________________ word

for swamp, since humid air and bad smells were blamed for the disease and the

________________________ word for mal’aria, which means ________________________.

5. Africa was known as the “White Man’s Grave” because of diseases like dysentery, yellow fever,

________________________ and especially because of ________________________.

6. The European powers were able to exploit the Ottomans and Chinese known respectively in the

nineteenth century as the “Sick Man of ________________________” and the “Sick Man of

________________________.”

7. “Livingstone Pills”, David Livingstone’s favorite remedy for malaria were made with a concoction of

quinine, ________________________, ________________________, and resin of julep.

8. Sir Francis Drake was called “El Diablo” by the ________________________ because of his attacks

on Spanish ________________________ and settlements.

9. General Charles Gordon’s western-trained army that quashed the ________________________

was called the “________________________” army.

10. The “Patriotic Harmonious Fists”, a group known as the ________________________, led a 1900

rebellion against ________________________influence. The rebellion was put down by 20,000

troops from Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, and America.

11. The Dutch West India Company (WIC) was never as powerful as its counterpart the Dutch East

India Company (VOC), but it was known for two extraordinary feats: the capture of the

________________________ silver fleet and the acquisition of ________________________from

the Indians.


5.04 CHARTING Let’s shake on it. Complete the chart of dates here about the treaties, doctrines, agreements, etc. related to imperialism.

Year Treaty/Doctrine What it accomplished

Divided claims in the New World between Spain and Portugal sphere of influence

Declared U.S. support of independence in Latin America

Treaty of London

Peace of Utrecht

Eliminated papal judicial authority in England, declaring England an empire to itself

Removed British East India Company monopoly of the China trade and its dominance of the India-China trade route

Promised indigenous Maoris protection of their land rights

Divided the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia

Treaty of Tafna

Open Door Policy

Evian Accords


5.05 FINISH THE SENTENCE Random sentences of randomness presented randomly. Below you see the beginning of sentences about imperialism. Complete the chart by writing the rest of the sentence in the right-hand column. An example is provided for you.

Example: Kelly Clarkson is… …still the best of all the American idols1.

The British government claimed Australia as…

Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he…

The French Colonial Exhibition marked these two anniversaries…

According to Daniel Headrick, one of the most popular forms of literature is literature about…

In 1881 Francois Clement Maillot was honored by the Scientific Congress of Algiers…

In 1861, the Espoir entered the Niger River and destroyed the villages there because of their…

Henry Morton Stanley was criticized by the British Consul at Zanzibar for his actions there when Stanley…

Perhaps the most famous of all colonial campaigns in the English-speaking world was…

1 Although, I was a Scotty fan…not that I watch that show or anything. --Melanie


The Italian defeat at Aduwa on March 1, 1896 was due in part to their own treaty, the Treaty of Wichelle, which…

According to Daniel Headrick, the social event of the nineteenth century and indeed the century’s most anticipated moment was…

The Sino-Japanese War ended in…

5.06 MATCHING On an island in the sun1. Match each historical figure with the correct description.

a. The Azores b. Greenland c. The Fortunate Isles d. The Canaries e. Hawaii f. Cape Verde islands g. Marshall Islands

_____ 1. Spain captured these islands from Portugal in 1479 and began plantation-based agricultural production, especially the production of sugar

_____ 2. The Portuguese arrived here as early as 1431

_____ 3. King George III authorized James Cook to establish British authority here in 1779

_____ 4. Seamen from this island explored America before the year 1000

_____ 5. The line drawn in the Treaty of Tordesillas runs 600 kilometers to the west of these islands

_____ 6. The Azores, Canaries, and Cape Verde islands were collectively known as this; they were captured by Prince Henry 1419-1460

_____ 7. Germans acquired control of these islands in the South Pacific

1 Hip! Hip!


5.07 EITHER/OR When I used to rule the world. Circle the choice that best completes the sentences here about famous rulers mentioned in the USAD resource.

1. Suleyman the (MAGNIFICIENT, BRAVE), the (FATHER, SON) of Selim I, was (SULTAN,

VIZIER) of the Ottomans from 1520-1566. He was a conqueror, military leader, ruler, and law-

giver.

2. Napoleon put his brother (JOSEPH, NATHANIEL) on the throne in (SPAIN, FRANCE) in 1808,

sparking colonial opposition.

3. Francis (I, IV) sponsored early missions by Giovannia de Verrazzano, Jacques Cartier and others,

laying early claims to (SOUTH, NORTH) America for (FRANCE, BRITAIN).

4. In the (ROSE, GLORIOUS) Revolution of 1688, William of Orange dethroned James II of

England. James’ title in (SCOTLAND, FRANCE) was James VII.

5. The (BYZANTINE, OTTOMAN) sultan lost control of Egypt when Mohammed Ali seized power.

Ali’s efforts at establishing Egypt’s independence were thwarted by the Sultan’s persistence and

continued (MUSLIM, EUROPEAN) intervention.

6. Jules Ferry served (TWO, THREE) terms as premier during the (THIRD, FIRST) Republic. He

took the sometimes (UNPOPULAR, POPULAR) lead in France’s colonial expansion in Africa and

Asia.

7. Mussolini’s minister of (THE INTERIOR, COLONIES), (MINISTER, PRINCE) Lanza de Scalea,

spoke at the (DUTCH, FRENCH) Colonial Exhibition of 1931.

8. By (1869, 1896), Menelik of Showa had acquired breechloaders and ammunition making his army

the (BEST, WORST)-equipped army of any (ASIAN, AFRICAN) ruler in history.

9. Empress Eugenie of (ENGLAND, FRANCE) entered the Suez Canal on her imperial yacht1 the

Aigle on November 17, (1869, 1896) to celebrate the very (EXPENSIVE, PRACTICAL) opening

ceremonies for the opening of the canal.

10. In 1854 (FRENCH, EGYPTIAN) leader Mohammed Said gave the go ahead to build the (SUEZ,

PANAMA) Canal perhaps because he was a close friend of the French (PRIME MINISTER,

CONSUL) Ferdinand de Lesseps who wanted to see the canal built.

11. Kaiser Wilhelm II took control of Germany in (1888, 1866), marking the beginning of a (LESS,

MORE) aggressive German (DOMESTIC, FOREIGN) policy. 1 An item that’s on my Christmas list every year. Santa owes me!


12. General Charles de Gaulle became (PRIME MINISTER, PRESIDENT) of France in 1958. He

granted (ALGERIA, TUNISIA) its independence in 1862 which led to massive immigration (OUT

OF, INTO) France. He was plagued by (TAKE-OVER, ASSASSINATION) attempts and great

bloodshed during his time in office.

5.08 WHO’S WHO? Who’s who in the USAD resource? Complete the chart below by finding the name that matches the description given for the individual.

Name Description

Parliamentary member who helped spark the religious antislavery movement in England

Enlightenment writer who wrote of the noble savage, the idea that society corrupted the individual

The architect of Moroccan colonization and the man in charge of the French Colonial Exhibition of 1931

A young lawyer and leader of the Neo-Destour party in Tunisia, a radical party who resisted French control there in the early twentieth century

Superintendent of the Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens in Java who traveled to the Andes Mountains under an assumed name to secretly collect seeds of the cinchona tree

The most important Algerian chief of the interior in the nineteenth century who purchased and manufactured weapons for Algerian resistance efforts against the French

Founder of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez


German Prime Minister during the Berlin Conference

Leader who was often called the “Maker of Modern Egypt”

Leader of the British-chartered Royal Niger Company who led expansions into Nigeria from 1886-1899

5.09 ORDERING The chicken or the egg? Identify which of the events described happened first. For each list the specific year or range of years for the event as well. Then, circle the event which happened first.

Hernando de Soto explored North America and discovered the Mississippi River

( )

Joao Fagundes was granted permission to establish a colony in Newfoundland

( ) Great Britain abolished their slave trade

( ) Great Britain abolished slavery

( ) The Sino-Japanese War

( ) The Russo-Japanese War

( ) The Australian Gold Rush

( ) Dominion Status was conferred on Australia

( ) The Wall Street Crash1

( ) The French Colonial Exhibition

( ) Hapsburg ruler Charles V was born

( ) Queen Elizabeth I of England died childless

( ) Queen Mary, Catholic wife of Philip II of Spain

died

( )

Sir Walter Raleigh was executed by King James2 in his desire to restore good relations with Spain

( )

The commercial production of quinine began

( )

The French army became the first military force to adopt percussion locks

( )

1 This should be easy for returning decathletes. 2 Not Lebron. The real king. Who is actually good at what he does. There, I said it. Oh yeah…and GO MAVS! --Melanie


Alexander Forsyth, Scottish clergyman and

amateur chemist, made a gun that could fire in any weather

( )

The British army stopped purchasing flintlocks

( ) Britain began replacing their Brown Bess guns

with a new rifle with 6 times the range

( )

The Sepoy Rebellion in India

( ) Boer War

( ) King Leopold II acquires the Congo

( ) The Belgian Parliament assumed control of the

Congo

( )

A radical Hindu assassinated Gandhi ( )

Death of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong

( )

Korean conflict between North and South Korea and the world’s Communist and non-Communist forces

( )

5.10 IDENTIFICATION First things first. Complete the chart below by identifying the ‘FIRST’ that is described below.

Name Description

This fort on the Guinea coast was established in 1482 as Europe’s first gold and slave trading stronghold on the African mainland.

He made the first known full reconnaissance of North America’s eastern seaboard in 1527.

He was England’s first major slave trader who began carrying human cargo and other merchandise between Africa and the Spanish Caribbean in 1562

She was the first English child born in North America.

They were the first country to perfect the uses of paper currency, a stock market, and a central bank.


He first attempted to colonize Florida in 1521

Spain’s first permanent colony in the Americas was established here in 1502 by Nicolas de Ovando

The first group to see the New World as a sanctuary for religious refugees

He made the first verifiable English-sponsored contact with the North American continent.

The British established their first large military base in North America here.

In 1803 they became the first European country to ban the slave trade

The first defeat of a European power by an African force, happened during the Anglo-Zulu War

The first leader in the Western Sudan to understand the importance of modern weaponry and begin to arm all his troops with guns

The first steel steamship

The first aluminum steamship


5.11 CAUSE/EFFECT Why? ‘Cause we love you! In the table below, fill in the causes or effects.

Cause Effect

Night travel on the Suez Canal is allowed and travel time is cut in half

The Agadir Incident begins, another example of a more aggressive Germany

Japan’s expansionist ambitions brought it in direct conflict with Russia

The armies under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh defeat the French

The Western powers became committed to securing Israel as a homeland for the Jews.

The Russian Tsar’s position was undermined and the first Russian Revolution takes places in 1905

5.12 TRUE OR FALSE Where you at and what you haulin’?1 Some of the statements below are true. Others are false. Circle, or check the correct option. If it’s false, make it true and explain why the statement is wrong.

T F 1. Spurring early exploration efforts, Asians were drawn to Europe by a desire for luxury goods like spices, textiles, and silk.

T F 2. England’s primary trade overseas in the sixteenth century was wool.

T F 3. British soldiers set up strongholds along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes areas to support their fisherman and fur traders who prospered in Canada in the eighteenth century.

1 A popular saying of truck drivers. --Melanie


T F 4. Because the French were traders only in North America, rather than settlers like the British, they didn’t force the natives from the traditional hunting grounds as the British had before them.

T F 5. In the eighteenth century the British monopolized the commerce in salt and opium, both of which they sold to the Chinese to balance trade.

T F 6. The U.S. abolished the slave trade in 1807, the same year as Great Britain.

T F 7. Palm oil, a raw material used to make soap and to lubricate industrial machinery, was the principal export of India in the nineteenth century.

5.13 ANALOGIES It’s complicated. For each comparison below, fill in the missing information.

1. Osman I : Ottoman Empire :: Zhu Yuanzhang : ____________________ Dynasty

2. Cortes : Aztecs :: ____________________ : Incas

3. Mungo Park : Niger River :: Capt. James Tuckey : ____________________

4. William and Macgregor Laird : Father and son :: Richard and John Lander :

____________________

5. Capt. H.D. Trotter : Wilberforce :: Capt. Dr. William Baikie : ____________________

6. Albert Camus : French journalist :: Claude Etienne Minie : French ____________________

7. Kaffir War of 1851-53 : Xhosa : Mysore Wars : ______________________

8. British poet : Rudyard Kipling :: _______________________ : Buchi Emecheta

9. Gandhi : India :: Kwame Nkruman : ______________________

5.14 JEOPARDY Who dun it? Provide the question to match each answer below. Each of the answers relates to a written work related to imperialism. Please answer in the form of question.

1. Charles Darwin’s 1859 controversial book.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. He wrote The Fairie Queen (1590-96) and View of the Present State of Ireland (c. 1596).


______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. This author of Discourse of a Discoverie for a New Passage to Cataia (1576) proposed capturing Santo Domingo and Cuba as bases for conquering Mexico.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. His book Missionary Travels (1857) described his commercial and missionary goals in central Asia.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. H.G. Wells wrote this book about extraterrestrials that attempt a takeover of the world, but are forced out by invisible microbes.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Dr. Alexander Bryson published his Report on the Climate and Principal Diseases of the African Station in 1847 advocating the use of this.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Charles B. Wallis who wrote West African Warfare as a manual for British officers was a former district commissioner here.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The year that Rudyard Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden” was published.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. He was a social Darwinist propagandist who wrote Social Evolution (1894).

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


5.15 QUOTING Finish the quote1. Complete the following chart about quotations from the USAD resource guide. In the first column finish the quote (just the next few words…not the whole thing, silly). The number in parentheses indicates the number of words you should use to complete the quote. Then, identify the author of the quote.

Author Quote

“History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high

state of civilization had been produced, namely the struggle of (3)

______________________”.

“Take up the White Man’s burden/

And reap (3) ______________________”.

Pandurang Mahipat Belsare “Having experienced life here, (5) ______________________”.

“The sepoys could not have fought well to have allowed an English

force of (7) ______________________

______________________”.

“The English began entering the city and shooting down every man

that they saw…they sought out males from the age of (9)

______________________”.

“Through the kindness of the Major I was allowed to perform the

funeral rites over my (2) ______________________”.

1 I’m out of clever, punny, or even anything-close-to-clever things to title these exercises. So, I went with the obvious.


“The future is closed to us. We grope in the dark, puzzled,

incensed, impatient. The future is (2)

______________________”.

“It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than

I had had before of the (4) ______________________”.

“The Congo territory can never be (4)

______________________”.

“We are unwilling to starve any longer while doing the (2)

______________________”.…in order to support by our poverty

and ignorance a (6) ________________________

________________________”.

“Nearly all the notices had ‘Sorry, no coloureds’ on them…she was

beginning to learn that her colour was something (7)

___________________

_____________________________”.

“He wears a mask, and (6) ______________________...a sahib

has got to act like a sahib”.

A high school teacher in the Caribbean

“When white men kill each other…it is a (3)

______________________”.


5.16 IDENTIFY (pp. 100-101) Which one is larger? Circle the item below which is larger. Then, on the line include the number or percentage that corresponds to each item. An example is done for you.

Example: Seasons of The Real World

25

Series entitled “Real Housewives” of someplace

71 Number of ships in Cheng-ho’s first

expeditionary fleet

___________________

Number of days the Pleiad stayed on the Niger and Benue Rivers ___________________

Indigenous population in Americas in the days of Columbus

___________________

Indigenous population in Americas in 1650 ___________________

Number of Africans sent as slaves to British Caribbean

___________________

Number of Africans sent as slaves to Brazil

___________________

Number of European soldiers in Robert Clive’s company in the 1740s

___________________

Number of sepoys in Robert Clive’s company in the 1740s

___________________ Algerian population in 1856

___________________ Algerian population in 1940

___________________ Percentage of land surface of the world

controlled by Europeans in 1800

___________________

Percentage of land surface of the world controlled by Europeans in 1878

___________________ The Quorra

___________________ The Alburkah

___________________ Number of Sudanese killed in the Battle of

Omdurman in Sudan in 1898

___________________

Number of Anglo-Egyptian forces killed in Battle of Omdurman in Sudan in 1898

___________________ World demand for Andean bark exports in

1860 (in million pounds)

___________________

World demand for Andean bark exports in 1881 (in million pounds) ___________________

Number of dead out of 1,000 in the British Royal Navy’s African Squadron in years

1825-45

___________________

Number of dead out of 1,000 in the British Royal Navy’s African Squadron in years

1858-67

___________________

1 During my hard-hitting research, I discovered they’re working on a “Real Housewives of Israel”.


Number of Frenchmen lost in battle in Algeria by 1857

___________________

Minimum number of people George Orwell writes who have gathered in the

crowd waiting for him to shoot the elephant in his story about the event

___________________

Number of Ndebele warriors of King Lobengula who fought the British in

October 1893

___________________

Number of British South African police who fought the British in October 1893

___________________

5.17 CHARTING Chart toppers. Complete the following chart by listing the missing information about either a written selection, its author, or its publication date.

Author Selection Publication Year

Edmund Morel

“Shooting an Elephant”

Head above Water

National Life from the Standpoint of Science

In the Ditch

Social Evolution

Philip Curtain


5.18 FILL IN THE BLANK Urban dictionary. Below are two word banks—one with dates and the other with people, places, or things. Use the two word banks to fill in the statements below about cities and the role of the city in imperialism. Each word or date will be used only once.

