Yearbookof Intensive Careand EmergencyMedicine 2007Edited by J.-L. Vincent

With 192 Figures and 82 Tables

INTENSIVECARE

MEDICINE2007

ANNUALUPDATE

JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT

2007

Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCPHead, Department of Intensive CareErasme HospitalFree University of BrusselsRoute de Lennik 8081070 BrusselsBelgium

ISBN 0-387-49517-7 Printed on acid-free paper.ISBN 978-0387-49517-0

ˇ 2007 Springer Science + Business Media Inc.

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Table of Contents

Biomarkers

The Diagnosis of Sepsis: The Present and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3A.S. McLean, B. Tang, and S.J. Huang

Procalcitonin: Nice to know, Need to know, or Needs further Research? . . . . . . 10J.-U. Jensen, J. Løken, and T. Mohr

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hormokines as Biomarkersin Severe Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

M. Christ-Crain and B. Müller

Novel Biomarkers and the Outcome from Critical Illness and Major Surgery . . 32D. Fallaha, G. Hillis, and B.H. Cuthbertson

Molecular Approaches to Detection of Bacteria in Critical Care Patients . . . . . . 44J.L. Flanagan, S.V. Lynch, and J. Wiener-Kronish

Sepsis and Infection: Management

Understanding and Optimizing Outcome in Neonates with Sepsisand Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

K.N. Haque

Effects of Vasoactive Agents on the Gastrointestinal Microcirculationin Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

J. Pottecher, S. Deruddre, and J. Duranteau

Hemodynamic Effects of Activated Protein C in Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75N. Sennoun, O. Desebbe, and B. Levy

Adrenomedullin in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Sepsis . . 81C. Ertmer, H. Van Aken, and M. Westphal

Antioxidants for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Critical Illness . . 96B. Mullan, M. Duffy, and D. McAuley

Plasma Cortisol: Time to look Deeper? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106J. Cohen, J. Prins, and B. Venkatesh

Glucose Control and Monitoring in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113C. De Block and P. Rogiers

Severe Lung Infections

Current Concepts of Severe Pneumococcal Community-acquired Pneumonia . . 133M. Lujan, C. Munoz-Almagro, and J. Rello

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . 145M.C.J. Kneyber and F.B. Plötz

Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non-AIDS Immunocompromised Patients . . . . . . . 157G. Bollee, S. de Miranda, and E. Azoulay

Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction

The Role of Neutrophil-Derived Myeloperoxidase in Organ Dysfunctionand Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

N.S. MacCallum, G.J. Quinlan, and T.W. Evans

Are Mitochondria Responsible for Improved Outcomes in Recent Studies? . . . . 188A. Johnston and T. Whitehouse

The Impact of Chronic Disease on Response to Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197M.C. Reade, E.B. Milbrandt, and D.C. Angus

Immunomodulatory Effects of General Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208L.C. Lemaire and T. van der Poll

Critical Illness Stress-induced Immune Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217J.A. Carcillo

Transcription Factors and Nuclear Cofactors in Muscle Wasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229P.-O. Hasselgren

Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: A Clinical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Y. Sakr, C. Sponholz, and K. Reinhart

Lipids

Sphingolipid Metabolism in Systemic Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249H.P. Deigner, E. Gulbins, and R.A. Claus

Statins in Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267M. van der Heijden, A.B.J. Groeneveld, and G.P. van Nieuw Amerongen

Potential Mechanisms by which Statins Modulate the Developmentof Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

T. Craig, C. O’Kane, and D. McAuley

Acute Lung Injury

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291G.M. Albaiceta and A. Fueyo

The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Lung Injury and Repair . . . 299J. Varet and A.B. Millar

VI Table of Contents

Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Z. Bromberg, C.S. Deutschman, and Y.G. Weiss

The Extracellular Matrix of the Lung: The Forgotten Friend! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320P. Pelosi, P. Severgnini, and P.R. Rocco

Mechanical Ventilation

Advances in Translaryngeal Tube Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337P.J. Young and M.C. Blunt

Is one Fixed Level of Assist Sufficient to Mechanically Ventilate SpontaneouslyBreathing Patients? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

C. Sinderby, L. Brander, and J. Beck

Patient-ventilator Interaction During Non-invasive Ventilation with theHelmet Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