DATES

1739 1840 1830 1961

1871 1540 1931 1542

WORD BANK

Persian colonies Coronado El Dorado

Nigeria Capital Vladivostok opium

Canton telegraph London diversity

Delhi Sphinx Algiers restaurants

President Mughal eugenics Migrations 1. Many explorers, including ______________________ from ______________________ -

______________________ looked for the mythical city of gold, ______________________.

2. In ______________________ the ______________________ army made its way to

______________________ and sacked the ancient capital of the ______________________

Empire.

3. In ______________________, the Qing Emperor in China tried to blockade the importation of

______________________ at the Chinese port of ______________________.

4. On May 6, ______________________ France’s Colonial Exhibition, a project four years in the

making, opened in ______________________ under the leadership of French

______________________ Gaston Doumergue.

5. The French expeditionary force that attacked the city of ______________________ in

______________________ was bombarded by the steamship ______________________.

6. By ______________________, ______________________ cables lines ran from

______________________ to Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

7. Karl Pearson, author of National Life from the Standpoint of Science, held the first chair of

______________________ at University College in ______________________.


8. Tens of thousands of citizens of the former ______________________ migrated to Europe,

particularly to its ______________________ cities. One example is Buchi Emecheta who migrated

from ______________________ to England in ______________________.

9. As ______________________ swelled during the twentieth century nearly every European capital

city’s ______________________ and grocery stores mirrored the ______________________ of

the world’s cuisines.

5.19 DEFINITIONS Basic training. Complete the chart below by either filling in a complete definition of the word or the work which matches the given definition.

Creole

Maroon

Factories

Tanzimat reforms

Meiji Restoration

Coppicing

Gingals

Apartheid

Caste

Ghetto Blaster


5.20 QUESTION/ANSWER I love technology. But not as much as you, you see. Complete the table below by answering the questions about technologies, inventions, and infrastructures related to imperialism.

Question Answer

What was built in the 1850s as an effective mover of people but not necessarily goods

as an attempted response to the Sepoy Rebellion?

What sparked a “cotton famine” which affected the textile industry in the mid-

nineteenth century?

Who was defeated by King Menelik’s troops who were armed with European breechloaders, a few machine guns, and field artillery in the Battle of Adowa of

1896?

By the beginning of World War I what was the chief export market for British

industrial goods?

Who invented the steam engine?

In the Boer War of 1899-1902, the Afrikaners were armed with weapons from

where?

With his prime goal the reclaiming of the Suez Canal for Egypt, who became

president in 1952?


About the Author Melanie Atkinson stumbled into the world of Academic Decathlon when her friend1 approached her about coaching Acadec. Having just finished her first year of teaching, she jumped at the opportunity even though she had absolutely no idea what she was getting herself into. It is undoubtedly one of the best decisions she’s ever made. Now teaching World Studies--a class that combines AP World History and Pre-AP English II--at Summit High School in Mansfield, Texas2 and still coaching Acadec 13 years later, she still waits with anticipation for each year’s new topic and still is thankful to have said ‘yes’ to her friend’s question over a decade ago. She lives in Arlington, Texas--home of the Texas Rangers and the giant Dallas Cowboy stadium that the locals affectionately call the “Death Star”--with her husband and two children. She had her own hobbies before she had children. Now her hobbies include doing all-things-Pokemon with one kiddo and playing blocks with the other one. She is addicted to drinking Dr. Pepper, watching sports, strolling through art museums, reading, napping, and wasting time on Facebook.

About the Editor Chris Yetman only smiles when he relives the many times he’s made students cry. After 23 years in the classroom, 12 of those as an Academic Decathlon coach, he can now smile quite frequently. Often described as ‘creepy,’ ‘beardy,’ ‘mean,’ and ‘old,’ he measures the success of a year by the number shattered egos that lie strewn about his lair like pellets beneath an owl nest. He has been known to force his calculus students to take their graphing calculators to prom and his acdec team to take PillowPets™ to competitions. He enjoys cooking, hiking, reading, and playing Final Fantasy X while on the treadmill. He lives in Tucson, AZ with his lovely wife and two energetic sons, one of whom will be in the Academic Decathlon class at Canyon del Oro High School this year.

1 Thanks, Rae Jean! 2 Texas Forever!


About the Beta Testers Amanda Brackbill is a senior at Slimy Pebble (Slippery Rock) High School in Pennsylvania. She loves to be extremely sarcastic, rock out to music, and read, just for funsies. She doesn’t like to admit it, but she’s a really big nerd, who loves history…and Shane Dawson. She also must mention EPIC NERD TIME so her teammates don’t kill her (Fool, why you was sleeping, WE WAS STUDYING).

Anto George is affectionately known by his teammates via several nicknames. Some of them include "freshy" and "Tech support". Returning to South Mountain High School as a Junior to compete in the Honors category, he is part of the "Three Musketeers". Sadly however, the other two Musketeers were unable to join him in the Beta testing of these materials. Someday, he plans to make the vast open skies his cubicle and grow a beard that challenges that of Mr.Yetman. In his spare time, he likes to sleep, play video games (mostly shooters) and laze his days away on the couch.

Ed Gonzalez is currently attending the University of Houston where he plans to major in Mechanical Engineering. He was a member of the 2011 nationally ranked team from Dobie High School in Houston, Texas, where he was a Scholastic as well as the team's chef. Ed enjoys cooking, long walks on the beach, and mastering the art of studying while sleeping.

Jasmin Rahesh is and forever will be H3 at Mansfield Summit High School. She likes to study EVERYWHERE, including in the shower, the movie theater, and while scuba diving. She even studied on Christmas with her team. She likes to find people to defeat in Academic Decathlon and draw pictures of them on ceiling tiles and put them in her Acadec classroom next to pictures of Alpacas in sail boats. She calls her Acadec Coach's daughter a "Doggie" with a Texas accent. She never sleeps, and only may do so when she dies. Starbucks is her best friend during Acadec season. She also prefers the use of the Oxford comma.

When not "Down Under" playing with kangaroos, Catalina Robertson is a Decathlete from Etiwanda High school. Her senior year will be her fourth and final year in the competition. She spends most of her weekends hiding out in the corners of the MCC thrift store that she volunteers at, snagging all the bargains; a place she hopes not to be next time someone decides to donate California's wildlife. Catalina enjoys reading books that bite, and finding errors in Demidec matirials.

Abdullah Ahmed and Jonathan Morris had not provided biographies when this workbook went to print.


Answer Key SECTION I

1.01 DATING

1.02 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. The ASSYRIANS and ROMANS founded great empires long before EUROPEAN expansion of the 15th-19th centuries. 2. Arab expansion by followers of MOHAMMED in the 7th century fanned out across the coasts of the MEDITERRANEAN into parts

of Europe and NORTH AFRICA. 3. The OTTOMAN or Osman, empires established an independent state on the edge of the BYZANTINE Empire, culminating in an

eventual takeover of the Byzantine capital, CONSTANTINOPLE. 4. The MING dynasty in China sent out EXPEDITIONARY fleets, beginning in 1405 with a fleet under the command of ADMIRAL

CHENG-HO. Chinese ships called JUNKS were first-rate shipping vessels with great capacity than European ships of the time. The expeditions were ended by the EMPEROR in the 16th century after internal fighting between the EUNUCHS who launched the expeditions and the MANDARINS who were opposed to trade.

1.03 CHOICES

1.04 IDENTIFICATION Description Name(s) Dutch admiral who captured the Mexican silver fleet in 1628 Piet Heyn Commanders of a small fleet that arrived at the roadstead of Bantam, beginning the Dutch presence in the Indonesian archipelago

Pieter Dirckszn Keyzer and Cornelis de Houtman

Seventeen-member board of directors of the VOC (Dutch East India Company) Heren XVII (AKA Gentlemen XVII)

Became minister of Finance of France in 1661; namesake of mercantilist policy for state intervention in economic affairs Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Known as the ‘Great Elector’ since many colonial projects were developed under his reign in Germany Frederick William

1.05 CHARTING Dutch East India Company Dutch West India Company VOC WIC Financed by shares issues on Amsterdam Stock Exchange Created in 1621 with monopoly of trade in Atlantic

Date Event 1431 Portuguese explored the coasts of West Africa 1492 Columbus “discovered” America; end of Reconquista 1498 Vasco de Gama arrived in Asia 1453 Turks capture Constantinople 1409 Chinese royal court moved from Nanking to Peking 1421 Peking named official capital of China 1405 First of Admiral Cheng-Ho’s expeditions 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between Spain and Portugal 1368 Ming dynasty came to power in China 1500 Charles V was born 1602 Dutch East India Company formed

Chinese European Statement × Coveted luxury goods of the east × Suffered endless series of wars × Governed by a single ruler could make decisions about exploration × Possessed freighters which had a carrying capacity of 1,500 tons × Brought home a giraffe on one expedition to present to the ruler

× Divided when costly expeditions led to financial difficulties and a struggle for power between rival political groups

× Motivated by religious zeal and greed × Organized into independent, rival states × Developed technologies like the compass, printing press, paper, and gunpowder


First multinational undertaking in history Its charter included the West Coast of Africa Drove the Portuguese from the Indonesian archipelago Took over control of Brazil from the Portuguese in 1630 Controlled Formosa (Taiwan) Engaged in trade in North America Founded a refueling post for ships on the Cape of Good Hope Acquired Manhattan from the Indians for $60 1.06 TRUE OR FALSE 1. False—All parts of the Caribbean were under some kind of European rule. 2. False—It was sugar. 3. True 4. False—The population was decimated by the diseases brought by Europeans. 5. False—The Atlantic slave trade linked the WEST coast of Africa with the New World. 6. True 7. True 1.07 EITHER/OR 1. The Seven Years War put an end to the first FRENCH colonial empire and a temporary end to FRANCE’S role in Asia—except for a

few posts in INDIA. 2. America ABOVE the RIO GRANDE River became dominated by ENGLISH culture after the Seven Years War—except for a

FRENCH minority which remained in QUEBEC. 3. The southern part of the continent was dominated by SPAIN and spoke SPANISH—except for Brazil which spoke PORTUGUESE. 4. No European settlements of any kind flourished in SOUTH AMERICA yet some Europeans did settle in ASIA. For example,

Europeans and Asians mixed to form Batavia in the NETHERLANDS-INDIES. 5. The distance from Europe to Asia was LARGER than the distance from Europe to the Americas. 6. Of MORE importance than distance, though, was climate. Asia and the Caribbean were ILL suited for European settlement. 7. Climate in North America was much MORE favorable. Also, North America was LESS densely populated than Asia. 8. European disease introduced in the New World killed roughly 80 to 90 percent of the indigenous population. Similar depopulation

later occurred in AUSTRALIA and New Zealand. 1.08 LISTING 1. - Watt’s steam engine

- Arkwright’s water-powered spinning frame - Cartwright’s power loom

2. - new indigenous social classes that had come into power opposed the traditional colonial elite system - modern ideas1

- example of revolution set by neighboring country - war in Europe that weakened and distracted the colonial rulers

3. - textiles - steam engines - steamships - firearms

4. - Dutch settlement colony at Cape of Good Hope - Slave trading activity on Western coast - European forts and factories founded on the coast of Guinea and other parts of Western Africa - Few Portuguese settlements on East Coast in Mozambique

1.09 ORDERING __2_ Beginning of the French Revolution (1789) __3_ End of American Revolution (1783) __5_ Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo (1815) __6_ U.S. pledges its support for the independence of its southern neighbors in the Monroe Doctrine (1823) __4_ Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne in Spain (1808) __1_ Beginning of the Seven Years War (1756) 1.10 IDENTIFY

Person Country Vasco de Gama Portugal Cheng-ho China Piet Heyn The Netherlands The Tudors England Jean Baptiste-Colbert France Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal

1 Like the work of Enlightenment writers Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau (boy, I miss Lost). --Melanie


1.11 CONNECT THE DOTS Person Role Significance Osman I Ottoman ruler Founder and namesake of the Ottoman Empire Zhu Yuanzhang Ming ruler Founded dynasty after defeat of rival rebels in 1368 King Joseph Napoleon’s brother Placed on the throne in Spain in 1808 Richard Arkwright British Inventor Created water-powered spinning frame Charles V European ruler Ruled over the only empire on which the sun never set Vasco de Gama Portuguese explorer Arrived in Asia on an expedition in 1498 1.12 SHORT ANSWER 1. The British had been focused primarily on other issues including domestic political and religious issues and building an ‘empire of

Great Britain’ out of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. 2. The English felt compelled to jump-start their imperialist efforts when their rivals, the French and the Dutch, began colonizing North

America. They then began to invest in their own colonial enterprises. 3. It was organized in a loose federation of basically self-governing colonies. Smith likely meant that it wasn’t really a centrally controlled

empire but a loose federation of somewhat independent colonies. 4. Europeans had coveted sugar and spices since the Crusades and wanted to acquire them without having to go through the

“middlemen” traders of an overland route. 1.13 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. Prince HENRY was a PORTUGUESE explorer who began the age of exploration and empire by capturing CUETA in Morocco and

the FORTUNATE Isles between the years 1415 and 1460. 2. Established in the year 1482, El Mina on the coast of GUINEA was the first European GOLD and SLAVE trading stronghold on the

African mainland. 3. The Canary Islands were captured by SPAIN from PORTUGAL in the year 1475. 4. Ferdinand of ARAGON and Isabella of CASTILE united Spain with their marriage and commissioned Columbus’ voyage.

Columbus always believed he had reached Asia—even after four voyages over eleven years and until he died in the year 1506. 5. Signed in the year 1494, the Treaty of TORDESILLAS divided the New World along a line that ran 370 leagues (or 1200 nautical

miles) west of the CAPE VERDE islands. 6. Vasco Nunez de BALBOA explored the Isthmus of PANAMA and discovered the PACIFIC Ocean in the year 1513. 7. In the year 1521 Juan Ponce de LEON attempted the first colonization of FLORIDA. 8. Spanish conquistador CORTES conquered the mighty AZTECS only two years after his arrival in the New World in the year 1519. 9. In the year 1541 Jacques CARTIER established a settlement base at Charlesbourg-Royal on the ST LAWRENCE River. 10. In the year 1542 Juan CABRILLO travelled up the west coast of North America as far as SAN FRANCISCO Bay. 1.14 MATCHING 1. c 2. d 3. a

4. f 5. b 6. e

7. i 8. k 9. h

10. g 11. j

1.15 FALSE 1. Giovanni de Verrazzano was sponsored by Francis I on his exploration of South America, establishing long-lasting French territorial

claims. ____________________________________________________NORTH________

2. Giovannia de Verrazzano was killed by Powhatan1 Indians. ____________________________CARIB________________________________

3. The most influential early British explorer Jacques Cartier of St Malo sailed the St. Lawrence River as far as modern-day Montreal. __________________FRENCH________________________________________________

4. Cartier returned to France with gold and diamonds for Francis I. _______________________IRON PYRITE2 AND QUARTZ_________________________

5. French Huguenots continued the long-standing tradition of using the New World as a sanctuary for religious refugees. ____________WERE THE FIRST TO COME UP WITH THE IDEA TO USE_____________________

6. Nicholas Durand, Chevalier de Villegagnon, was a strict Catholic all his life. _________________WAS A FORMER FRENCH HUGUENOT WHO CONVERTED TO CATHOLICISM_____

7. The Wars of Religion in France stopped French expansion in the New World altogether. _______________SLOWED BUT DID NOT STOP_________________________________

8. No attempts at colonization were made by the French since merchants preferred trading posts rather than settlement colonies. __SOME ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION WERE MADE BY THE FRENCH EVEN THOUGH_______________

9. Samuel de Champlain’s colony at Quebec grew quickly between 1608 and 1620.

1 Powhatan Indians killed English settlers near the James River region. 2 AKA the gold of fools

Super Quiz Workbook | 151

___________________________________VERY LITTLE_______________________

10. The Spanish became natural allies of the Dutch as England was their big rival for imperialist power. __PORTUGUESE__________________________SPAIN_______________________

1.16 IDENTIFY

Ruler Domestic Concerns or weaknesses during his/her reign

Henry VII -Concerned with securing the Tudor dynasty’s legacy after the War of the Roses -Also concerned with asserting authority over his nobles

Henry VIII -Concerned with domestic and European issues especially his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and his break with Rome and the Catholic Church

Edward VI -Was physically frail, only ruled a short while (1547-1553)

Queen Mary -Sought a Catholic Counter-reformation (1553-1558) -Carried out a reign of terror to rid England of Protestantism

Elizabeth I -Continued religious upheaval (she restored temporary peace but it was short-lived) -Experienced opposition from Mary, Queen of Scots (until she was executed) -Concerned with wars with the Spanish and famine in 1587

1.17 FILL IN THE BLANK a. Three Kingdoms b. Ireland c. Anglo-Saxon d. Edgar I

e. Angles f. Edward I g. Henry V h. imperial crown

i. conquests j. Welsh k. Union l. Anglo-Scottish

1.18 JEOPARDY1. Mary, Queen of Scots 2. Henry VII 3. Protector Somerset 4. Henry VIII

5. Geoffrey Monmouth 6. Catherine of Aragon 7. Edmund Spenser 8. William of Orange

9. James Edward Stuart 10. Charles Edward Stuart

1.19 IDENTIFY Glorious Revolution The Jacobite Risings began as a result of this, also called the Revolution of 1688. 1715 and 1745 Years of the most serious fighting of the Jacobite Risings The Hebrides In July 1745, Charles Edward Stuart landed on these islands off the west coast of Scotland

Edinburgh, Scotland By September 1745, 25,000 Highlanders had captured this city in their attempt to restore a Stuart to the throne

Culloden The final defeat of the Jacobite revolution in which a massacre ended the fighting in April 1746 1.20 ORDERING 5 (1541); 8 (1559); 12 (1596); 11 (1594); 4 (1527); 1 (1501); 2 (1508); 9(1562); 7 (1558); 10 (1565); 6 (1553): 3 (1519-1520) 1.21 COMPARING 1. I 2. S

3. I 4. I

5. S 6. S

7. I 8. I

1.22 TRUE/FALSE 1. True 2. False—Cabot was free to conquer any lands not previously conquered by Christians 3. False—Henry lost interested after failed attempts by John Cabot and two failed joint missions with the Portuguese. 4. False—Hore’s crew was driven to cannibalism until they could raid a French ship for supplies to help them get home to England. 5. True 6. False—Cambresis said the Irish lived as beasts, not the English. 7. False—Most settlers came to America for individual economic desires. 1.23 LISTING 1. -Muscovy Company (1553)

-Eastland Company (1579) -Venice and Turkey Companies (1581) -East India Company (1600)

2. -England ceded Calais to France -Queen Mary died -Elizabeth ascended to the throne in England

3. -on the way to Plymouth he diverted to raid the Spanish West Indies and used up needed supplies -vessels were too big to negotiate the sandbanks -silver sup went missing so he burned a nearby Indian village for revenge


-his captain, Ralph Lane, refused to engage in agriculture -his men launched another attack against the Indians, murdering their chief

5. -his entrepreneurship and aggression characterize England’s colonial adventures in America -his failure and subsequent execution symbolize the ups and downs that future settlers would face in their attempts to follow in his footsteps

1.24 MATCHING 1. d 2. k 3. h

4. f 5. a 6. e

7. b 8. c 9. i

10. g 11. j

1.25 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. After 1715 a new era began in European imperialism in which the three pioneers in colonization overseas--SPAIN, PORTUGAL, and

THE NETHERLANDS--moved aside, leaving the other two Atlantic powers ENGLAND and FRANCE to move to the forefront of imperialism.

2. Portugal maintained its dominion over BRAZIL which was officially recognized at the Peace of UTRECHT in 1715. 3. France was the only state in Europe to maintain both a large ARMY and a large NAVY. As such, they were the only serious

competitor to Great Britain after the decline of the Dutch ECONOMY. 4. The rivalry between France and Great Britain played itself out in four areas: the WEST INDIES, the western coast of AFRICA the

North American continent, and INDIA and other Asian lands. 5. French colonies tended to be more CENTRALIZED in their structure while British colonies in North America were more

independent. Both, however, applied principles of mercantilism to regulate colonies trade. 1.26 FINISH THE SENTENCE 1. Mercantilism assumed that one state’s share of gold and silver could only increase at the expense of its neighbors. 2. By producing raw materials or staple crops for their parent country colonies were able to provide a favorable balance of trade for the

parent country. 3. Parent countries also needed their colonies as protected markets for their manufactured goods. 4. The success of mercantilist economies depended on the development of a powerful navy, since merchant ships had to be protected,

trading rivals had to be excluded, and regulations had to be enforced. 5. Naval vessels needed stopping places, which meant that ports had to be secured in strategic locations like Africa, India, and the

Caribbean. 6. Colonial commerce provided new products, like sugar, and stimulated new consumer demand, which in turn created the need for

more manufacturing at home. 7. The West Indies seemed to be ideal colonies because of their tropical climate and isolation from European society. 8. The slave trade was highly profitable but competitive and risky. 9. Europeans did not colonize or conquer African territory, rather they established forts or “factories” along the west African coast to

coordinate the trading of slaves. 10. Many Africans died before even reaching the New World, perishing on forced marches from the interior of Africa or the Middle

Passage voyage across the Atlantic. 1.27 CAUSE/EFFECT

Cause Effect Forbidding topography in the interior of the

continent and native resistance proved dangerous to European traders.

Europeans avoided the interior of the African continent and remained mostly along the coasts.

Demand continued to rise because of the plantation economies in place in places like the West Indies,

Brazil, Venezuela, and the southern colonies of North America.

The slave trade was highly profitable and prices for slaves continued to rise.

The risks of the slaving ventures were high and the time lag between investment and return was long.

Slave traders sought to maximize their profits by jamming as many captives as possible onto slave ships.

The conditions on slave ships were awful. With as many as 500 people packed into even medium-sized ships they had to lie pressed against one another with no room to stand and little to no food or provisions.

The mortality rate during the voyages on the Middle Passage was between 10% and 50%.

1.28 SHORT ANSWER 1. trade in the West Indies and Africa 2. sugars, tobacco, rice, rum, cotton, pimento, and all other plantation crops 3. with British produce and manufactures only


4. Postlethwayt maintains that British involvement in the slave trade allows for Britain’s colonies to bring great profit to the “Mother

Kingdom” with much benefit to the British (especially to manufacturers) and little loss (no buillon used to pay for African products and no depopulation in Britain).

1.29 EITHER/OR 1. As French fishermen and fur traders prospered in CANADA, French soldiers established strongholds to protect their holdings and

support them. 2. The terminus of the MISSISSIPPI River was guarded by NEW ORLEANS. 3. Both the French and the British sought friendship and loyalty from INDIANS. Because they were only TRADERS the French didn’t

force the Native Americans from their traditional hunting grounds as the BRITISH had done. Therefore, the French had the upper hand in gaining allegiance from the Native Americans.

4. The French received help from the American Indians in sealing off the OHIO Valley. The Ohio Company of Virginia, a large investment company, would be ruined by such a move by the French, so in 1764 it sent a young militiaman named George WASHINGTON to lead an expedition against Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a FAILURE.

5. The SEVEN Years’ War centered on the bitter rivalry between Austria and Prussia, but enmeshed Russia, France, and BRITAIN as well. The war is often called the GREAT War for EMPIRE and its North American sector is known as the FRENCH and INDIAN War.

6. In the war FRANCE began very successfully, taking several forts on the GREAT LAKES. However, Britain’s NAVY proved to be too much for the French, who depended on naval support for troop reinforcement, SUPPLY, and MOVEMENT.

7. When William Pitt took over as PRIME MINISTER in 1758, he set the defeat of France and their being ‘driven from the seas’ as his highest priority. His strategy involved an IMMEDIATE series of offensives and an imaginative use of the British NAVY. The result was a complete defeat of the French navy and domination of the seas by the British.

8. In the French and Indian War, British forces defeated France at the battle of QUEBEC. By 1760, the French gave up their last outpost of power in North America to the British, who had already ousted the French from the Ohio Valley and the GREAT LAKES area. Great Britain also seized French holdings in the WEST Indies.

9. The Treaty of PARIS signed in 1763 saw Britain give France some of its holdings back in return for an end to the fighting. The Treaty of Paris also excluded French troops from INDIA.

10. The French surrendered CANADA, which Britain unwisely retained since the threat of FRENCH power had helped keep the North American British colonists LOYAL TO Great Britain. France would use the AMERICAN Revolution to seek revenge against the British, offering to aid the rebellious colonies in their fight for independence.

1.30 OUTLINING

I. The Mughal Dynasty in India was in decline in the eighteenth century. a. Several factors led to the decline of the Mughals , including ethnic strife, dynastic instability, and factionalism, greed,

and incompetence in the ruling circles. b. This early decline had little to do with European incursions.

II. At first, the British and French were only interested in trading in India. a. British and French merchants had prospered on the edges of the Indian Subcontinent. b. Britain administered its economic interests in India through the London East India Company.

i. It was a private corporation established to compete with the Dutch ii. It had commercial depots in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras

c. The British and the French used only small armed forces just for protection of their commercial interests and property i. To do so they depended on the good will of the native nawabs, or provincial governors

ii. The nawabs often cooperated with the Europeans in exchange for payment of tribute III. As the British and French rivalry and struggle for power globally began to intensify, their interests in India switched from merely

economic to more aggressive military and political intervention. a. Robert Clive and his 1,500 sepoys, or native soldiers, attempted to oust the French and suppress any native opposition

to British influence in Bengal. i. Bengal was huge and prosperous.

ii. Bengal was also the economic heartland of India. b. Clive faced an army of 50,000 fielded by the nawab but was able to bribe a general who wanted to replace the nawab. c. After the battle of Plassey nawabs were stripped of their real power and reduced to mere figureheads.

i. The East India Company now held the real political power. ii. The company held unchecked power without responsibility.

d. A number of civil wars made British domination even easier, and the British were able to oust the French from any influence in the subcontinent with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

e. When Parliament passed the India Act of 1784, the British government replaced the company as the ultimate authority. i. A new ruling officer, the governor-general of India was named.

ii. The first governor-general was Lord Cornwallis. 1. Cornwallis had just surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown in 1781. 2. Just as the British lost one area, North America, they were able to gain another in India.

IV. The British took several steps to ensure its rule, or raj, would succeed in India. a. In order to create a loyal class, India’s rural gentry were given title deeds, turning them into landlords with the right to

evict the peasants living on their land if they chose to do so.


b. Indians were made a part of the political and military bureaucracy.

i. The highest positions in the army and civil bureaucracy were reserved for whites, yet each district had two British magistrates that were assisted by Indian clerks, runners, and translators

1. One magistrate was police superintendent and tax collector. 2. The second magistrate was responsible for administering justice.

V. The British raj dominated Indian life economically and eventually socially as well. a. Britain monopolized trade in salt and opium.

i. The salt monopoly took money from the Indian economy. ii. The opium was exported to China in exchange for Chinese tea.

b. Britain had a “novel sense of mission” in India. i. A group of educators and reformers sought social reform in India.

ii. They hoped to “create a class of persons Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinion, and in morals and intellect”.

SECTION II

2.01 JEOPARDY 1. Where were Asia and Africa? 2. What is Enlightenment? 3. Where is Haiti? 4. What are Creolex? 5. What are the French and American Revolutions? 6. What is a maroon? 7. Where is Britain? 8. What is Quakerism? 9. Who was John Locke? 10. Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau? 2.02 COMMONALITIES William Wordsworth, Percy Shelley, Robert Burns Romantic poets Adam Smith, David Ricardo Enlightenment classical economists Being anti-slavery became fashionable, Enlightenment ideas like natural rights, Merchants sought to replace mercantilist colonial system

Contributing factors to the Abolitionist movement

Carolus Linnaeus, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon Natural scientists William Wilberforce, Charles Grant Anti-slavery evangelical missionaries Denis Diderot, Montesquieu, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau Enlightenment writers Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Macaulay Secular liberal reformers 2.03 DATING

2.04 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. Thomas Macaulay was the Law Member of the GOVERNOR General’s COUNCIL and an important example of the British

LIBERAL voice in India. 2. He believed that the way to civilize and transform a “BACKWARDS” culture like India was through education, specifically through

the introduction of LAW, FREE TRADE and EDUCATION Macaulay saw this necessary to disseminate MORAL values as well as maintain and strengthen British RULE in India.

3. ORIENTALIST scholars disagreed with liberals like Macaulay and thought that India should be ruled by its own laws and through indigenous INSTITUTIONS and languages.

Year Event 1803 Denmark outlawed the slave trade 1821 Liberia, an African settlement for freed American slaves, was founded 1834 Britain abolished slavery 1865 United States abolished slavery 1779 King George III authorized James Cook to establish British authority in Hawaii 1757 The British achieve decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey

1852-4 Years of the Crimean War 1831 Egypt seized Syria from Ottomans 1881 Ottoman Public Debt Commission was formed

1840-2 First Opium War between British and Chinese 1856-8 Second Opium War between British and Chinese


4. Macaulay writes that Indians should be taught English because it “stands PRE-EMINENT even among the languages of the west” and

because “it abounds with works of IMAGINATION”. 5. According to Macaulay the HISTORICAL compositions written in English have “seldom been surpassed” as NARRATIVES and

“never been equaled” as “vehicles of ETHICAL and political instruction”. 6. Macaulay points out in his article that even in India the language of the RULING class is English. 7. Macaulay argues that, since the British can’t educate all Indians, the goals should be to educate a class of people who would “be

INTERPRETERS between [the British] and the millions” of Indians they govern. The class would be “Indian in BLOOD and colour, but English in TASTE in opinion, in morals, and in intellect”.

2.05 DEFINITIONS

Sati The practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband Factories Trading posts Tanzimat reforms A program of administrative, legal, and technological westernization initiated by the Ottoman sultan in the 1830s Opium Wars Series of wars fought by the British after the Chinese emperor tried to blockade the sale of opium in China Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 peasant movement to overthrow the Qing Dynasty which ended with death of 20 million Charter Act of 1833 British East India Company lost its monopoly in Chinese trade and its dominance in the India-China trade route

Waitangi treaty Treaty signed in 1840 that promised indigenous Maoris protection of their land rights; was quickly violated by the white settlers

Matthew Perry American naval commodore who forced Japanese ports to open to trade in 1854

Meiji Restoration 1868 attempted reforms that took apart the feudal system and promoted industrialization and westernization in Japan

Dominion status A classification that offered domestic autonomy to settler colonies but retained European control over foreign policy and trade

2.06 FALSE 1. Nineteenth century Europeans were more convinced of their superiority than ever before.

__________________________LESS_________________________________THEY EVEN BECAME CRITICAL OF THEMSELVES AND THEIR COLONIZATION OF THE WORLD.

2. Late Eighteenth century colonizers like James Cook sought to colonize just as their predecessors had done before. ______________________________DO THINGS DIFFERENTLY AND TO LEGITIMIZE THEIR ROLE AS CIVILIZERS.

3. All Hindus practiced the ritual of sati. _ONLY CERTAIN GROUPS OF UPPER-CLASS HINDUS _________________________________________________

4. Their victory at the Battle of Plassey dealt a critical defeat to the Mughal Empire and put the Dutch East India Company into a position of dominance. _____________________________________________________________________BRITISH_______

5. India remained a supplier of finished textile products even after the beginning of British rule. BECAME A SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS AND COTTON AND INDIGO

6. The chief ally of the British in Central Asia was Russia. ______ADVERSARY___________________________________________________________________

7. Europeans intervened in the failing Ottoman Empire and Qing China much as they did in the Mughal Empire. DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY HAD IN THE MUGHAL EMPIRE, EXPLOITING THE FAILING EMPIRE FINANCIALLY AND POLITICALLY BUT NOT SEEKING DIRECT RULE.

8. The Ottoman Empire remained strong even into the nineteenth century. _______________DECLINED SHARPLY FROM ITS PEAK POINT IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. _____________

9. The Ottomans fought the French and British in the Crimean War. SOUGHT HELP FROM THE FRENCH AND THE BRITISH TO HELP THEM FIGHT AGAINST THE RUSSIANS.

10. The majority of the Ottoman population benefitted from the European presence of the nineteenth century. Only a privileged part_________________________________________________________________

2.07 LISTING 1. -British given control of Hong Kong -British given trading rights in five Chinese ports -Chinese forced to pay indemnity for the war 2. -European disease decimated the population - lost land rights -lost major food sources since ecosystems were destroyed 3. -Portugal in West Africa (Angola) -French in Senegambia region (Senegal) -Dutch and English settlers on the Cape of Good Hope 2.08 FINISH THE SENTENCE 1. Europeans who had previously ignored Africa began to see it as a potential marketplace as a source of raw materials and as an outlet

for the sale of manufactured goods.


2. The African Association was dedicated to British commercial expansion in Africa. 3. Mungo Park, the best known associate of the African Association, explored up the Niger River in West Central Africa in 1795 and

1805, bringing him in contact with the advanced states of Fulani and Bambara. 4. Africa became known as “The White Man’s Grave” because so many Europeans died from African diseases like dysentery, yellow

fever, typhoid, and malaria. 5. Africa’s topography proved to be difficult for Europeans until the invention of the steamboat which allowed for the exploration of

the interior of the African continent. 6. Missionary work in Africa wasn’t only about saving souls anymore; rather, attention was turned to ‘Europeanizing’ the natives

through the cultivation of commerce. 7. Many Europeans who sought to explore Africa publicized their travel through books and lecture tours in hopes of raising money for

future expeditions. 8. An explorer’s ability to publicize and raise money for his campaigns often depended on his skill as a speaker and rhetorician. 9. David Livingstone was the author of Missionary Travels and a missionary-explorer who became a national icon. 10. Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he was hired to find Livingstone when he was missing and published a work

about it in 1872 called How I Found Livingstone. 2.09 CHARTING

Missionary Travels David Livingstone 1857 Describes his quest to both open central Africa to commerce and to spread Christianity

How I Found Livingstone Henry Stanley 1872 Describes Stanley’s trip to Africa to find David Livingston who had gone missing. He was hired to do so by the New York Herald.