O. Moerer, C. Sinderby, and F. Brunet

Protective Ventilation in Respiratory Failure

Dynamic Lung Imaging Techniques in Mechanically Ventilated Patients . . . . . . 371I. Cinel, S. Jean, and R.P. Dellinger

Can We Protect the Lung from Acute Injury? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381B. Beck-Schimmer, D.R. Spahn, and T.A. Neff

Rationale for High-Frequency Oscillation as a Primary Lung-Protective Modein Patients with ALI/ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

H. Quiroz-Martinez and N.D. Ferguson

The Role of Protective Ventilation in Cardiac Surgery Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398D. Gommers and D. dos Reis Miranda

Alveolar Pressure/volume Curves Reflect Regional Lung Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . 407O. Stenqvist and H. Odenstedt

Cardiovascular Topics

Cardiovascular Surgery in the Aging World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417S. Wan and M.J. Underwood

Intensive Care Unit Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431S. M. Hollenberg

Diastolic (Dys)Function in Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444D.J. Sturgess, T.H. Marwick, and B. Venkatesh

Autonomic Dysfunction: A Relevant Component in Multiple Organ DysfunctionSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

H. Schmidt, U. Müller-Werdan, and K. Werdan

Table of Contents VII

Hemodynamic Monitoring

The Use of Hemodynamic Monitoring to Improve Patient Outcomes . . . . . . . . . 471J. Wilson, M. Cecconi, and A. Rhodes

Using Mathematical Models to Improve the Utility of Quantitative ICU Data . . 479S. Zenker, G. Clermont, and M.R. Pinsky

The Meaning of Hemodynamic Monitoring in Patients with Shock:Role of Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

A. Vieillard-Baron

Transpulmonary Thermodilution for Advanced Cardiorespiratory Monitoring . . 501F. J. Belda, G. Aguilar, and A. Perel

Using Heart-Lung Interactions for Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring:Important Factors beyond Preload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

J.C. Kubitz and D.A. Reuter

Diagnosis of Central Hypovolemia in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient . . . . . . 520N. Airapetian, J. Maizel, and M. Slama

Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient . . . . 531J.-L. Teboul, B. Lamia, and X. Monnet

Passive Leg Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542X. Monnet, C. Richard, and J.-L. Teboul

Extravascular Lung Water Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549B. Maddison, T. Best, and R.M. Pearse

Intravenous Fluid Therapy

Fluid Management in Sepsis: Colloids or Crystalloids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563G. Marx, T. Schuerholz, and K. Reinhart

Balanced Volume Replacement Strategy: Fact or Fiction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574J. Boldt

Renal Failure

Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function in Critically Ill Patients at Riskof or with Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

A.A.N.M. Royakkers, M.J. Schultz, and P.E. Spronk

Adjustment of Antimicrobial Regimen in Critically Ill Patients UndergoingContinuous Renal Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

D. Kuang and C. Ronco

Abdominal Pathologies

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609M.L.N.G. Malbrain, N. Van Regenmortel, and M.L. Cheatham

VIII Table of Contents

Gut Absorption Capacity in the Critically Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627M.M. Berger, L. Soguel Alexander, and R.L. Chiolero

The Liver

Critical Illness and the Hepatic Microcirculation: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643B. van der Hoven, D. Gommers, and J. Bakker

The Hepatic Response to Severe Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651M.G. Jeschke and D.N. Herndon

The Management of Liver Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666A.B. Cresswell, M.J. Bowles, and J.A. Wendon

The Pathology and Management of Intracranial Hypertension in AcuteLiver Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

N. Murphy

Neurological Issues

Continuous EEG Monitoring In the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693P. Mellado, J. Diedler, and T. Steiner

The Acute and Chronic Management of Large Cerebral Infarcts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705E.M. Manno, A.R. Rabinstein, and E.F.M. Wijdicks

Cooling Therapies after Neuronal Injury: Direct Brain Cooling and SystemicHypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

P.J.D. Andrews, E.L. Anderson, and M. Saxena

Non-traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721J.I. Suarez

Promising Concepts in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732A.M. Naidech

Nitric Oxide Metabolism after Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739L. Rangel-Castilla and C.S. Robertson

Modulation of Blood Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748M. Leone, P. Visintini, and C. Martin

The Delirious Patient in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757K.H. Polderman and A.J.C. Slooter