Tarzan of the Apes Edgar Rice Burroughs 1912 American novelist’s work, a response to work of Henry Stanley and others who wrote of their experiences in Africa

Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad 1902 Polish-English novelist’s work, a response to work of Henry Stanley and others who wrote of their experiences in Africa

2.10 CHARTING

2.11 SHORT ANSWER 1. economic ideas, ideas of civilization in its highest sense, and ideas of politics and patriotism 2. French industry needs export markets because many markets have closed to them, like Germany and the U.S. 3. Pelletan calls into question the “civilization” that France pushes on non-Europeans with violence and force, arguing that all humans

have basic rights. Ferry responds by saying that the Declaration of the Rights of Man doesn’t apply to all. He also reminds Pelletan that commerce is forced upon the non-Europeans as well.

4. Since a warship cannot carry more than 14 days’ worth of coal, it was necessary to have provision stations, shelters, ports for defense and revictualling.

2.12 EITHER/OR 1. “Gentlemen, it EMBARRASSES me to make such a prolonged demand upon the gracious attention of the Chamber, but I believe

that the DUTY I am fulfilling upon this platform is not a USELESS one.” 2. “…that need, felt more and more strongly by the industrial population of Europe…the need for EXPORT markets. Is this some kind

of CHIMERA? Is this a view of the future or is it not rather a (PRESSING, PASSING) need, and, we could say, the cry of our INDUSTRIAL population?”

3. “Gentlemen, I must speaker from a HIGHER and more truthful PLANE. It must be stated openly that, in effect, SUPERIOR races have RIGHTS over inferior RACES.”

“I invented something that made inland travel possible in Africa and on other continents as well.” James Watt

“Fifteen thousand of us migrated north of the Orange River in the Great Trek of 1835-1845.” An Afrikaner

“I was the leader of Algerian guerrilla fighters clashing with the French in the 1840s and 1850s.” Abd-el Kader

“I’m a member of a southern Bantu tribe that proved particularly difficult for the British to control in the early nineteenth century.” A Zulu

“I built a powerful and extensive Zulu empire in the Natal region sparking major disturbances in southern Africa.” Shaka Zulu

“I am an Albanian officer in the Ottoman army who attempted to break Egypt away from the Ottoman empire.” Mohammed Ali

“I oversaw the construction of the Suez Canal.” Ferdinand Lessep


4. “If the declaration of the rights of MAN was written for the blacks of equatorial Africa, then by what right do you impose regular

COMMERCE upon them?” 5. “I REPEAT that superior races have a RIGHT, because they have a duty. They have the duty to CIVILIZE inferior races.” 6. “[The Republican Party] is quite AWARE that one cannot impose upon France a political ideal conforming to that of nations like

INDEPENDENT Belgium and the SWISS REPUBLIC.” 7. “Something else is needed for France that she cannot be merely a FREE country, that she must also be a GREAT country, exercizing

all her rightful INFLUENCE over the destiny of Europe, that she ought to propagate this influence throughout the WORLD and carry everywhere that she can her LANGUAGE, her customs, her FLAG, her arms, and her GENIUS.

2.13 EXCLUSIONS

-Economic exploitation -Religious crusade -Military glory -Central government initiative

Central Government Initiative All are motivations for 19th century French colonization

-To excite the popular imagination -To stress the economic importance of empire -To make empire seem exotic and intangible -To project France’s mission to civilize the non-European world

To make empire seem exotic and intangible Others were Lyantey’s goals with the Colonial Exhibition

-aquarium -zoo -fairground -circus

Circus Others were found within the Colonial Exhibition.

-postcards -photos -prints -film -monthly magazine

Film Others were ways in which the exhibition was publicized via new media techniques

-novels of Pierre Loti -songs of Edith Piaf -films of Jean Renoir -posters of Pierre Colombier

Posters of Pierre Colombier Others are art and media that used empire as their backdrop

-Pepe -Slimane -Paulo -a blind Arab beggar

Paulo Others are characters in Juilan Duvivier’s Pepe-le-Moko

2.14 QUESTION/ANSWER Question Answer How long did the preparation for the exhibition take? Four years Who was president at the time? Gaston Doumergue When did it open? May 6, 1931 Where did it open? Bois de Vincennes in Paris How big was the exhibition? It covered 110 hectares How did the French people feel about it? They talked about it, anticipated it for weeks before its opening.

How did the president arrive at the exhibition? He was escorted by a squadron of colonial cavalry in full dress uniforms

What accompanied the president’s motorcade? A 100 gun salute What decorated the Great Hall? Sumptuous frescoes glorifying the French empire

What other nations sent exhibits? Brazil, Belgium, Denmark, the U.S., Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal

Who spoke on behalf of the other nations’ exhibitors? Prince Lanza di Scalea, Mussolini’s minister of colonies Who was the French minister of colonies at the time of the exhibition? Paul Reynaud

Who was in charge of organizing the exhibition together? Marshal Hubert Lyautey

What was first on the expedition route? A triumphal arch followed by a gilded statue of France as colonial genius

What was next on the route? A carefully laid-out route of mud-brick fortresses, Moorish palaces, and Tunisian marketplaces

What was the high point and most popular part of the attraction? A reconstruction of the Cambodian temple of Angkor War

What information was available at the exhibition? Documentation of colonial life, figures of colonial troops killed in World War I

How many people visited the exhibition? 8 million


Did the colonial exhibition achieve its goals? It was a success, but it is difficult to measure how individuals

responded to the message about empire 2.15 FILL IN THE BLANK Juilan Duvivier’s Pepe-le-Moko is the epitome of the GENRE of COLONIAL film. When it was released in 1937, the film was a big BOX OFFICE success. The film is based on a 1931 book. Jean GABIN portrays a gangster, Pepe, “an athletic and handsome” man who is “KING of the Algiers CASBAH underworld”. His nemesis, SLIMANE, is an Arab Policeman. Pepe is able to evade Slimane until he becomes psychologically TROUBLED by the noise and smell of the casbah; even to the point that he verbally abuses a blind Arab BEGGAR. Pepe longs for the peace and quiet of the working-class world in PARIS he once knew. At the end of the film, he 1 commits suicide. The movie illustrates how the French were fascinated with but also afraid of the casbah. The WARNING is clear—the casbah—and the empire too—are places of sexual passion and VIOLENCE and as thus are DANGEROUS, powerful entities where OUTSIDERS do not belong. 2.16 CAUSE/EFFECT Cause Effect The French passed harsh labor codes, believing laziness an inherent characteristic of the native population.

Every fit male had to work for a set number of days each year.

French believed wage work was a part of civilized living. To refuse wage work was to refuse civilization and thus be transported to a forced labor camp.

Conditions at the labor camps were crude, inhuman, and degrading.

Many workers die from disease and malnourishment.

The indigenous population was forced to work for the colonial companies benefit.

Prolonged absence of workers meant the collapse of local production.

French agriculture was revolutionized with new techniques like tractors, disc-plough and thresher

Greater agricultural efficiency led to surplus of exports of wheat, corn, peaches, olive oil, and wine

Better French medicine reduced infant mortality Led to a dramatic rise in population that local agriculture couldn’t keep up with

The best land was used for export, especially wine. Most Algerians had little or no land, and hunger became commonplace.

The French protected their settlers’ interest even during the Great Depression.

Social division and inequalities were intensified.

Opposition to colonial rule rose up in Morocco, Syria, and Indochina

All were savagely repressed.

2.17 ORDERING __1__(1881) Tunisia annexed to France __2__(1912) Morocco annexed to France __6__(1936) Election of the left-wing Popular Front __7__(1937) Great famine in North Africa __3__(1920) The liberal constitution party in Tunisia, the Destour began to press for reform __5__(1934) The more radical Neo-Destour party arose in Tunisia __4__(1926) Open rebellion against France colonial rule arose in Syria __8__(1938-9) French prime minister gave speeches and radio addresses about the importance of France’s imperial holdings 2.18 LISTING 1. -industrialization

-colonization of Asia and Africa 2. -its extent -its legacy 3. -politically submissive -economically profitable 4. -penetration and exploration by first European travelers -conquest of indigenous peoples -forging of communication and transportation networks 5. -steamers -prophylactic use of quinine 6. -rapid-firing rifles -machine guns 7. -steamship lines -Suez Canal

1 Spoiler alert!


-submarine telegraph cables -colonial railroads 8. -missionary fervor -scientific curiosity -commercial hope 2.19 MATCHING 1. f 2. g

3. b 4. a

5. c 6. e

7. d

2.20 FILL IN THE BLANK You’re cordially invited to join us on a monumental journey led by Richard Lander. On our passage, the ship Columbine will be used as a storeship and two steamers will also accompany us up the Niger River . The larger of the two steamers, the Quorra is made of wood and was constructed by Seddon and Langley. She measures 112 x 16 feet and is powered by a 40 - horsepower engine. Altogether 26 men will sail on the Quorra, which will be armed with a 24-pound swivel gun, eight 4-pound carriage guns, and an 18-pound carronade. The smaller of the two ships built by Macgregor Laird son of the great shipbuilder William Laird, is called the Alburkah She is 70 x 13 feet and carries a crew of 14. Unlike the Quorra, which is made of wood, the Alburkah is made almost entirely from steel except for the deck. She has a 15-horsepower Fawcett and Preston engine and carries a 9-pounder and six 1-pounder swivel guns. The previous travels of Richard and John Landers prove that a steamer like ours sailing up river with a cargo of trade will open up an immense part of Africa to the commerce and influence of Great Britain. Join us on our great adventure! 2.21 CHARTING Place Description/Event

Liverpool Merchants from here joined Macgregor Laird in the founding of the African Inland Commercial Company

Niger River Laird’s fleet reached here without incident

West African coast In 1807, the British government stationed a fleet here to intercept slaving ships and end the slave trade

Gambia In 1825-6, an epidemic here, likely of yellow fever, killed 276 out of 399 whites, Africa Known as the “White Man’s Grave” Algeria The first important experiments with extraction and use of quinine took place here Forests of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia in the Andes Mountains Cinchona bark came only from trees that grew here until the 1850s

Sierra Leone The ship North Star was stationed here in 1839 when an important discovery about quinine was made

Niger and Benue Rivers Macgregor Laird’s expedition on the ship Pleiad stayed 112 days on these two rivers Bechuanaland David Livingstone was here when he first heard of the effective use of quinine

2.22 TRUE OR FALSE 1. True 2. False—They finally recognized the significance in 1830 and began sending mostly West Indian soldiers there because of their greater

resistance to disease. 3. False—The principal killer was malaria. 4. True 5. False—He discovered that malaria was caused when Plasmodium invades the bloodstream but didn’t know that mosquitos were the

vector. 6. True 7. False—It was effective but it only grew in the Andes Mountains so the supply in Europe was limited and often deteriorated by the

time it reached the European continent. 2.23 COMPARISON 1. PF 2. PV 3. PV

4. PV 5. PV 6. PF

7. PF 8. PF 9. PV

2.24 CHARTING

Name Scientist or physician?

Country of origin

Accomplishment


Pierre Joseph Pelletier Scientist France Succeeded in extracting the alkaloid of quinine from cinchona bark (worked with

Caventou)

Jean Andre Antonini Physician France

Rebelled against common practice of giving only a little quinine to patients very late in their treatment. He noted that intermittent fevers responded to quinine, which helped him distinguish malaria from typhoid fever.

Francois Clement Maillot

Physician France Rebelled against common practice of giving only a little quinine to patients very late in their treatment. He gave quinine at the first sign of fever. He was idolized as a hero of French science late in life.

Alphonse Laveran Scientist France Discovered that Plasmodium that invades the bloodstream caused malaria

Dr. T.R.H. Thompson Physician Great

Britain Experimented with various drugs while aboard a 1841 expedition up the Niger River. He wrote “On the Value of Quinine in African Remittent Fever”.

Joseph Biename Caventou Scientist France Succeeded in extracting the alkaloid of quining from cinchone bark (worked with

Pelletier) Giovanni Batista Grassi Physician British Identified the Anopheles mosquito as the vector of malaria in 1897 (along with

Ross and Bignami)

Amico Bignami Scientist Italy Identified the Anopheles mosquito as the vector of malaria in 1897 (along with Ross and Grassi)

Ronald Ross Scientist Italy Identified the Anopheles mosquito as the vector of malaria in 1897 (along with Grassi and Bignami)

2.25 COMMONALITIES

Hasskail, Markham, Weir, Spruce, Cross Attempted to get cinchona seeds to plant Quinine, Calomel, Rhubarb, Resin of Julep Ingredients in “Livingstone Pills”

Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia The only sources of cinchona bark until the 1850s

Missionaries, Soldiers, Traders, Administrators Planters, Tourists

“Lesser protagonists” in imperialism who could finally travel inland once a preventive cure for malaria was discovered

Bengal, Ceylon, Madras, Java Places were horticulturists and quinologists exchanged seeds and information

Dayspring, Rainbow, Sunbeam Ships built by Laird’s Birkenhead shipyard for service between Britain and West Africa

2.26 DEFINITIONS

Mossing A technique used to increase the yield of alkaloids where one cuts strips of bark and wraps cinchona trees in moss

Coppicing A technique used to increase the yield of alkaloids where one cuts trees to the ground every 6-7 years

Quinine prophylaxis The taking of quinine prior to known exposure in order to prevent rather than cure the most dangerous strain of malaria

David Livingstone Most celebrated of all European explorers of Africa

Dr. William Baikie Captain of the Pleiad and a doctor who made sure his crew took quinine during their travels up the Niger and Benue rivers

Palm oil Commodity which replaced slaves as the principal export of Southern Nigeria

Kina Bureau of Amsterdam A marketing cartel which coordinated the purchase of bark and the price and quantity of quinine sold until the early 20th century

Niger River River which was the scene of the earliest and most active use of steamers by the invading Europeans because it was the easiest to navigate in all of tropical Africa

Ma Roberts First steel steamship which Livingstone used to explore the Zambezi River in 1858 2.27 QUOTING


Macgregor Laird

“…those viewing mankind as one great family, consider it their duty to raise their fellow creatures from their present degraded, denationalized, and demoralized state, nearer to Him in whose image they were created.”

Written about Laird’s missionary fervor and desire to Christianize and civilize Africans

Scientific Congress of Algiers

“It is thanks to Maillot that Algeria has become a French land; it is he who closed and sealed forever this tomb of Christians.”

Dedication to Maillot who was finally honored at the end of his life for his contributions to science because of his use of quinine to cure malaria


Macgregor Laird

“I have had melancholy experience of the effects of wood taken on board and used as Firewood for the Engines on the Coast of Africa.”

Written in a letter to Thomas Peacock in 1837, Laird tried to explain the origin of the malaria epidemic

Thomas Hutchinson

“…the climate [of Africa] would not be so fatal as it has hitherto proved to Europeans, if a different mode of daily living, a proper method of prophylactic hygiene, and another line of therapeutic practice in the treatment of fevers, were adopted.”

Written by a member of the crew of the Pleiad about the suggestions for the prevention of malaria given to them by Dr. Alexander Bryson

Philip Curtain

“The improvement over the recent past was understood well enough in official and missionary circles to reduce sharply the most serious impediment to any African activity.”

Comments about the way in which Africa was no longer the “white man’s grave” once an effective cure for malaria was found

Macgregor Laird

The steamship “will convert a most uncertain and precarious trade into a regular and steady one, diminish the risk of life, and free a large portion of the capital at present engaged in it”

Written in 1851 to Earl Grey, Laird believed that the steamship was the key to successful commerce in the interior of Africa

2.28 ANALOGIES 1. River steamers : poor transportation :: quinine : malaria 2. Alburkah : iron :: Quorra : wood 3. Mungo Park : Niger River :: Francisco Barneto : Zambezi Valley 4. Paludisme : French :: mal’aria : Italian 5. Weir : gardener :: Spruce : botanist 6. Bark of cinchona tree : prevention of malaria :: palm oil : lubrication of industrial machinery 7. Macgregor Laird : Scotland :: King Leopold II : Belgium 8. Pelletier : chemist :: Cross : gardener 2.29 EITHER/OR 1. In order to address the growing DEMAND FOR quinine an attempt was made by the British and the DUTCH to grow

CINCHONA trees in areas outside of the Andes Mountains. In 1853-54 Justus Charles Hasskarl traveled to the ANDES under an assumed name and SECRETLY collected seeds, most of which DIED. Later in 1858-1860, Markham and Weir traveled, again secretly, to collect SEEDS of the Cinchona Calisaya tree. At the same time, an ENGLISH botanist Robert SPRUCE and a gardener Robert Cross collected specimens in ECUADOR. Of the 100,000 seedlings and 637 young plants only 463 seedlings reached INDIA forming the nucleur of the cinchona plantations at Ootacamund in the Nilgiri Hills near MADRAS.

2. After extensive experimentation and the eventual demise of the Andean bark industry, a compromise was worked out between the BRITISH and the DUTCH. Plantations in INDIA produced a cheaper, less POTENT bark from which chemists extracted totaquine, a mixture of antimalarial alkaloids. Most of this product was reserved for BRITISH military and personnel stationed in the TROPICS. The rest of the product was sold in INDIA. The quinine made by the DUTCH was more potent, PURE, and EXPENSIVE. It made up over NINETY percent of the world market in the early Twentieth century.