Management of Burns

Emergency Room and Acute Care of the Critically Ill Burned Patient . . . . . . . . 767E. Bittner, L. Grecu, and J.A.J. Martyn

Early Manipulation of Metabolic Changes due to Severe Burns in Children . . . 778W.B. Norbury, M.G. Jeschke, and D.N. Herndon

Antithrombin in Burn Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791P. Enkhbaatar, L.D. Traber, and D.L. Traber

Table of Contents IX

Hematological Alterations

The Critically Ill Red Blood Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799E. Almac and C. Ince

Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Pediatric ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813J. Lacroix, M. Tucci, and F. Gauvin

Thrombocytopenia in Intensive Care Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823M. Levi, J.J. Hofstra, and S. Opal

Point-of-care Coagulation Monitoring: Current Status of Viscoelastic Techniques 834M.T. Ganter and C.K. Hofer

Monitoring of Hemostasis in Emergency Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847S. Kozek-Langenecker

Oral Anticoagulant Overdose and Bleeding Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861C.J. Wiedermann

Does Sex Make a Difference?

Insight into the Mechanism of Gender-specific Response to Trauma-hemorrhage 869M.A. Choudhry, K.I. Bland, and I.H. Chaudry

Sex-Related Differences in Response to Global Ischemic Insult and Treatment . . 880J.G. Wigginton, P.E. Pepe, and A.H. Idris

Influence of Gender on Outcome of Severe Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889C. Adrie, E. Azoulay, and J.-F. Timsit

Prognosis and Long-term Outcomes

The Changing Prognostic Determinants in the Critically Ill Patient . . . . . . . . . . 899R. Moreno, B. Jordan, and P. Metnitz

Chronic Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908S.L. Camhi and J.E. Nelson

To Be or not To Be ... Vegetative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918M. Boly, A.M. Owen, and S. Laureys

Quality and Management

Intermediate Respiratory Care Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929M. Ferrer and A. Torres

The Impact of Noise in the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942R.J. Pugh, C. Jones, and R.D. Griffiths

Alarms: Transforming a Nuisance into a Reliable Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950G. Murias, B. Sales, and L. Blanch

X Table of Contents

Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in Accessing Critical Care Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 958N.M. Danjoux and L. Hawryluck

Emergency Care for the VIP Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969E.C. Mariano and J.A. McLeod

Brain Death: Compliance, Consequences and Care of the Adult Donor . . . . . . 976D.J. Powner

Disasters

Update on Avian Influenza for Critical Care Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989C. Sandrock

Critical Care Pandemic Preparedness Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999M.D. Christian, S.E. Lapinsky, and T.E. Stewart

Pathobiology of Blast Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011A.M. Dennis and P.M. Kochanek

Personal Reflections on Emergency Preparedness and the Response to aMajor Natural Disaster: Hurricane Katrina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023

N.E. McSwain Jr

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030

Table of Contents XI

List of Contributors

Adrie CMedical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitDelafontaine Hospital2, rue du Dr Delafontaine93205 Saint DenisFrance

Aguilar GDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Critical CareUniversity HospitalAvenida Blasco Ibanez 1746010 ValenciaSpain

Airapetian NIntensive Care UnitDepartment of NephrologyCHU Sud80054 Amiens Cedex 1France

Albaiceta GMDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Hospital Central de AsturiasCelestino Villamil s/n33006 OviedoSpain

Almac EClinical Physiology DepartmentAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Anderson ELDepartment of Anesthesia,Intensive Care, and Pain ManagementWestern General HospitalCrew Road SouthEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom

Andrews PJDDepartment of Anesthesia, IntensiveCare and Pain ManagementWestern General HospitalCrew Road SouthEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom

Angus DCDepartment of Critical CareUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States

Azoulay EMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital St Louis1, avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance

Bakker JDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands

Beck JDepartment of PediatricsSt Michael’s Hospital30 Bond StreetToronto, ONM5B 1W8Canada

Beck-Schimmer BInstitute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRämistrasse 100, Hof E 1118091 ZurichSwitzerland

Belda FJDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Critical CareHospital Clinico UniversitarioAvenida Blasco Ibanez 1746010 ValenciaSpain

Berger MMDepartment of Intensive Careand Burns CenterCHUV BH-08.660Rue du Bugnon1011 LausanneSwitzerland