2.30 ORDERING __3__Laird’s expedition on the Pleiad (1854) __1__Two French chemists Pelletier and Caventou extracted the alkaloid of quining from the bark of cinchona trees (1820) __7__The Espoir destroyed the villages that had been responsible for the previous assault on the Rainbow (1861) __4__Foreign office agreed to send Dr. Baikie to open relations with the Caliphate of Sokoto on the Middle Niger (1857) __5__Livingstone used the Ma Roberts to explore the Zambezi River up the Kebrabasa Rapids (1858) __2__David Livingstone first heard of quinine prophylaxis (1843) __6__Delta traders whose business was threatened attacked the Rainbow (1859) 2.31 IDENTIFY Ship Explorer Pleiad Macgregor Laird Ma Roberts David Livingstone Pioneer David Livingstone Khedive Samuel White Baker En Avant Henry Stanley Ballay Savorgnan de Brazza Lady Nyassa David Livingstone


Lion Blot Gentil 2.32 FINISH THE SENTENCE 1. According to Headrick, the history of imperialism is essentially the history of WARFARE—OF STRATEGY, TACTICS, AND

WEAPONS. 2. In nineteenth century battles between European powers with similar weapons the outcome of battles was determined by

DETERMINED BY THE NUMBER OF SOLDIERS ON EACH SIDE, OR BY STRATEGY AND TACTICS. 3. Compared in size with European armies, indigenous armies were OFTEN MUCH LARGER. 4. Besides size, another advantage the indigenous armies held over the invading European armies was their KNOWLEDGE OF THE

TERRAIN. 5. Lastly, European invading armies didn’t always have the troops or money for military operations they needed because THEIR

FUNDING GOVERNMENTS WERE ECONOMY-MINDED AND COULDN’T ALWAYS SEE HOW THEIR OPERATIONS ABROAD ENHANCED SECURITY AT HOME.

6. The nineteenth century saw an astounding development in INFANTRY WEAPONS. 7. The modern gun was developed not particularly for use in colonization but rather for USE AMONG EUROPEANS AND

AMERICANS. 8. The application of the modern gun to colonial warfare was a fortuitous side effect and was able to shift the BALANCE OF POWER

IN THE NON-WESTERN WORLD. 2.33 LISTING 1. -percussion caps, rifling, oblong bullets, and paper cartridges brought the muzzle-loader to its peak of perfection -the development of the breechloading Prussian needle-gun and eventually the Maxim gun 2. -small enough to slip easily down the barrel when loaded -large enough to grip the rifling snugly on the way out 3. -Mysore wars -Mahratta wars -Sikh wars 2.34 DATING

2.35 FALSE 1. The French had better guns and more skill at using them than the Algerians.

__________COMPARABLE_____EQUAL__________________________________________________ 2. The French steamer Sphinx helped defend the city of Algiers in 1830.

______________________BOMBARD________________________________________________ 3. The most important Algerian chief was the emir Abd-el Kader who was successfully bribed by the French in 1833.

___________________________________________THE FRENCH TRIED TO BRIBE IN 1833___________ 4. Abd-el Kader created a well armed fighting force, but the French easily defeated them.

THEY WERE FINALLY PACIFIED BUT NOT WITHOUT GREAT LOSS OF LIFE ON THE PART OF THE FRENCH. 5. Abd-el Kader got all of his weaponry from the French.

_________SOME_____________________--THE REST CAME SMUGGLED FROM GREAT BRITAIN OR FROM HIS OWN MANUFACTURING PLANTS.

6. Fighting in India and Algeria proved difficult for the Europeans because their weaponry was antiquated compared with that of the indigenous armies. DESPITE COMPARABLE WEAPONRY THE INDIGENOUS ARMIES HAD A “HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE” AND GREATER NUMBERS.

7. The fact that river steamers weren’t needed in India and Algeria meant that the disadvantage they’d experienced in Burma and China wasn’t present in European battles in those areas. __________________________________________________________ADVANTAGE_____________

8. Since steamers weren’t necessary in India and Algeria the European forced were forced to fight on equal footing on land in neutral territory—making their conquests short, easy, and cheap.

British soldiers used the Brown Bess until the year 1853 Alexander Forsyth, a Scottish clergyman and amateur chemist, proposed using potassium chlorate as a detonating powder and a percussion lock instead of a flintlock in 1807

Joshua Shaw of Philadelphia put detonating powder into little metal caps, simplifying the loading process after the year 1814

French army became the first military force to adopt percussion locks in 1822 Woolwich Board approved the first British percussion gun, the Brunswick rifle in 1836 The British army continued to purchase flintlocks as late as 1842 The British created their first Rifle Brigade in 1800 Napoleon banned rifles from his armies, calling them “the worst weapon” in 1805 Captain Norton invented a bullet with a hollow base in 1823 A French army captain combined a hollow base and oblong shape into one bullet in 1848


_____ENEMY_________________________LENGTHY, DIFFICULT, EXPENSIVE _________________________

2.36 CHARTING

Person/People Description

Malamine -most famous hunter in the area around Stanley Pool -friend of local chiefs -used his Winchester repeater to impress the indigenous peoples

Hauptmann Kling -German explorer -traveled through West Africa in 1893 -destroyed a wall with his machine gun to gain the respect of his indigenous hosts

Gustav Rohlfs -visitor to Bornu -fired a “few blind shots” to convince indigenous peoples to allow his men to hunt

Henry Morton Stanley -got into a dispute with the inhabitants of Bumbireh, a village on the shore of Lake Victoria but escaped -later returned and decimated the settlement

Sir John Kirk -British consul at Zanzibar -appalled at Stanley’s vengeful destruction of a village

Ashanti -one of Africa’s most powerful kingdoms -defeated in 1873-74 by General Wolseley

Mohmadou Lamine -Senegalese ruler -defeated by French force of 1,400 men

General Kitchener -conquered the Sudan in 1898 -used the latest weapons to seek revenge on the Sudanese Dervishes

2.37 NUMBERING 1. The entire Ashanti kingdom was defeated with only 6,500 men armed with rifles. 2. Senegal ruler Mahmadou Lamine’s army was defeated with only 1,400 men armed with Gras-Kropatcheks. 3. The entire Fon army was defeated near Porto Novo by 300 French soldiers who fired 250,000 rounds of ammunition in a 2 1/2 hour

battle. 4. A 31,000 man army of the Nupe Emirate of Sokoto were defeated by a Royal Niger Company force composed of 32 Europeans and

507 African soldiers because the Nupe, despite their sophisticated weaponry, didn’t have sufficient training. 5. Despite their 12,000 men and 2,500 guns, the fiercest of the Sudanese slave-traders , the Rabah, were defeated by a French force of

320. 6. In 1908 the 10,000 man army of Wadai was routed by 389 French soldiers. 7. General Kitchener’s conquest of the Sudanese Dervishes in 1898 ended with 40 dead on the British side and 11,000 Dervishes dead. 2.38 JEOPARDY 1. Who was Samori Toure? 2. What is modern weaponry? 3. What is arm his troops with guns? 4. Where is Sierra Leone? 5. What is his own arms industry? 6. Who was Bezbiz Kasa? 7. What is 1896? 8. What is the Treaty of Wichelle? 2.39 EITHER/OR 1. European forces in Asia and Africa BROKE most of the CLASSIC rules of war. The terrain made it necessary to advance SINGLE-

FILE along narrow paths. This and other factors meant that the soldiers would have been vulnerable to GUERILLA attacks. 2. The indigenous armies attacked mostly with a FRONTAL ASSAULT, OR RUSH BY LARGE numbers of fighting men. Despite

showing SUPERIOR courage they were no match for the RIFLES of the Europeans. 3. Imperialist warfare presents a PARADOX since European strategy was primarily OFFENSIVE but their tactics were primarly

DEFENSIVE. 4. One of few studies of nineteenth-century colonial warfare is a book by COLONEL Charles Callwell called SMALL Wars: Their

Principles and Practice”. The book offers information about the paradoxical offensive STRATEGY and defensive TACTICS. Callwell writes of the supposed MORALdifferent between the Europeans and the “barbarians” they fought against.

5. Charles B. Wallis, a former DISTRICT commissioner in SIERRA LEONE wrote a book, West African Warfare, which was a manual for BRITISH officers. Wallis’ book was more realistic than Callwell’s but he also talked about the indigenous peoples as “SAVAGES”. Wallis stressed the strict DISCIPLINE of the Europeans and the ENTHUSIASM with which the British army fought.

6. Writers like Callwell and Wallis created a FALSE aura of MORAL and racial superiority but seemed to ignore the great effect that the TECHNOLOGICAL revolution in tactics had on the outcome of the colonial wars. World War ONE revealed that even Europeans who felt themselves superior were as VULNERABLE as any other fighter.

7. In colonial warfare, then, modern weaponry made battle QUICK and EASY but on Europeans battlefields the new weaponry turned World War One into a DEFENSIVE war that made victory IMPOSSIBLE.


2.40 QUESTION/ANSWER

What feelings led up to the opening of the canal? Feelings of enthusiasm and expectation

What leader of France entered the canal on November 17, 1869? Empress Eugenie of France

What other leaders joined the French empress? The emperor of Austria, the crown prince of Prussia, the grand duke of Russia, and a host of other dignitaries

How much did the opening of the canal cost? 1.3 million pounds What ship pioneered the Red Sea Route? The Hugh Lindsay Who travelled to Egypt to look at the possibility of building the canal in 1841? Arthur Anderson Who was the nephew of Mehemet Ali who disapproved of the idea of building a canal Abbas Who gave Ferdinand de Lesseps the concession to build the canal on November 30, 1854 Mohammed Said The “Near Eastern question” addressed the fact that the building of the canal probably meant that Egypt would break away from this empire The Ottoman empire

Rivalry between which two European powers slowed down the project? England and France What did the British government build in the 1850s as a response to its weakening position in India? The Cairo-Suez Railroad

Who carried out a great public relations campaign that gained British support in 1856? Ferdinand de Lesseps How many men worked on the canal in its most active phase? 20,000 at a time What was built in 1862 to alleviate the problem of disease and dehydration for those working on the canal? A Sweet Water Canal

What did the British government speak out against during the construction of the canal? The use of corvee labor What war caused a “cotton famine” making Egyptian cotton more important than before for the British? The American Civil War

What replaced corvee labor in June 1864? Machines

Unlike previous large-scale construction in Egypt, the emphasis here wasn’t on manpower but rather on what?

Mechanical energy

By what year did the canal begin to operate at capacity? 1882 2.41 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. After a difficult first decade, traffic on the Suez Canal continued to INCREASE as more and more ships passed through it. The

introduction of electric HEADLIGHTS on ships in 1887 meant that NIGHT travel was possible, cutting travel TIME in half. 2. The canal was built with EGYPTIAN labor and FRENCH money but it mainly served the interests of GREAT BRITAIN 3. Britain RELUCTANTLY continued to acquire TERRITORIES during the nineteenth century, including adding Egypt in the name

of FINANCIAL solvency. 4. Innovations like the steamship, machine gun, and quinine essentially helped to LOWER the COST of imperialism in both financial

and HUMAN terms—even to the point that small groups like the BOMBAY Presidency and the ROYAL Niger Company could take part. Even more remarkable, perhaps, is the fact that single INDIVIDUALS like Laird, Stanley, and Rhodes could explore and take out claims for themselves.

2.42 IN SHORT 1. Africans were quite isolated from their neighbors and indeed from the rest of the world. Europeans, however, inflated a great myth

that Africans could speak to one other by the use of tom-tom drums in the night. 2. Europeans were very interested in technological advances and connection with the outside world. They shared and gathered

information about medicine, gunmaking, horticulture, and other technologies. 3. The Europeans were actually the ones with the “talking drums” in their form of their newspapers and advanced communication

techniques. 4. The Europeans confused technological advances and superiority with racial and biological capacity. Their easy victories in the colonial

wars warped their judgment. SECTION III 3.01 LISTING 1. -European nations adopted imperialism as an official policy -A new group of nations began to imperialize -Nations sought explicit territorial occupation and political conquest -Europeans began to see a clear, gap between them and the colonized people, no longer seeking to “civilize” rather just to control. 2. -Germany -Belgium -Italy


-US -Japan 3. -steamships -industrial weaponry -quinine to treat malaria 4. -economic factors -political motives -cultural incentives 5. -Abyssnia (Ethiopia) -Liberia 3.02 IDENTIFY

National unification transformed it overnight into one of the foremost continental powers Germany Lagging rival of Great Britain who sought compensation for loss of economic primacy and political prestige France

Had been unrivaled until the “new” imperialist challengers; had the biggest empire Great Britain

Just beginning to carve their own colonial empire in the late nineteenth century US Japan Germany

By 1890 Great Britain was surpassed in steel and iron production by these emerging powers

US Germany

Began outselling Great Britain in certain overseas markets Germany Exported 1/3 of its industrial goods to India in 1890 Great Britain Amassed the world’s second largest empire in the nineteenth century France

Began to build a navy to challenge Great Britain’s Germany New nation that sought a colonial empire in North and East Africa Italy

The bulk of Africa territories were awarded to these two powers at the Berlin Conference France Great Britain

3.03 DEFINITIONS

gunboats Armed steamboats

Berlin Conference 1884-85 meeting to sort out conflicts amongst Europeans countries over territory in Africa

Scramble for Africa Extreme European expansion and struggle for territory in Africa especially between the years of 1880 and 1912

Battle of Adowa 1896 battle where an Italian army of 14,50 was defeated by the armies of King Menelik II

Moroccan Crisis 1905-06 conflict when Germany protested against the Franco-Spanish division of power in the region and demanded a sphere of its own

Agadir Incident of 1911 1911 crisis that erupted when the German Kaiser sent a gunboat to the Moroccan port of Agadir in a display of German power meant to intimidate the French.

3.04 TRUE OR FALSE 1. False—the lines had been drawn long before the conference. At the conference they ratified the idea that a claim to coastal lands gave

a country claims inland as well. 2. False—it centralized power in a previously decentralized political landscape. 3. True 4. False--The weaponry used in World War I was first tested in the late 19th century colonial wars. 5. True 6. False—in the rare cases where Africans had access to technology they were often able to thwart European conquest. 3.05 CHOICES 1. much 2. benefitted from 3. less

4. diamonds 5. navy 6. smaller

7. nothing

3.06 QUESTION/ANSWER When did the Berlin Conference take place? 1884-85 Who presided over the conference? German Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck


Was the leader an effective one? Yes, he was diplomatically shrewd and his leadership fostered cooperation

amongst the powers present

What was the purpose of the conference? To sort out the conflict between the Portuguese and Belgians over control of the Congo and to lay ground rules of colonization

The bulk of the African territories were given to what two powers? Great Britain, France

Whose claims to the Congo were legitimized at the conference? King Leopold II of Belgium

How was the African map redrawn? It consolidated previously separate polities and ethnic groups in new European units.

What motivated the abolitionist push at the conference? Humanitarianism and the fact that it was politically expedient as a justification for conquest.

3.07 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. 1.Portugal managed to enlarge its ANGOLAN holdings on the West African coast and to establish Portuguese East Africa on the

Southeast coast of Africa. 2. ITALY sought to stake a territorial claim in East Africa but were defeated by King MENELIK II’s troops. 3. Italy was able to successfully declare a PROTECTORATE in Tripoli in 1912. 4. FRANCE clearly dominated West Africa and NORTH Africa, expanding out in every direction from ALGERIA where they had been

entrenched since 1830. 5. Britain sought to build a RAILWAY from CAPETOWN to CAIRO that would span their African Empire. 6. The British and French shared financial control over EGYPT until the French were edged out in the 1870s and 1880s. The British

claimed it as a protectorate in 1882. 3.08 DATING

Year Event 1912 Tripoli was made a French protectorate 1881 Tunisia was made a French protectorate 1897 France seized the French Congo in Central Africa 1900 The French invaded the Lake Chad region, linking its possessions in the West and North to those in Central Africa

1911 The French combined Chad and French Congo to form French Equatorial Africa 1896 France conquered Madagascar and established a prosperous sugar plantation economy

1905-06 Moroccan Crisis 1898 Important confrontation occurred between Britain and France at Fashoda on the Nile 1910 Establishment of the Union of South Africa

1878-79 Anglo-Zulu War 3.09 FINISH THE SENTENCE 1. Evelyn Baring’s title was the first Earl of Cromer. 2. He was the first British Commissioner of the Egyptian Public Debt office. 3. After Egypt became a British colony in 1882 he became the British Agent and Consul General. 4. Egyptians disliked several things about Cromer including his autocratic ways and willingness to subordinate the interests of Egypt for

those of Britain. 5. Cromer’s primary agricultural objective was promoting the growth of Egyptian cotton and providing British industries with raw

materials. 6. After his death, he was called the “Maker of Modern Egypt”. 7. In 1882, Cromer called the class of pure Egyptians “ignorant” since they had been a subject race for so many centuries. 8. Cromer called the foreign occupation of Egypt “inevitable” or at least “nearly inevitable”. 9. The question Cromer addresses in his article is whether Great Britain was the best power to control Egypt. 3.10 IDENTIFY

Description Place The Egyptian capital of Sudan Khartoum The Mahdi established an Islamic state which flourished here for 12 years Omdurman The British seized power in here 1894 Buganda The British took control here in 1889 Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Threats to independent Afrikaner republics north of here led to the Boer War Cape Colony It was established in 1910 Union of South Africa An important confrontation between the British and the French took place here on the Nile River Fashoda

The British invested more than 2.5 million pounds here in the late nineteenth century, mostly in India


3.11 DEFINITIONS

Great Game Political maneuverings--both formal and informal—between British and Russians ending with the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907

Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 Agreement that finally resolved British and Russian differences over Persia, Tibet, and Afghanistan Black Flags A well-organized militant Vietnamese resistance movement fighting French infiltration

Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 war fought over control of Korea where the Chinese were forced to borrow money from Europeans to help finance the war

Open Door Policy A 1898 agreement allowing all colonizing nations except Japan equal trading rights in all parts of China

Boxer Rebellion A 1900 protest against foreign influence in China that was suppressed by a force of colonizing troops Meiji Restoration 1868 series of reforms that thrust Japan into a seat of industrial power Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 clashes over Chinese-held Manchuria and Korea which was won by the Japanese

3.12 CHARTING

Emilio Aguinaldo -leader of an insurrection which sought Filipino independence -was captured by the Americans

a Boxer -a part of the “Patriotic Harmonious Fists” -fought against foreign influence in China in the early twentieth century

Sun Yat-sen -leader of the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 Tsar Nicholas II -his regime and rule was undermined when his country was defeated by the Japanese in 19051 Rudyard Kipling -He wrote a poem about the “burden” of trying to civilize non-Europeans2.

Benjamin Kidd -He wrote Social Evolution -wrote about his belief that Africans were biologically defective and Europeans superior

Charles Darwin -His theory of natural selection was applied to humans by some social theorists.

Charles Gordon -General who helped suppress the Taiping Rebellion -Known as “Chinese” Gordon

3.13 CHARTING

Darwinian thought Enlightenment thought Statement X In the late nineteenth century it changed what it meant to be human X X Believed in a single human species X Emphasized the specter of the animal nature of all humans

X Held the notion that a single human trajectory existed along which cultures developed at various paces

X Believed that environment shaped culture X Believed that biology determined culture X Believed in the human mastery of nature

X Argued that small physical distinctions between the races emerged early in human history through the process of sexual selection

3.14 ANALOGIES 1. Meiji Restoration : Japan :: Taiping Rebellion : China 2. Benjamin Kidd : Social Evolution :: Karl Pearson : National Life from the Standpoint of Science 3. Edward Burnett Tylor : Doctrine of survivals :: Charles Darwin : Natural Selection 4. Mungo Park : Africa :: Captain James Cook : Pacific 5. Kaiser Wilhelm II : Germany :: King Leopold II : Belgium 6. Bechuanaland : Botswana :: Rhodesia : Zimbabwe 7. Boxers : China :: Black Flags : Vietnam 3.15 EITHER/OR 1. Karl Pearson was a student of LAW and SOCIAL and political psychology at CAMBRIDGE and a MATHEMETICIAN. 2. Pearson held the FIRST chair of eugenics at the UNIVERSITY College and later became the DIRECTOR of Eugenics there.

1 He was also the father of Anastasia and the last of powerful Romanov dynasty. 2 You’ll never watch Jungle Book again without thinking of this poem.

railways The British allied with the French and the Ottomans to fight against the country in the Crimean War Russia

Germany staked a claim to these islands in the colonial competition for the islands of the South Pacific Marshall Islands

The Germans and Americans fought over control here in the South Pacific Samoa It was annexed by the U.S. in 1898 Hawaii


3. He studied under Francis Gabon, the FOUNDER of eugenics, the goal of which was selective BREEDING of humans in order to

improve the human race. 4. Pearson claimed to be a SOCIALIST but by TODAY’S standards his views are troubling and quite racist. 5. He claimed that a country should REPLENISH its “better” stock of humans at the EXPENSE of other “INFERIOR” races in order to

make progress and improve itself. 6. His principles of eugenics were carried out by MANY in the twentieth century in the WESTERN world, most notably perhaps the

German NAZI Party. 3.16 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. “History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race

with race, and survival of the physically and mentally fitter race.” 2. “The struggles means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by

which the white man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts.”

3. “You may hope for a time when the sword shall be turned into the plowshare, when American and German and English traders shall no longer compete in the markets of the world for their raw material and for their food supply, when the white man an dthe dark shall share the soil between them…when that day comes mankind will no longer progress; there will be nothing to check the fertility of inferior stock.”

4. “In the early days of that struggle it was a blind, unconscious struggle of barbaric tribes. At the present day, in the case of the civilized white man, it has become more and more the conscious, carefully directed attempt of the nation to fit itself to a continuously changing environment.”

5. “We have to remember that man is subject to the universal law of inheritance, and that a dearth of capacity may arise if we recruit our society from the inferior and not the better stock.”

6. “You will see that my view…is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races, and with equal races by the struggle for trade-routes and for the sources of raw material and of food supply.”

3.17 LISTING 1. -constructed environment -economic life -social order -cultural practices 2. -building colonial cities -establishing cash crop economies -introducing Western education -remapping indigenous social hierarchies 3. -Cairo -Lagos -Singapore -Bombay 4. -highway systems -bridges -canals -railway networks 3.18 OUTLINING

1. Europeans transformed the constructed environment in their colonial possessions in many ways. a. New methods of transportation

i. Highway systems ii. Bridges

iii. canals iv. Railway networks

b. New systems of communication 2. Europeans imposed their own models of administration in the colonies

a. Reorganized current systems i. Police

ii. army iii. Judiciary iv. Postal service

b. Introduced new Europeans ideas in some areas i. Education

ii. medicine 3. All these changes were made for the safety and efficiency of the Europeans and their colonial goals

a. Grid layouts in colonial cities and ports for easy transport of goods


b. Railways and telegraphs for the rapid mobilization of European troops c. Colonial coastal cities to keep Europeans separated from natives d. Creation of European-style institutions

i. Clubs ii. Polo fields

iii. churches 3.19 FALSE 1. The gap between metropole and colony in the late Nineteenth century widened.

__________________________________________________CLOSED._____ 2. British India became a major producer of cash crops during the late nineteenth century, especially tea.

______COTTON_________________________________________________ 3. Indian indigo was long a staple of the British textile industry even after the invention of synthetic dyes in the early twentieth century.

_________________________________________UNTIL_______________ 4. The diaspora of migrant labor made the construction of infrastructure like railways and irrigation systems easier and also united

families. ______________________DIVIDED_________________________________

5. Europeans conquered by military, diplomatic, and economic means but did little to change culture in colonial areas. _____________________________AS WELL AS BY SPREADING THEIR CULTURAL INFLUENCE.

6. One example of the influence of western culture is the popularity of SOCCER in the West Indies and South Asia. ________________________________________________CRICKET________

7. Western-educated colonial subjects were able to bridge the gap between colonizers and the colonized. _____________________________UNABLE1__________________________

8. The British rejected the caste system already in place in India. _______reinforced_____________________________________________

3.20 CHOICES

Belgium Britain Statement X The most egregious example of domination through ruthless violence X They devised a relatively hands-off policy in colonial rule

X They took the increasingly cynical, racist view of the “native” to its conclusion X They impressed Congolese men into hard labor at gunpoint X They largely delegated power to traditional colonial powers like chiefs, kings, and princes

X Their indigenous police force compelled the rest of the population to abandon subsistence farming and instead produce rubber for the state

X Their police responded by shooting recalcitrants X They favored indirect rule because it was far less expensive than other methods of rule

X Their police force would turn over baskets of severed hands as proof of the punishment they carried out X They tried to gain legitimacy among subject peoples in order to create stability in their colonies

X Their methods reduced the native population by at least half 3.21 IDENTIFY

Early Name Current Name Bechuanaland Botswana Rhodesia Zimbabwe Nyasaland Malawi German South West Africa Namibia Congo Free State Democratic Republic of the Congo Togoland Togo German East Africa Tanzania Portuguese East Africa Mozambique Somaliland Somalia Annam Vietnam Ceylon Sri Lanka

3.22 WHO’S WHO?

Name Description Durand Valentin Senegalese representative to the French legislature Charles Gordon Leader of Anglo-Egyptian troops at battle in Khartoum in 1885

1 That was the hope but the fact was that the western-educated colonial subjects ended up being marginalized by both groups—the westerners who educated them and their fellow countrymen.


Lord Kitchener Leader of British troops who defeated the Mahdist state at the battle of Omdurman George Goldie Leader of the British chartered Royal Niger Company Cecil Rhodes Expansionist leader of British who fought the Zulus in the Anglo-Zulu wave Count Gobineau Robert Know

Two of the most influential nineteenth century racist writers who published their work almost ten years before Darwin

Francis Gabon Teacher of Pearson, founder of eugenics

Gurkhas and Sikhs Castes of people labeled by the British as good recruits for the military because they were naturally “martial”

Kallars Caste of people labeled by the British as suspicious because they were destined to be “criminals”

3.23 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. d 2. e 3. c 3.24 EITHER/OR 1. Most of the accounts of the Indian rebellion or mutiny of 1857 are told from British or EUROPEAN perspectives. Since history is

written by the WINNERS, very few accounts—except a few PROCLAMATIONS from the leaders themselves—tell the INDIAN perspective on the events of this important event in the history of the British Empire.

2. The few Indian narratives which survive tell about four things: (1) the condition of the rebels’ armies and ENCAMPMENTS, (2) the nature of INDIAN fighting techniques, (3) the extent and importance of ORAL communication and rumour during the rebellion, and (4) the great PERSONAL difficulties of remaining loyal to the British.

3. The Indian accounts were highly personal with LITTLE comment about the rebellion as a whole. They do, however, explain the native point of view of British rule in India and the part the GOVERNMENT played in provoking the rebellion.

4. The catalyst to the revolt was the introduction of rifle cartridges greased by cow and pig fat. Since the Indian soldiers, called sepoys, were to BITE open the cartridges this was offensive to both the MUSLIMS who don’t believe in eating pig products and HINDUS who don’t eat beef.

5. Sepoys were also angry about other things too, including a DECLINE in salary, STATUS, and respect from their company OFFICERS.

6. Another policy, one of taking over territories where a native ruler died WITHOUT a legitimate heir, called the Doctrine of LAPSE greatly angered the sepoys. Some, including Sita Ram, a SEPOY in the BENGAL army, even argued that the application of the Doctrine of Lapse in Oudh was actually the MAIN cause of the rebellion.

7. When the British claimed Oudh through the Doctrine of Lapse they greatly ANGERED the Indians because Oudh was a RICH, HISTORIC part of India. The British seizure of such an area was seen as a clear CULTURAL insult.

3.25 SHORT ANSWER 1. He was a young Brahman priest from a village north of Bombay who travelled extensively talking with native soldiers and others

including two soldiers near Mau who told him of the coming rebellion. 2. The soldiers were pleased with the new equipment because it carried further—then the soldiers found out the cartridges were greased

in cow and pig fat. 3. One day a street sweeper, a Cambhar, came upon a Brahman who was taking water from a pond. The Cambhar asked the man to

lend him a water-jug so that he could drink. The Brahman wouldn’t, replying that the water would be polluted if he did. The Cambhar told him not to talk about being so much better since the cartridges the Brahman was tearing open with his own teeth were greased with cow and pig fat.

4. They believed that parliament planned the use of the cartridges. They believed that a saheb1 vowed before Parliament to force the sepoys to accept the cartridges. The truth was that no military debate about the cartridges came up before Parliament prior to May 1857.

3.26 CAUSE/EFFECT

Cause Effect On February 26, the 19th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) at

Berhampore refuses to use the new rifle cartridge An initial confrontation ensues and their commander accepts their

demands and withdraws the cartridges On March 29, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in the 24th BNI at Barrackpore tries to incite his fellow soldiers to refuse their

cartridges He fails and is captured and executed on April 9th.

On May 9th, 85 sepoys from the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry at Meerut refuse to use the cartridges

They are sentenced to 10 years hard labor, stripped of their uniforms, and humiliated.

On June 8, the beginning of the British siege of the rebels begins in Delhi

The siege of Delhi ends with the British capture of the city, and the military tide turns against the rebels

1 A title of respect, like “Mr” or “Sir”. --Melanie


On June 6, the rebel siege of the British fort at Kanpur begins,

Nana Sahib joins the rebellions Nana Sahib issues proclamation for all Indians to join the rebellion

3.27 JEOPARDY 1. Who was Pandurang Mahipat Belsare? 2. Who was Tatya Tope? 3. What are spies? 4. What is organization? 5. What are disorganization and flight? 6. Who was Sita Ram? 7. Where is Jhansi? 8. What is an Indian soldierswho remained loyal to the British? 9. What is the proclamation of May 11th from the King of Delhi? 10. What is the execution of rebellious sepoys? 11. Who was his son? 12. What is that they were left out in the open, thrown to the jackals and vultures—except for Ram’s son who was allowed to receive

proper funeral rites? 3.28 QUOTING


Sita Ram “[it] filled the minds of the sepoys with distrust and led them to plot against the Government”

The seizure of Oudh using the British policy of Doctrine of Lapse

Vishnubhat Godse

“The soldiers became exceedingly friendly to us… Finally they told us that three days from now there will be a revolution.There doubtless will be killing and looting too.”

The account he received from two soldiers he met near Mau.

Sita Ram

“The men from our regiment wrote to others in the regiment telling them of this, and there was soon excitement in every regiment.”

The speed with which objections to the new cartridges spread amongst the sepoys.

Vishnubhat Godse “The assembly so decreed and he immediately set off to Hindusthan with loads of cartridges.”

The Indian belief that the British Parliament had sanctioned the use of the cartridges.

Pandurang Mahipat Belsare

“He had us searched but no papers or any sort were found in our possession. But he remained suspicious.”

The encounter Pandurang and his cousin had with rebel leader Tatya Tope who at first believed the men to be spies.

Pandurang Mahipat Belsare

“We were greatly afflicted; we had not eaten all day.”

The conditions of the rebel army—their confusion, disorganization, and inefficiency.

Sita Ram “The sepoys could not have fought well to have allowed an English force of under 10,000 to defeat 70,000.”

The poor organization and fighting inefficiency of the Indian rebel army, who lost even battles where they seemingly had the advantage

Pandurang Mahipat Belsare “I regret it every hour.” The decision he made to join Tope’s rebel army where there was

suffering (not enough food, clothing, adequate shelter, etc.)

Vishnubhat Godse

“The English began entering the city…they sought out males from the age of five to the age of eighty and killed them.”

The British siege of Jhansi in April 1858 where a brutal massacre took place

Sita Ram

“I remembered how the Sirkar had been my protector…I was determined never to betray it so long as it continued to rule.”

Ram’s decision to stay loyal to the British government

Sita Ram “Through the kindness of the Major I was allowed to perform the funeral rites over my misguided son.”

Ram’s burial of his son’s body after his son was executed for rebelling against the British government.

3.29 MATCHING 1. g 2. b 3. a

4. b 5. c 6. b

7. d 8. e 9. a

10. f 11. a


3.30 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. Morel writes: “Outwardly the most striking effect is DEPOPULATION: slaughter, mutilation; emigration; sickness, largely

aggravated by cruel and SYSTEMATIC oppression; Poverty and even POSITIVE starvation, induced by unlimited taxation in FOOD-STUFFS and LIVE STOCK; a hopeless despair and mental DEPRESSION engendered by years of grinding tyranny; NEGLECT of children by the general maltreatment of women”.

2. Morel writes of the devastation to the daily life of the native population and the “crushing weight of PERPETUAL, remorseless oppression; the gradual ELIMINATION of everything in the DAILY life of the natives which makes that life worth living.”

3. Morel writes about how men were pressured to pay their TAXES or produce more by having their women taken “away from their homes for forced labour requisition”. Some women were “[seized] as ‘hostages’ and [tied up]”. Oftentimes the women and their CHILDREN were thrown in prison together where many died of STARVATION, neglect, or physical abuse.

4. Morel writes that the life of the “DOMESTIC slave under the African system is blissful beyond words if you compare his LOT with that of the DEGRADED serf under the Leopoldian system”.

5. Morel asks whether they’ll be a future time when Africa will bring forth a “reaction so violent than an era of JUSTICE will, for the first time in the history of Caucasian relationship with the DARK Continent, arise, never to be ERADICATED”.

6. Morel places the blame on those who did nothing to prevent the exploitation of the Congo saying “the wickedness of this thing is grafted in the fatuous stupidity and inhumanity of the Powers in allowing the extermination of the Congo races to go on UNCHECKED, barely, if at all, reproved.”