Best TDepartment of AnesthesiologyKings College Hospital NHS TrustDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom

Bittner EDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CareMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114United States

Blanch LCritical Care CenterInstitut Universitari Parc PauliParc Tauli s/n08208 SabadellSpain

Bland KICenter for Surgical ResearchThe University of Alabama1670 University BoulevardVolker Hall, Room G094Birmingham, AL 35294–0019United States

Blunt MDepartment of Critical CareQueen Elizabeth HospitalKing’s Lynn, PE30 4ETUnited Kingdom

Boldt JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineKlinikum der Stadt LudwigshafenBremserstrasse 7967063 LudwigshafenGermany

Bollee GMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital St Louis1, avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance

Boly MCyclotron Research Centerand Neurology DepartmentUniversity HospitalSart Tilman – B304000 LiegeBelgium

Bowles MJLiver Transplant Surgical ServiceInstitute of Liver StudiesKing’s College HospitalDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom

Brander LDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Hospital Inselspital3010 BernSwitzerland

XIV List of Contributors

Bromberg ZDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Critical Care MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationKiryat HadassahP.O Box 12000Jerusalem, 91120Israel

Brunet FDepartment of Critical CareRoom 4–012, Bond Wing30 Bond StreetToronto, ON M5B 1WCanada

Camhi SLDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care,and Sleep MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineBox 1232One Gustave L. Levy PlaceNew York, NY 10029United States

Carcillo JADepartment of Critical Care MedicineChildren’s Hospital3705 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15213United States

Cecconi MGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom

Chaudry IHCenter for Surgical ResearchThe University of Alabama1670 University BoulevardVolker Hall, Room G094Birmingham, AL 35294–0019United States

Cheatham MLDepartment of Surgical EducationOrlando Regional Medical Center86 West Underwood St.Suite 201Orlando, FL 32806United States

Chiolero RL.Department of Intensive Careand Burns CenterCHUV BH-08.660Rue du Bugnon1011 LausanneSwitzerland

Choudhry MACenter for Surgical ResearchThe University of Alabama1670 University BoulevardVolker Hall, Room G094Birmingham, AL 35294–0019United States

Christ-Crain MDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity HospitalPetersgraben 44031 BaselSwitzerland

Christian MDDepartment of Infectious Diseasesand Critical CareMcMaster University1280 Main StreetHamilton, ON L8S 4L8Canada

Cinel IDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseasesand Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103United States

List of Contributors XV

Claus RADepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineFriedrich-Schiller University HospitalErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany

Clermont GDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine607 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States

Cohen JDepartment of Intensive CareRoyal Brisbane HospitalHerston RoadHerston, QLD 4029Australia

Craig TDepartment of Clinical BiochemistryInstitute of Clinical ScienceQueen’s UniversityGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BJUnited Kingdom

Cresswell ABLiver Transplant Surgical ServiceInstitute of Liver StudiesKing’s College HospitalDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom

Cuthbertson BHHealth Services Research UnitAberdeen HospitalForesterhillAberdeen, AB25 2ZDUnited Kingdom

Danjoux NMPolicy Analyst – Critical Care StrategyMinistry of Health and Long-Term Care585 University Avenue NCSB 11C-1165Toronto, ON M5G 2N2Canada

De Block CDepartment of Diabetology,Metabolism, and Clinical NutritionUniversity HospitalWilrijkstraat 102650 EdegemBelgium

Deigner HPDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany

Dellinger RPDepartment of Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103United States

de Miranda SMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital St Louis1, avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance

Dennis AMDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3434 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15260United States

Deruddre SDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78 avenue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

XVI List of Contributors

Desebbe OMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital de BraboisTour Drouet 654500 Vandoeuvre les NancyFrance

Deutschman CDepartment of Anesthesiology andCritical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School ofMedicine3400 Spruce StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19104–4283United States

Diedler JNeurological Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 40069120 HeidelbergGermany

dos Reis Miranda DDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands

Duffy MRegional Intensive Care UnitRoyal Group of HospitalsGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BAUnited Kingdom

Duranteau JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78 avenue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Enkhbaatar PDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AvenueGalveston, TX 77555United States

Ertmer CDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany

Evans TWDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom

Fallaha DDepartment of Intensive CareAberdeen HospitalForesterhillAberdeen, AB25 2ZDUnited Kingdom