3.31 FINISH THE SENTENCE 1. According to the report, the Belgians had “absolute and exclusive” control and ownership of THE “WHOLE TERRITORY”. 2. The commissions reports that natives are forbidden to change THEIR PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 3. Belgian agents because of their own personal interest in its yield often make excessive demands on the production of RUBBER. 4. In order to meet the demands put upon them by the Belgians in charge native men must travel ONE OR TWO DAYS TO GET TO

THE PART OF THE FOREST WHERE A FAIR NUMBER OF RUBBER VINES CAN BE TAPPED. 5. The natives who were harvesting the rubber faced SEVERAL DAYS ALONE, HUNGRY, EXPOSED TO THE WEATHER, AND

VULNERABLE TO ATTACKS FROM WILD ANIMALS. 6. In all the settlements women were IMPRISONED AND TAKEN AS HOSTAGES. 7. Many black soldiers were killed out of REVENGE FOR THE VIOLENCE THEY PERPETRATED. 8. Men, women, and children who tried to escape were SHOT WHILE TRYING TO GET AWAY. 3.32 ORDERING __2__ (1873) Beginning of a lengthy industrial depression which lasted to the early 1890s __4__ (1888) Kaiser Wilhelm II took over as ruler of Germany __6__ (1898) Britain wins battle of Omdurman __3__ (1878) Beginning of the Anglo-Zulu War __7__ (1899) Beginning of the Boer War __1__ (1869) Suez Canal opened __5__ (1894) France formed the French Indochina Union __9__ (1904) Beginning of the Russo –Japanese War __8__ (1903) Belgian Investigative Commission issues its report 3.33 CHARTING

Title Author(s) Year published Brief summary of contents Modern Egypt “Why Britain Acquired Egypt” First Earl of Cromer 1908 The take-over of Egypt by Great Britain

“The White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling 1898 The difficult task of bringing civilization to the uncivilized

Social Evolution Benjamin Kidd 1894 The biological defectiveness of Africans and the inevitability of their extinction and white rule in Africa

National Life from the Standpoint of Science Karl Pearson 1901

Social Darwinism and the need to eliminate Africans from British South Africa

King Leopold’s Rule in Africa Edmund Morel 1904 The depopulation, slaughter, and disease of the Congo’s occupation by the Belgium

“Shooting an Elephant” George Orwell 1936 The relationship between imperialists and their Burmese subjects

3.34 TRUE OR FALSE 1. False—He writes that he was hated by many for the first time in his life. 2. False—He was laughed at by the crowd. 3. False—He writes that the Buddhist priests were the meanest of them all, as they were jeering Europeans seemingly all the time. 4. True


5. False—He writes that he was unaware of the loss of the British Empire’s position of dominance. 6. True 7. True 3.35 ORDERING.

Event Order The crowd following Orwell grows to around TWO thousand. 8 He gets an old .44 WINCHESTER and starts out on a pony. 2 Orwell receives a phone call from the SUB-INSPECTOR at a police station asking him to help out with an elephant ravaging a bazaar 1

He sends an orderly to a friend’s house to borrow an elephant RIFLE. 5 He hears yells of “Go away, CHILD!” a little bit away. 3 Orwell realizes that he SHOULDN’T shoot the elephant and that he definitely didn’t WANT to shoot the elephant. 7 Orwell fires FOUR more shots into the elephant. 11 He sees the body of a dead INDIAN, a black Dravidian coolie very recently killed by the elephant 4 The natives spot Orwell’s RIFLE and begin to shout excitedly at the prospect that Orwell will shoot the elephant. 6 Orwell realizes that he’ll have to SHOOT the elephant. 9 Orwell fires the FIRST shot at the elephant. 10 The elephant’s body is STRIPPED by the Burmans by the afternoon. 12

3.36 CONNECT THE DOTS 1. The crowd was watching Orwell--“as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a trick.” 2. The sahib must do what the natives expect of him--“He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it.” 3. Orwell considers what would happen if he missed the elephant as it charged him--“I should have about as much chance as a toad

under a steamroller” 4. The people anticipate Orwell’s shooting of the elephant with a big sigh--“as of people who see the theater curtain go up at last” 5. The elephant collapsed--“like a huge rock toppling”. 6. Orwell feels that he must do what the crowd expects him to do-- He is the “leading actor of the piece” 7. Orwell feels manipulated by the will of the people in the crowd--He is an “absurd puppet pushed to and fro” SECTION IV 4.01 QUESTION/ANSWER Question Answer When and where was Buchi Emecheta born? 1944; Nigeria

To where did she migrate in 1961 and why? To London; she left Nigeria when it gained its independence after World War II; she went there to improve life and opportunities for her family

What was Emecheta’s husband doing in London? Pursuing a Western education

How was Emecheta treated as an immigrant in London? She and her family were discriminated against in housing and hiring and she found it difficult to find healthcare for herself and her five children.

Where did Emecheta finally get a job? Library at British Museum

What type of literature did Emecheta write? Fiction about the African past and about women migrants living in Europe

How was her literature received? International success of her writings brought her fame, making her a literary star

What happened to Great Britain and the other imperialist powers after World War II?

They were weakened because of the War, their empire began to disappear, they were bankrupted

How did the War impact the colonies? It gave birth to a new generation of leaders in the colonies. They were determined to gain independence.

Had the Europeans maintained complete control in the colonies prior to World War II? Explain.

No. Colonial resistance was constant. Their constant violence—which Europeans felt was necessary—fueled constant colonial resistance and resentment

Who amongst the colonized peoples were content with the status quo of European rule?

Only those who made their fortunes dealing with the colonizers

Why did many immigrants migrate to European cities in particular?

Colonial peoples took seriously the European promises of equality and opportunity that came out of the capital cities of Europe.

Prior to decolonization how did Europeans view themselves/ Saw themselves as superior, as citizens of dominant imperial powers

How were colonial troops treated after the war? Continued to be marginalized, were left out of ceremony and liberation movements after the war

4.02 LISTING


1. -Head Above Water (1986) -In the Ditch (1972) -Second Class Citizen (1974) 2. -political asylum -safe harbor from civil turmoil -economic opportunity 3. -their own weaknesses -mobilization of opposition 4. -Tunisia -Morocco -West Africa 5. -scavenging -craft work -menial labor for whites 4.03 IDENTIFY

Decolonization Lifting of imperial rule

Neo-imperialism The client relationship that developed after decolonization where the industrialized Western nations were still able to exploit the previously colonized areas

Pakistan Independent portion of South Asia created for Muslims in 1947 India Independent portion of South Asia created for Hindus in 1947 Hong Kong The one place in Asia where Great Britain maintained strong political control Head above Water Buchi Emecheta’s 1986 autobiography

Pan-Africanism An ideology uniting all of Africa which increased during World War II as African troops from different parts of Africa interacted with one another during the fighting.

Thirty-eighth parallel The line that divided North Korea and South Korea after World War II French Indochina Modern-day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were once under French control and called this

Viet Minh Soldiers under Ho Chi Minh fighting for independence; their guerilla tactics proved too much for French forces

Geneva Accords of 1954 Carved out an independent Laos and Cambodia and divided Vietnam into North and South, each free from French control

Francophonie The promotion of French language speaking; it continued even after the French withdrew direct political control in Vietnam

Evian accords Agreement signed by Charles de Gaulle in 1962 which ended French control of Algeria, making Algeria an independent country

4.04 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. WINSTON CHURCHILL’s main objective during World War II was to maintain and perhaps even STRENGTHEN the British

Empire. However, the war weakened Great Britain’s hold on its colonies just as it had for every other imperial power. 2. Colonial soldiers were exposed to TECHNOLOGY from the imperialists that they wouldn’t have otherwise seen, as well as improving

their skills in READING and WRITING. 3. Forced LABOR and forced CONSCRIPTION were especially troublesome imperialist policies to the colonized peoples during World

War II. Riots were sparked by differences in pay among Indian and British SAILORS. Colonized peoples prepared themselves for rebellion through FILMS and novels.

4. Local ENTREPRENEURS did profit during the war when the industrialized powers were preoccupied with war. India even developed its own AIRCRAFT industry during the war. Other businesses like oil, steel, banking, and finance prospered as well.

5. The war left many Europeans IMPOVERISHED but was especially economically difficult for local people who often lacked basic necessities. FOOD certainly wasn’t a priority for the imperial powers during wartime so the colonies faced times of FAMINE and social upheaval.

6. Especially prevalent was URBAN poverty. Rural people flocked to the cities in hopes of finding JOBS, making the situation worse. 7. At the end of World War II, open rebellion had broken out in ALGERIA, VIETNAM, INDONESIA and other colonies. Actually

colonial leaders assumed that the end of the empire was already at hand when the war ended. The fact was that in many places the struggle for independence was to take several DECADES.

4.05 DATING

Year Event 1948 A radical Hindu assassinated Gandhi as he worked for religious reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia 1949 Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong take over China 1950 With the support of the Soviet Union, North Korea invaded South Korea

1953 After U.S. forces pushed the North Koreans back, almost to China’s border, and years of stalemate and agreement was reached by the opposing sides

1954 Bloody battle of Dien Bien Phu forces French withdrawal from Vietnam 1976 Mao Zedong died


4.06 MATCHING 1. a 2. c 3. b

4. c 5. b 6. d

7. e 8. f 9. a

10. f 11. d

4.07 FINISH THE SENTENCE 1. Toward the end of WWII an eminent American geologist predicted a shift in natural resource power from the Gulf-Caribbean region

to the Middle East 2. He called the oil in the Middle East the “ greatest single prize in all history1”. 3. Europe needed oil from the Middle East but was in a difficult spot because of the feelings of resentment and bitterness held against

them, especially against the British. 4. The Saudis were able to increase the percentage of profits it would receive for its oil from the Western oil companies. 5. The Cold War gave Middle Eastern countries the ability to manipulate the US and the USSR by playing the superpower against one

another. 6. The shah of Iran demanded the same larger percentage in profit from Western oil companies. 7. In 1953 a U.S.-government backed cartel reached an agreement with Iran’s nationalist prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq about

the exporting of oil from Iran. 8. In both their dealings with the Saudis and the Iranians British interests were hidden because of extreme bitterness toward the British. 4.08 JEOPARDY 1. Who was Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser? 2. What was a British-run company? 3. What was the reclaiming of the Suez Canal for Egypt? 4. What is the U.S.? 5. Who was Anthony Eden? 6. When was July 1956? 7. What were France and Israel? 8. What was an upcoming presidential election? 9. What was Cairo? 10. Who was Hitler? 11. What was the USSR? 12. Who was Richard Nixon? 13. What is the ability of the Middle East to assert its interests and win? 4.09 WHO’S WHO?

Name Description

Charles de Gaulle General who became French President in 1958, revised the constitution, andnegotiated Algerian independence.

Kwame Nkrumah Leader of resistance movement in Gold Coast as it sought independence in the late 1950s

Enoch Powell British Conservative Party member who campaigned against immigration predicting that the rivers would fill with blood if too many Asians were allowed to enter Britaih

Idi Amin Ugandan dictator who expelled all Ugandans of Asian lineage in 1973 in order to make the country “a black man’s country”

Meena Pathek Owner of the highly successful global food brand Patel

George Harrison Member of The Beatles who played the sitar and wrote songs with Asian musical patters after becoming interested in Asian music

Louise Bourgeois Artist who created statues in the late 1940s and early 1950s which reflected non-Western influence in its resemblance to slim, colorful totem poles

Niki de Saint Phalle Artist who created huge papier-mache statues of women brightly garbed called “Nanas” whose art reflected non-Western influence

Gyorgy Ligeti Composer and refugee to Germany from Communist Hungary who studied the music of African Pygmies”

Karlheinz Stockhausen German composer who traveled widely and incorporated musical sounds from around the world in his music

4.10 EITHER/OR

1 I thought that was the gold medal for super quiz relay. --Melanie

1954 National Liberation Front surfaces to attack French settlers and their Arab allies in Algeria 1962 Evian accords assigned 1947 Great Britain ceded Palestine to the United Nations to work out a settlement between the Jews and the Arabs 1948 State of Israel established


1. Immigrants from the former colonies to Europe were sought mostly because of a SCARCITY of native-born LABORERS. 2. Though countries like GERMANY who were trying to rebuild after the war needed more laborers, Europe wasn’t prepared for such

an influx of new people. Immigrants needed housing, a place in SOCIETY, education, civil rights, and ultimately family and human RELATIONSHIPS.

3. Between 1947 and 1954 a MILLION North Africans entered France. 4. Many immigrants looked to Europe as a land of OPPORTUNITY, relatively good government, and WEALTH. The first immigrants,

male guest workers, lived together in BARRACK-style houses. This afforded later arriving immigrants the opportunity for SUPPORT and community.

5. Many UNDOCUMENTED workers flocked to Europe because of the availability of jobs and the higher wages paid there. In an economic DOWNTOWN in the 1970s, Germany and France ended their immigration programs. Guest workers who didn’t want to get “stuck” in their homelands petitioned to be able to STAY IN Europe permanently for fear that they’d be sent home never to return to Europe again. Governments set up programs to ENCOURAGE people to stay in their homeland, even PAYING them to do so.

6. With the WAVES of immigrants from the former colonies Europeans had to start focusing on RACE and immigration, especially after a surging tide of new arrivals from the West Indies, India, and Pakistan met with racist riots.

7. In 1962 the BRITISH government passed laws separating the right to Commonwealth immigration from the right to British citizenship. Then, SIX years later a series of laws limited entry even of British holders of a PASSPORT.

8. A growing racist sentiment was reflected by leaders like Enoch Powell, a CONSERVATIVE leader who argued that keeping Europe “white was not only NATURAL but HEALTHY.

9. Opposition to racism like Powell’s arose. The LABOUR party ran pro-INTEGRATION campaigns advocating things like tolerance and integration. Bills mandating EQUAL treatment in housing, jobs, and advertising, and providing services such as MEDICAL care, financial services, and education were passed to make things fairer for new immigrants.

10. First generation immigrations often lived in THEIR OWN communities within European society. Second generation immigrants often took part in POLITICS and developed a MIXED identity.

4.11 TRUE OR FALSE 1. False—Nigeria was Emecheta’s home and it achieved independence in 1960. 2. True 3. True 4. False—Immigrants were expected to succeed at menial tasks, but fail at all others. 5. True 6. False—Germany insisted that it was “not a country of immigration.” 7. False—families arrived first in Britain in the early 1960s and later in Germany and France in the 1970s. 4.12 DEFINITIONS

Pieds noirs A common nickname for Algerians of French descent, came from “black feet” Harkis A nickname for Muslims who served in the French army in Algerian but emigrated to escape retribution Guest workers Male workers who alternated periods of work in Europe with period of being home in their homelands

“company culture” The toleration in the European workplace of racist and sexist language and sometimes more blatant discrimination

Bonnet Law Passed in 1980 by the National Assembly in France it drastically limited immigration and the rights of immigrants

gado gado An Indonesian dish that many housewives in mid twentieth century Europe knew how to prepare

Ghetto Blaster A rock group of eight youths from Cameroon, Angola, Benin, the US, and France who combined a variety of musical traditions to bring listeners “le black feeling”.

The Beatles A rock ‘n’ roll European band from Liverpool that became globally celebrated. They developed a keen interest in Asian music and instrumentation.

Outwork Items like purses, hair decorations, artificial flowers, and other small items that non-Europeans made at home and tried to sell by walking the wholesale districts of big cities

SECTION V 5.01 DESCRIPTIONS

Person Description Zhu Yuanzhang Founder of the Ming Dynasty in CHINA Vasco de Gama PORTUGUESE explorer who arrived in Asia in 1498

Prince Henry Known as “The Navigator” he started the era of exploration when he began to explore for PORTUGAL

Giovanni de Verrazzano FLORENTINE mariner who explored North America’s coast from South Carolina to Newfoundland, establishing long-lasting French claims there

Jacques Cartier Most influential FRENCH explorer who sailed the St. Lawrence River establishing a base there near Quebec


John Cabot VENETIAN citizen who sailed for GREAT BRITAIN making the first English-sponsored verifiable contact with North America

Ferdinand Magellan PORTUGUESE explorer who rounded the Cape Horn and proved there was a south-west passage to Asia at the bottom of South America

Francis Drake ENGLISH sailor who combined the plunder of Spanish ships with exploration of Cape Horn, claiming Nova Albion (now California) and circumnavigating the globe

James Cook BRITISH explorer and leader of expeditions to the South Pacific with commercial and scientific goals Mungo Park SCOTTISH explorer and leader of expeditions up the Niger River

Francisco Barreto PORTUGUESE leader of an expedition up the Zambezi Valley to establish contact with the kingdom of Monomotapa in 1569

Hauptmann Kling GERMAN explorer who traveled through Western Africa in 1893; demonstrated the power of his machine gun in order to “gain the respect” of the indigenous peoples

Diogo Cao PORTUGUESE captain who sent a party of men to explore the Congo River in 1485 5.02 ORDERING __1__ Battle of Poitiers (732) __3__ Turks capture Constantinople (1453) __2__ Beginning of the Crusades (1095) __8__ Battle of Waterloo (1815) __4__ Beginning of Nine Years War (1594) __5__ Beginning of Seven Years War (1756) __11_ Boxer Rebellion (1900) __10_ Beginning of the Boer War (1899) __7__ French Revolution (1789) __6__ Battle of Plassey (1757) __9__ Battle of Omdurman in Sudan (1898) 5.03 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. The PORTUGUESE for this first-class SAILING vessel derived from the JAVANESE word for ship, ajong The junks were able to

carry 1,500 tons, much more than their European counterparts at the time. 2. The Reconquista ended in 1492 when the last MUSLIMS were driven out of Europe with the fall of the Sultanate of GRANADA. 3. Nawabs were PROVINCIAL governors in India. The British often depended on their good will which they secured with TRIBUTE

payments. After the Battle of PLASSEY of 1757 nawabs became mostly FIGUREHEADS, as real power lay in the hands of the BRITISH East India Company (EIC).

4. The deadliest of the African diseases, malaria, is named for the FRENCH word for swamp, since humid air and bad smells were blamed for the disease and the ITALIAN word for mal’aria, which means BAD AIR.

5. Africa was known as the “White Man’s Grave” because of diseases like dysentery, yellow fever, TYPHOID and especially because of MALARIA.

6. The European powers were able to exploit the Ottomans and Chinese known respectively in the nineteenth century as the “Sick Man of EUROPE” and the “Sick Man of THE EAST.”