Ferguson NDDepartment of Critical CareToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst Street, F2–150Toronto, ON M5T 2S8Canada

Ferrer MDepartment of PneumologyHospital ClinicVillarroel 170080036 BarcelonaSpain

Flanagan JLDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of CaliforniaBox 0542; Room Science 255513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143United States

Fueyo ADepartment of Functional BiologyInstituto Universitario de Oncologia delPrincipado de AsturiasUniversidad de OviedoOviedoSpain

List of Contributors XVII

Ganter MTDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of California1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3c-38San Francisco, CA 94110United States

Gauvin FDivision of Pediatric Critical CareMedicineSainte-Justine Hospital3175 Cote Sainte-CatherineMontreal, QB H3T 1C5Canada

Gommers DDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands

Grecu LDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114United States

Griffiths RDDivision of Metabolic and CellularMedicineSchool of Clinical ScienceDuncan Building, UCDUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, LK69 3GAUnited Kingdom

Groeneveld ABJDepartment of Adult Intensive CareInstitute for Cardiovascular ResearchVU University Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

Gulbins EInstitute of Molecular BiologyUniversity DuisburgHufelandstrasse 5545122 EssenGermany

Haque KNNeonatal DepartmentSt Helier University HospitalWrythe LaneCarshalton, SM5 1AAUnited Kingdom

Hasselgren P-ODepartment of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center330 Brookline Avenue ST919Boston, MA 02215United States

Hawryluck LCritical Care DepartmentToronto General Hospital585 University Avenue NCSB 11C-1176Toronto, ON M5G 2N2Canada

Herndon DNDepartment of SurgeryShriners Hospitals for Children815 Market StreetGalveston, TX 77550United States

Hillis GDepartment of CardiologyAberdeen HospitalForesterhillAberdeen, AB25 2ZDUnited Kingdom

Hofer CKInstitute of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineTriemli City HospitalBirmensdorferstr. 4978063 ZurichSwitzerland

XVIII List of Contributors

Hofstra JJDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Hollenberg SMDivisions of Cardiovascular Diseaseand Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper Plaza366 DorranceCamden, NJ 08103United States

Huang SJDepartment of Intensive CareNepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2750Australia

Idris ADepartment of Surgery and EmergencyMedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75391–8579United States

Ince CClinical Physiology DepartmentAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Jean SDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseasesand Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103United States

Jensen J-UDepartment of Clinical Microbiology 445University HospitalKettegard Alle 302650 HvidovreDenmark

Jeschke MGDepartment of SurgeryShriners Hospital for ChildrenGalveston Burns Unit815 Market StreetGalveston, TX 77550

Johnston ADepartment of Respiratoryand Intensive Care MedicineRoyal Center for Defense Medicineand Department of MedicineUniversity HospitalBirmingham B15 2TTUnited Kingdom

Jones CIntensive Care UnitWhiston HospitalWarrington RoadPrescot L35 5DRUnited Kingdom

Jordan BDepartment of Medical StatisticsUniversity of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18–201090 ViennaAustria

Kneyber MCJDepartment of Pediatric Intensive CareOffice 8 D 11PO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

Kochanek PMDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3434 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15260United States

List of Contributors XIX

Kozek-Langenecker SDepartment of Anesthesiology andGeneral Intensive CareClinical Division BMedical UniversityWähringer Gürtel 18–201090 ViennaAustria

Kuang DDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis,and TransplantationSan Bortolo HospitalViale Rodolfi 3736100 VicenzaItaly

Kubitz JCDepartment of AnesthesiologyHamburg-Eppendorf UniversityMartinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany

Lacroix JDivision of Pediatric Critical CareMedicineSainte-Justine Hospital3175 Cote Sainte-CatherineMontreal, QB H3T 1C5Canada

Lamia BDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Lapinsky SEDepartment of Intensive CareMount Sinai Hospital600 University AvenueToronto, ON M5G 1X5Canada

Laureys SCyclotron Research Centerand Neurology DepartmentUniversity HospitalSart Tilman – B304000 LiegeBelgium

Lemaire LCDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalHeidelberglaan 100Room Q4.2.3133584 CX UtrechtNetherlands

Leone MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCentre Hospitalier et UniversitaireNord13915 MarseilleFrance

Levi MDepartment of Internal MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Levy BMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital de BraboisTour Drouet 654500 Vandoeuvre les NancyFrance

Løken JDepartment of Intensive Care 542University HospitalKettegard Alle 302650 HvidovreDenmark

Lujan MPulmonary DepartmentInstitut Universitari Parc TauliParc Tauli s/n08208 SabadellSpain

XX List of Contributors

Lynch SVDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of CaliforniaBox 0542, Room Science 255513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143United States

MacCallum NSDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom

Maddison BWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary’s School of Medicineand DentistryJohn Vane BuildingCharterhouse SquareLondon, EC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom

Maizel JMedical Intensive Care UnitDepartment of NephrologyCHU Sud80054 AmiensFrance

Malbrain MLNGIntensive Care UnitZiekenhuis NetwerkCampus StuivenbergLange Beeldekenstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium

Manno EMDepartment of NeurologyMayo Clinic20 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905United States

Mariano ECCenter for Executive MedicinePO Box 30907Phoenix, AZ 85046United States

Martin CDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier et UniversitaireNord13915 MarseilleFrance

Martyn JAJDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CareMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114United States

Marwick TDepartment of EchocardiographyPrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadBrisbane, Q4102Australia

Marx GDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive Care MedicineFriedrich Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany

McAuley DRegional Intensive Care UnitRoyal Group of HospitalsGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BAUnited Kingdom

McLean ASDepartment of Intensive CareNepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2750Australia

McLeod JACenter for Executive MedicinePO Box 30907Phoenix, AZ 85046United States

List of Contributors XXI

McSwain NE JrTulane University School of MedicineDepartment of Surgery1415 Tulane AvenueNew Orleans, LA 70112United States

Mellado PNeurological Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 40069120 HeidelbergGermany

Metnitz PDepartment of Anesthesiologyand General Intensive CareUniversity HospitalWaehringer Guertel 18–201090 ViennaAustria

Milbrandt EBDepartment of Critical CareUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States

Millar ABLung Research GroupDepartment of Clinical Scienceat North BristolSouthmead HospitalWestbury on TrymBristol, BS10 5NBUnited Kingdom

Moerer ODepartment of Anesthesiology,Emergency, and Intensive CareMedicineGeorg-August-UniversityRobert-Koch-Str. 4037075 GöttingenGermany

Mohr TDepartment of Intensive Care Y13University Hospital2600 GlostrupDenmark

Monnet XDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Moreno RIntensive Care UnitHospital de Santo Antonio dosCapuchosAlameda de Santo Antonio dosCapuchos1169–050 LisbonPortugal

Mullan BRegional Intensive Care UnitRoyal Group of HospitalsGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BAUnited Kingdom

Müller BDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity HospitalPetersgraben 44031 BaselSwitzerland

Müller-Werdan UDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityKlinikum KröllwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 4006097 Halle/SaaleGermany

Munoz-Almagro CMicrobiology DepartmentHospital Sant Joan de DeuPasseig Sant Joan de Deu 208950 EspluguesBarcelonaSpain

XXII List of Contributors

Murias GIntensive Care UnitClinica Bazterrica and Clinica SantaIsabelJuncal 3002Capital FederalBuenos AiresArgentina

Murphy NDepartment of Intensive CareQueen Elisabeth HospitalBirmingham, B15 2TMUnited Kingdom

Naidech AMDepartment of Anesthesiology& Critical CareNorthwestern UniversityFeinberg School of Medicine710 N Lake Shore Drive, 11th floorChicago, IL 60611United States

Neff TAInstitute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRämistrasse 100, Hof E 1118091 ZurichSwitzerland

Nelson JEDepartment of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineBox 1232One Gustave L. Levy PlaceNew York, NY 10029United States

Norbury WBDepartment of SurgeryShriners Hospitals for Children815 Market StreetGalveston, TX 77550United States

Odenstedt HDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareSahlgrenska University HospitalBla Straket 5413 45 GothenburgSweden

O’Kane CDepartment of Clinical BiochemistryInstitute of Clinical ScienceQueen’s UniversityGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BJUnited Kingdom

Opal SInfectious Disease DivisionBrown Medical School111 Brewster StreetPawtucket, RI 02860United States