7. “Livingstone Pills”, David Livingstone’s favorite remedy for malaria were made with a concoction of quinine, CALOMEL, RHUBARB, and resin of julep.

8. Sir Francis Drake was called “El Diablo” by the SPANISH because of his attacks on their SHIPS and settlements. 9. General Charles Gordon’s western-trained army that quashed the TAIPING REBELLION was called the “EVER-VICTORIOUS”

army. 10. The “Patriotic Harmonious Fists”, a group known as the BOXERS, led a 1900 rebellion against FOREIGN influence. The rebellion

was put down by 20,000 troops from Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, and America. 11. The Dutch West India Company (WIC) was never as powerful as its counterpart the Dutch East India Company (VOC), but it was

known for two extraordinary feats: the capture of the MEXICAN silver fleet and the acquisition of MANHATTAN from the Indians.

5.04 CHARTING Year Treaty/Doctrine What it accomplished

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas Divided claims in the New World between Spain and Portugal sphere of influence

1823 Monroe Doctrine Declared U.S. support of independence in Latin America 1604 Treaty of London Established peace between Spain and England 1715 Peace of Utrecht Recognized Portugal’s dominion over Brazil

1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals Eliminated papal judicial authority in England, declaring England an empire to itself

1833 Charter Act Removed British East India Company monopoly of the China trade and its dominance of the India-China trade route

1840 Waitingi treaty Promised indigenous Maoris protection of their land rights


1529 Treaty of Zaragoza Divided the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia

1837 Treaty of Tafna French General Bugeaud promised the Emir Abd-el Kader 3,000 rifles and ammunition

1898 Open Door Policy Gave all nations equal trading rights in all parts of China 1962 Evian Accords Separated Algeria from France and granted Algeria independence 5.05 FINISH THE SENTENCE

5.06 MATCHING 1. d 2. a

3. e 4. b

5. f 6. c

7. g

5.07 EITHER/OR 1. Suleyman the MAGNIFICIENT, the SON of Selim I, was SULTAN of the Ottomans from 1520-1566. He was a conqueror,

military leader, ruler, and law giver. 2. Napoleon put his brother JOSEPH on the throne in SPAIN in 1808, sparking colonial opposition. 3. Francis I sponsored early missions by Giovannia de Verrazzano, Jacques Cartier and others, laying early claims to NORTH America

for FRANCE. 4. In the GLORIOUS Revolution of 1688 William of Orange dethroned James II of England. James’ title in SCOTLAND was James

VII. 5. The OTTOMAN sultan lost control of Egypt when Mohammed Ali seized power. Ali’s efforts at establishing Egypt’s independence

were thwarted by the Sultan’s persistence and continued EUROPEAN intervention. 6. Jules Ferry served TWO terms as premier during the THIRD Republic. He took the sometimes UNPOPULAR lead in France’s

colonial expansion in Africa and Asia. 7. Mussolini’s minister of COLONIES, PRINCE Lanza de Scalea, spoke at the FRENCH Colonial Exhibition of 1931. 8. By 1896, Menelik of Showa had acquired breechloaders and ammunition making his army the BEST-equipped army of any

AFRICAN ruler in history. 9. Empress Eugenie of FRANCE entered the Suez Canal on her imperial yacht the Aigle on November 17, 1869 to celebrate the very

EXPENSIVE opening ceremonies for the opening of the canal. 10. In 1854 EGYPTIAN leader Mohammed Said gave the go ahead to build the SUEZ Canal perhaps because he was a close friend of the

French CONSUL Ferdinand de Lesseps who wanted to see the canal built. 11. Kaiser Wilhelm II took control of Germany in 1888, marking the beginning of a MORE aggressive German FOREIGN policy. 12. General Charles de Gaulle became PRESIDENT of France in 1958. He granted ALGERIA its independence in 1862 which led to

massive immigration INTO France. He was plagued by ASSASSINATION attempts and great bloodshed during his time in office. 5.08 WHO’S WHO?

Name Description William Wilberforce Parliamentary member who helped spark the religious antislavery movement in England Jean-Jacques Rousseau Enlightenment writer who wrote of the noble savage, the idea that society corrupted the individual

Marshal Hubert Lyautey The architect of Moroccan colonization and the man in charge of the French Colonial exhibition of 1931

The British government claimed Australia as… a penal colony in 1788 (established it as a humane alternative to capital punishment).

Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he… published his book How I Found Livingstone. The French Colonial Exhibition marked these two anniversaries…

(1) the hundredth anniversary of the invasion of Algeria and (2) the fiftieth anniversary of the annexation of Tunisia.

According to Daniel Headrick, one of the most popular forms of literature is literature about… the history of technology.

In 1881 Francois Clement Maillot was honored by the Scientific Congress of Algiers…

because of his discoveries about the prophylactic use of quinine. He was hailed as a hero of French science.

In 1861, the Espoir entered the Niger River and destroyed the villages there because of their… earlier attacks on her sister ship the Rainbow in 1859.

Henry Morton Stanley was criticized by the British Consul at Zanzibar for his actions there when Stanley…

got into a dispute with native and shot at them with elephant guns to escape, returning later with 250 men to decimate their settlement.

Perhaps the most famous of all colonial campaigns in the English-speaking world was… General Kitchener’s conquest of the Sudan in 1898.

The Italian defeat at Aduwa on March 1, 1896 was due in part to their own treaty, the Treaty of Wichelle, which… supplied King Menelik’s armies with advanced European weaponry.

According to Daniel Headrick, the social event of the nineteenth century and indeed the century’s most anticipated moment was…

the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.

The Sino-Japanese War ended in… Chinese defeat, the Japanese annexation of Taiwan, and increased Japanese trade and influence in Korea.


Habib Bourguiba A young lawyer and leader of the Neo-Destour party in Tunisia, a radical party who resisted French control there in the early Twentieth century

Justus Charles Hasskarl Superintendent of the Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens in Java who traveled to the Andes Mountains under an assumed name to secretly collect seeds of the cinchona tree

Abd-el Kader The most important Algerian chief of the interior in the nineteenth century who purchased and manufactured weapons for Algerian resistance efforts against the French

Ferdinand de Lesseps Founder of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez Otto von Bismarck German Prime Minister during the Berlin Conference First Earl of Cromer, Evelyn Baring Leader who was often called the “Maker of Modern Egypt”

George Goldie Leader of the British-chartered Royal Niger Company who led expansions into Nigeria from 1886-1899

5.09 ORDERING Hernando de Soto explored North America and discovered the Mississippi River (1539-41)

Joao Fagundes was granted permission to establish a colony in Newfoundland (1521)

Great Britain abolished their slave trade (1807)

Great Britain abolished slavery (1834)

The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

The Australian Gold Rush (1851)

Dominion Status was conferred on Australia (1907)

The Wall Street Crash (1929)

The French Colonial Exhibition (1931)

Hapsburg ruler Charles V was born (1500)

Queen Elizabeth I of England died childless (1603)

Queen Mary, Catholic wife of Philip II of Spain died (1558)

Sir Walter Raleigh was executed by King James in his desire to restore good relations with Spain (1618)

The commercial production of quinine began (1827)

The French army became the first military force to adopt percussion locks (1822)

Alexander Forsyth, Scottish clergyman and amateur chemist, made a gun that could fire in any weather (1807)

The British army stopped purchasing flintlocks (1842)

Britain began replacing their Brown Bess guns with a new rifle with 6 times the range (1853)

The Sepoy Rebellion in India (1857)

Boer War (1899-1902)

King Leopold II acquires the Congo (1885)

The Belgian Parliament assumed control of the Congo (1908)

A radical Hindu assassinated Gandhi (1948)

Death of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong (1976)

Korean conflict between North and South Korea and the world’s Communist and non-Communist forces (1950-53)

5.10 IDENTIFICATION

Name Description

El Mina This fort on the Guinea coast was established in 1482 as Europe’s first gold and slave trading stronghold on the African mainland.

John Rut He made the first known full reconnaissance of North America’s eastern seaboard in 1527.

John Hawkins He was England’s first major slave trader who began carrying human cargo and other merchandise between Africa and the Spanish Caribbean in 1562

Virginia Dare She was the first English child born in North America.

The Netherlands They were the first country to perfect the uses of paper currency, a stock market, and a central bank.

Ponce de Leon He first attempted to colonize Florida in 1521

Santo Domingo Spain’s first permanent colony in the Americas was established here in 1502 by Nicolas de Ovando


The Huguenots The first group to see the New World as a sanctuary for religious refugees

John Cabot He made the first verifiable English-sponsored contact with the North American continent.

Halifax, Nova Scotia The British established their first large military base in North America here.

Denmark In 1803 they became the first European country to ban the slave trade

Battle of Isandhlwana The first defeat of a European power by an African force, happened during the Anglo-Zulu War

Samori Toure The first leader in the Western Sudan to understand the importance of modern weaponry and begin to arm all his troops with guns

The Ma Roberts The first steel steamship

The Lion Blot The first aluminum steamship 5.11 CAUSE/EFFECT

Cause Effect The introduction of electric headlights on ships after 1887 Night travel on the Suez Canal is allowed and travel time is cut in half The German Kaiser sent a gunboat to the Moroccan part of Agadir in 1911

The Agadir Incident begins, another example of a more aggressive Germany

Japan’s expansionist ambitions brought it in direct conflict with Russia

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 ended in a stunning Japanese victory

The armies under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh defeat the French

The French surrendered control of Indochina (modern-day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos)

Jews were persecuted and killed by the millions during the Holocaust

The Western powers became committed to securing Israel as a homeland for the Jews.

Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War The Russian Tsar’s position was undermined and the first Russian Revolution takes places in 1905

5.12 TRUE OR FALSE 1. False—Europeans were drawn to Asia for their luxury goods—ever since the Crusades brought the two worlds in contact with one

another. 2. True 3. False—French soldiers set up strongholds 4. True 5. False—Opium was sent to China and salt was sold in India in order to extract money from the native Indian population 6. True 7. False—Was the principal export of southern Nigeria 5.13 ANALOGIES 1. Osman I : Ottoman Empire :: Zhu Yuanzhang : MING Dynasty 2. Cortes : Aztecs :: PIZARRO : Incas 3. Mungo Park : Niger River :: Capt. James Tuckey : CONGO RIVER 4. William and Macgregor Laird : Father and son :: Richard and John Lander : BROTHERS 5. Capt. H.D. Trotter : Wilberforce :: Capt. Dr. William Baikie : Pleiad 6. Albert Camus : French journalist :: Claude Etienne Minie : French ARMY CAPTAIN 7. Kaffir War of 1851-53 : Xhosa : Mysore Wars : INDIA 8. British poet : Rudyard Kipling :: Nigerian writer : Buchi Emecheta 9. Gandhi : India :: Kwame Nkruman : Ghana 5.14 JEOPARDY 1. What is On the Origin of Species? 2. Who was Edmund Spencer? 3. Who was Sir Humphrey Gilbert? 4. Who was David Livingstone? 5. What is War of the Worlds? 6. What is the prophylactic use of quinine among Europeans in Africa? 7. Where is Sierra Leone? 8. What is 1898? 9. Who is Benjamin Kidd? 5.15 QUOTING Author Quote


Karl Pearson “History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization had been produced, namely the struggle of RACE WITH RACE”.

Rudyard Kipling “Take up the White Man’s burden/ And reap his old reward”.

Pandurang Mahipat Belsare “Having experienced life here, I REGRET IT EVERY HOUR”.

Sita Ram “The sepoys could not have fought well to have allowed an English force of UNDER TEN THOUSAND TO DEFEAT SEVENTY THOUSAND”.

Vishnubhat Godse “The English began entering the city and shooting down every man that they saw…they sought out males from the age of FIVE TO THE AGE OF EIGHTY AND KILLED THEM”.

Sita Ram “Through the kindness of the Major I was allowed to perform the funeral rites over my MISGUIDED SON”.

Edmund Morel “The future is closed to us. We grope in the dark, puzzled, incensed, impatient. The future is WITH GOD.”

George Orwell “It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than I had had before of the REAL NATURE OF IMPERIALISM”.

Edmund Morel “The Congo territory can never be A WHITE MAN’S COUNTRY.”

Pan-African Congress in 1945 “We are unwilling to starve any longer while doing the WORLD DRUDGERY…in order to support by our poverty and ignorance a FALSE ARISTOCRACY AND A DISCREDITED IMPERIALISM”.

Buchi Emecheta “Nearly all the notices had ‘Sorry, no coloureds’ on them…she was beginning to learn that her colour was something SHE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE ASHAMED OF”.

George Orwell “He wears a mask, and HIS FACE GROWS TO FIT IT…a sahib has got to act like a sahib”. A high school teacher in the Caribbean “When white men kill each other…it is a BLESSING FOR BLACKS”.

5.16 IDENTIFY

Number of ships in Cheng-ho’s first expeditionary fleet 317

Number of days the Pleiad stayed on the Niger and Benue Rivers 117

Indigenous population in Americas in the days of Columbus 50-60 million

Indigenous population in Americas in 1650 10 million

Number of Africans sent as slaves to British Caribbean 1,665,000

Number of Africans sent as slaves to Brazil 3,646,000

Number of European soldiers in Robert Clive’s company in the 1740s 900

Number of sepoys in Robert Clive’s company in the 1740s 1500

Algerian population in 1856 About 2.1 million

Algerian population in 1940 6.5 million

Percentage of land surface of the world controlled by Europeans in 1800 35%

Percentage of land surface of the world controlled by Europeans in 1878 67%

The Quorra 112 x 16 feet

The Alburkah 70 x 13 feet

Number of Sudanese killed in the Battle of Omdurman in Sudan in 1898 11,000

Number of Anglo-Egyptian forces killed in Battle of Omdurman in Sudan in 1898 49

World demand for Andean bark exports in 1860 (in million pounds) 2 million pounds

World demand for Andean bark exports in 1881 (in million pounds) 20 million pounds

Number of dead out of 1,000 in the British Royal Navy’s African Squadron in years 1825-45 650

Number of dead out of 1,000 in the British Royal Navy’s African Squadron in years 1858-67 22

Number of Frenchmen lost in battle in Algeria by 1857 23,787

Minimum number of people George Orwell writes who have gathered in the crowd waiting for him to shoot the elephant in his story about the event 2,000

Number of Ndebele warriors of King Lobengula who fought the British in October 1893 5,000

Number of British South African police who fought the British in October 1893 50

5.17 CHARTING Author Selection Publication Year Edmund Morel King Leopold’s Rule in Africa 1904 George Orwell “Shooting an Elephant” 1936 Buchi Emecheta Head above Water 1986


Karl Pearson National Life from the Standpoint of Science 1900 Buchi Emecheta In the Ditch 1972 Benjamin Kidd Social Evolution 1894 Philip Curtain The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census 1969 5.18 FILL IN THE BLANK 1. Many explorers, including CORONADO from 1540-1542 looked for the mythical city of gold, EL DORADO. 2. In 1739 the PERSIAN army made its way to DELHI and sacked the ancient capital of the MUGHAL Empire. 3. In 1840, the Qing Emperor in China tried to blockade the importation of OPIUM at the Chinese port of CANTON. 4. On May 6, 1931 France’s Colonial Exhibition, a project four years in the making, opened in PARIS under the leadership of French

PRESIDENT Gaston Doumergue. 5. The French expeditionary force that attacked the city of ALGIERS in 1830 was bombarded by the steamship Sphinx. 6. By 1871 TELEGRAPH cables lines ran from VLADIVOSTOK to Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore. 7. Karl Pearson, author of National Life from the Standpoint of Science, held the first chair of EUGENICS at University College in

LONDON. 8. Tens of thousands of citizens of the former COLONIES migrated to Europe, particularly to its CAPITAL cities. One example is

Buchi Emecheta who migrated from NIGERIA to England in 1961. 9. As MIGRATIONS swelled during the twentieth century nearly every European capital city’s RESTAURANTS and grocery stores

mirrored the DIVERSITY of the world’s cuisines. 5.19 DEFINITIONS

Maroon Runaway slaves Factories Trading posts Tanzimat reforms Westernization reforms in Japan in 1830s Meiji Restoration 1868 Reforms which dismantled Japanese feudalism and promoted Westernization and industrialization Coppicing Process of cutting trees to the ground every 6-7 years to increase the yield of alkaloids Gingals Large muskets that fired iron scrap or balls of up to one pound, used by the Chinese Apartheid Legal segregation of white and black Africans Caste The hierarchical division of society based on birth Ghetto Blaster A rock group made up of eight youths from Cameroon, Angola, Benin, the U.S. and France

5.20 QUESTION/ANSWER Question Answer What was built in the 1850s as an effective mover of people but not necessarily goods as an attempted response to the Sepoy Rebellion? The Cairo-Suez Railroad

What sparked a “cotton famine” which affected the textile industry in the mid-nineteenth century? The American Civil War

Who was defeated by King Menelik’s troops who were armed with European breechloaders, a few machine guns, and field artillery in the Battle of Adowa of 1896? A force of Italians

By the beginning of World War I what was the chief export market for British industrial goods? India Who invented the steam engine? James Watt In the Boer War of 1899-1902, the Afrikaners were armed with weapons from where? Germany With his prime goal the reclaiming of the Suez Canal for Egypt, who became president in 1952? Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser

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