Owen AMMRC Cognition and Brain SciencesUnit15 Chaucer RoadCambridge, CB2 7EFUnited Kingdom

Pearse RMAnesthetic LaboratorySt. Bartholomew’s Hospital5th Floor38 Little BritainLondon, EC1A 7BEUnited Kingdom

Pelosi PDepartment of Anesthesiology BOspedale di Circolo e FondazioneMacchiViale Borri 5721100 VareseItaly

Pepe PEDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75391–8579United States

Perel ADepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareSheba Medical Center52621 Tel HashomerIsrael

List of Contributors XXIII

Pinsky MRDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Schoolof Medicine607 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States

Plötz FBDepartment of Pediatric Intensive CareOffice 8 D 11PO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

Polderman KHDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

Pottecher JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78 avenue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Powner DJDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health SciencesCenter6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.154Houston, TX 77030United States

Prins JDepartment of EndocrinologyPrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadWoollongabba Q 4102Australia

Pugh RJIntensive Care UnitWhiston HospitalWarrington RoadPrescot L35 5DRUnited Kingdom

Quinlan GJDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom

Quiroz-Martinez HDepartment of Critical CareToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst Street, F2–150Toronto, ON M5T 2S8Canada

Rabinstein ARDepartment of NeurologyMayo Clinic20 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905United States

Rangel-Castilla LDepartment of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University BlvdGalveston, TX 77555–0833United States

Reade MCDepartment of Critical CareUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States

Reinhart KDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 JenaGermany

Rello JDepartment of Intensive CareJoan XXIII University HospitalCarrer Dr. Mallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain

XXIV List of Contributors

Reuter DADepartment of AnesthesiologyHamburg-Eppendorf UniversityMartinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany

Rhodes AGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom

Richard CDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Robertson CSDepartment of NeurosurgeryBaylor College of Medicine1709 Dryden Road, Suite 750Houston, TX 77030United States

Rocco PRDepartment of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal UniversityIlha do Fundao, 21949–900Rio de JaneiroBrazil

Rogiers PMedical Intensive Care UnitGeneral HospitalLindendreef 12020 AntwerpBelgium

Ronco CDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis,and TransplantationSan Bortolo HospitalViale Rodolfi 3736100 VicenzaItaly

Royakkers AANMDepartment of Intensive CareGooi-Noord HospitalRijksstraatweg 11261 AN BlaricumNetherlands

Sakr YDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 JenaGermany

Sales BUniversity Institute Parc PauliParc Tauli s/n08208 SabadellSpain

Sandrock CDepartment of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineDavis Medical Center2825 J StreetSacramento, CA 95816United States

Saxena MDepartment of Anesthesia,Intensive Care, and Pain ManagementWestern General HospitalCrew Road SouthEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom

Schmidt HDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityKlinikum KröllwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 4006097 Halle/SaaleGermany

Schuerholz TDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive Care MedicineFriedrich Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany

List of Contributors XXV

Schultz MJDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Sennoun NMecical Intensive Care UnitHopital de BraboisTour Drouet 654500 Vandoeuvre les NancyFrance

Severgnini PDepartment of Ambient Healthand SafetyUniversity of Insubria21100 VareseItaly

Sinderby CDepartment of Critical CareSt Michael’s Hospital30 Bond StreetRoom 4–072, Queen WingToronto, ONM5B 1W8Canada

Slama M.Medical Intensive Care UnitService of NephrologyCHU Sud80054 AmiensFrance

Slooter AJCDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

Soguel Alexander LDepartment of Intensive Careand Burns CenterCHUV BH-08.6601011 LausanneSwitzerland

Spahn DRInstitute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRämistrasse 100, Hof E 1118091 ZurichSwitzerland

Sponholz CDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 JenaGermany

Spronk PEDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

Steiner TNeurological Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 40069120 HeidelbergGermany

Stenqvist ODepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareSahlgrenska University HospitalBla Straket 5413 45 GothenburgSweden

Stewart TEDepartment of Intensive CareMount Sinai Hospital600 University AvenueToronto, ON M5G 1X5Canada

Sturgess DDepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadBrisbane, Q4102Australia

XXVI List of Contributors

Suarez JIDepartment of NeurologyUniversity Hospitals CaseMedical Center11100 Euclid AvenueCleveland, OH 44106United States

Tang BDepartment of Intensive CareNepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2750Australia

Teboul J-LDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

Timsit J-FMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital Michallon38043 GrenobleFrance

Torres ADepartement of PneumologyHospital ClinicVillarroel 170080036 BarcelonaSpain

Traber DLDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AvenueGalveston, TX 77555United States

Traber LDDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AvenueGalveston, TX 77555United States

Tucci MDivision of Pediatric Critical CareMedicineSainte-Justine Hospital3175 Cote Sainte-CatherineMontreal, QB H3T 1C5Canada

Underwood MJDepartment of Cardiac SurgeryBristol Heart InstituteBristol, BS2 8HWUnited Kingdom

Van Aken HDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany

van der Heijden MDepartment of Intensive Careand PhysiologyInstitute for Cardiovascular ResearchVU University Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

van der Hoven BDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands

Van der Poll TCenter of Infection and Immunityand Center for Experimentaland Molecular MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9Room G2–1301105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

List of Contributors XXVII

van Nieuw Amerongen PDepartment of Intensive Careand PhysiologyInstitute for Cardiovascular ResearchVU University Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands

Van Regenmortel NIntensive Care UnitZiekenhuis NetwerkCampus StuivenbergLange Beeldekenstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium

Varet JLung Research GroupDepartment of Clinical Science atNorth BristolSouthmead HospitalWestbury on TrymBristol, BS10 5NBUnited Kingdom

Venkatesh BDepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadWoollongabba, Q4102Australia

Vieillard-Baron AMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital Ambroise Pare9, avenue Charles de Gaulle92104 BoulogneFrance

Visintini PDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier et UniversitaireNord13915 MarseilleFrance

Wan SDivision of Cardiothoracic SurgeryPrince of Wales HospitalHong KongPeople’s Republic of China

Weiss YGDepartment of Anesthesiology & CCMHadassah Medical OrganizationKiryat HadassahP.OB 12000Jerusalem, 91120Israel

Wendon JAInstitute of Liver StudiesKing’s College HospitalDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom

Werdan KDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityKlinikum KröllwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 4006097 Halle/SaaleGermany

Westphal MDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MünsterGermany

Whitehouse TDepartment of Intensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalBirmingham, B15 2TTUnited Kingdom

Wiedermann CJDivision of Internal Medicine 2Department of MedicineCentral HospitalL. Böhler Street 539100 BolzanoItaly

Wiener-Kronish JDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of CaliforniaBox 0542, Room Science 255513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143United States

XXVIII List of Contributors

Wigginton JGDepartment of Surgery and EmergencyMedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75391–8579United States

Wijdicks EFMDepartment of NeurologyMayo Clinic20 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905United States

Wilson JGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom

Young PJDepartment of Critical CareQueen Elizabeth HospitalKing’s Lynn, PE30 4ETUnited Kingdom

Zenker SDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine607 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States

List of Contributors XXIX

Common Abbreviations

ALI Acute lung injuryAPACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluationARDS Acute respiratory distress syndromeBAL Bronchoalveolar lavageCABG Coronary artery bypass graftingCBF Cerebral blood flowCNS Central nervous systemCOPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCRP C-reactive proteinCSF Cerebrospinal fluidCT Computed tomographyCVP Central venous pressureDIC Disseminated intravascular coagulationEKG ElectrocardiogramHSP Heat shock proteinICAM Intercellular adhesion moleculeICP Intracranial pressureICU Intensive care unitIFN InterferonIL InterleukinLDL Low density lipoproteinLPS LipopolysaccharideMAP Mean arterial pressureMAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinaseMCP Monocyte chemoattractant proteinMOF Multiple organ failureMRI Magnetic resonance imagingNF-κB Nuclear factor-kappa BNO Nitric oxideNOS Nitric oxide synthasePAF Platelet activating factorPAI Plasminogen activator inhibitorPAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressurePEEP Positive end-expiratory pressureRBC Red blood cellROS Reactive oxygen speciesSAPS Simplified acute physiology scoreSIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

SOD Superoxide dismutaseSOFA Sequential organ failure assessmentSvO2 Mixed venous oxygen saturationTBI Traumatic brain injuryTNF Tumor necrosis factorVILI Ventilator-induced lung injury

XXXII Common Abbreviations

Biomarkers