EDEXCEL IGCSE / CERTIFICATE IN PHYSICS 3-2

Using Waves(The Electromagnetic Spectrum)

Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 99 to 106

June 17th 2012

Content applying to Triple Science only is shown in red type on the next slide and is indicated on

subsequent slides by ‘TRIPLE ONLY’

Edexcel SpecificationSection 3: Wavesc) The electromagnetic spectrum

understand that light is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum which includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiations and that all these waves travel at the same speed in free space

identify the order of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency, including the colours of the visible spectrum

explain some of the uses of electromagnetic radiations, including:

• radio waves: broadcasting and communications

• microwaves: cooking and satellite transmissions

• infrared: heaters and night vision equipment

• visible light: optical fibres and photography

• ultraviolet: fluorescent lamps

• x-rays: observing the internal structure of objects and materials and medical applications

• gamma rays: sterilising food and medical equipment

understand the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves, including:

• microwaves: internal heating of body tissue

• infra-red: skin burns

• ultraviolet: damage to surface cells and blindness

• gamma rays: cancer, mutation.

and describe simple protective measures against the risks.

d) Light and sound

understand the difference between analogue and digital signals

describe the advantages of using digital signals rather than analogue signals

describe how digital signals can carry more information

Red type: Triple Science Only

The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe electromagnetic spectrum is a continous spectrum of waves which includes the visible spectrum.

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into seven bands which in order of decreasing wavelength are:

GAMMA RAYS

X-RAYS

ULTRA-VIOLET

INFRA-RED

RADIO WAVES

MICROWAVES

VISIBLE LIGHT

LONGEST WAVELENGTH

SHORTEST WAVELENGTH

Listing in order of decreasing frequency and energy:

GAMMA RAYS

X-RAYS

ULTRA-VIOLET

INFRA-RED

RADIO WAVES

MICROWAVES

VISIBLE LIGHT

HIGHEST FREQUENCY

LOWEST FREQUENCY

GREATEST ENERGY

LEAST ENERGY

Common propertiesAll electromagnetic waves, including visible light have the following common properties:

1. They transfer energy2. They are all transverse waves3. They all travel at the same speed through a vacuum (300 000 000 m/s)4. They can all be reflected, refracted and diffracted**

Notes:(a) 300 000 00 m/s is the same as 186 000 miles per second.(b) Through air, light and the other waves travel at about the above speed but through denser substances (for example glass) the speed falls.(c) According to Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity nothing can travel faster than the speed of light through a vacuum.(d) ** Double Science students do not need to know about diffraction

Question 1Calculate the wavelength of a radio wave in of frequency 100 MHz if its speed is 300 000 000 m/s.

wave speed (v) = frequency (f) x wavelength (λ)

becomes:

λ = v ÷ f

= 300 000 000 m/s ÷ 100 MHz

= 300 000 000 m/s ÷ 100 000 000 Hz

wavelength = 3.0 metres

Question 2

Calculate the frequency of a light wave of wavelength 0.000 7mm of speed 300 000 000 m/s.

v = f x λbecomes:f = v ÷ λ = 300 000 000 m/s ÷ 0 000 7 mm= 300 000 000 m/s ÷ 0 000 000 7 m

frequency = 429 000 000 000 000 Hz(or = 4.29 x 1014 Hz)

Complete:Answers

GAMMA

X-RAYS

ULTRAVIOLET

VISIBLE LIGHT

INFRA-RED

MICROWAVES

RADIO GAMMA

X-RAYS

ULTRAVIOLET

VISIBLE LIGHT

INFRA-RED

MICROWAVES

RADIO GAMMA

X-RAYS

ULTRAVIOLET

VISIBLE LIGHT

INFRA-RED

MICROWAVES

RADIO

highest frequency

longest wavelength

greatest energy

lowest frequency

shortest wavelength

least energy

Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

The electromagnetic __________ is a group of waves that are divided into ________ bands.

Gamma rays have the ________ wavelength, highest frequency and ________. The rest of the spectrum, in order of increasing wavelength are:

x-rays, _________, visible light, infra-red, ___________ and radio waves.

All electromagnetic waves travel at the same _______ through a __________, 300 000 000 m/s.

vacuum

seven

shortest ultraviolet

microwaves

energy spectrumWORD SELECTION:

speed

vacuum

seven

shortest

ultraviolet microwaves

energy

spectrum

speed

Radio waves

Radio and television both use radio waves

Radio waves have the longest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically 100 metres.

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS

A radio transmitter

Uses of radio waves

Radio waves are used in:

• radio and television communication

• medicine with MRI scanners

• astronomy to ‘see’ the centre of our galaxy

MRI scanner and scan

Radio telescope

receiver

Transmitting and receiving radio wavesRadio waves are emitted from a transmitter aerial when an alternating voltage is connected to the aerial. The radio wave emitted has the same frequency as the alternating voltage.

When these radio waves pass across a receiver aerial, they cause a tiny alternating voltage of the same frequency to occur in the aerial.

radio wave

transmitter

Diffraction

Diffraction occurs when a wave spreads out from a gap or bends around an obstacle.

Diffraction is more significant with low frequency, long wavelength waves.

Diffraction results in the energy of the wave spreading out.

Diffraction out of a gap

Diffraction around an obstacle

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Radio frequency bandsThe radio and microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum is sub-divided into frequency bands. The uses of each band depends on its frequency range.The higher the frequency:

• The more information that can be carried – this can result in better quality sound and video or more channels.

• The shorter their range – due to greater absorption by the atmosphere.

• The less the signal spreads out – less diffraction – hills and large buildings also are more likely to stop the signal.

Higher frequency waves are less able

to diffract around buildings and hills

WavebandsWaveband Frequency range Uses

Microwaves

UHF (ultra-high frequency)

VHF (very-high frequency)

HF (high frequency) also called ‘short wave’ or SW

MF (medium frequency) also called ‘medium wave’ or MW

LF (low frequency) also called ‘long wave’ or LW

VLF (very-low frequency)

greater than 3 GHz (wavelength less than 10 cm)

300 MHz – 3 GHz (wavelengths: 10 - 100 cm)

30 MHz – 300 MHz (wavelengths: 1 - 10 m)

300 kHz – 3 MHz (wavelengths: 100 – 1000 m)30 kHz – 300 MHz (wavelengths: 1 – 10 km)

less than 30 kHz (wavelengths more than 10 km)

3 MHz – 30 MHz (wavelengths: 10 – 100 m)

Satellite TV Mobile phones

Terrestrial TV Mobile phones

FM radio Emergency services Digital radio

Amateur radio International radio (AM)

National radio (AM)

International radio (AM)

Submarine communication

Note: 1 GHz = 1000 MHz; 1 MHz = 1000 kHz; 1 kHz = 1000 Hz

Radio waves and the ionosphere

The ionosphere is a layer of gas in the upper atmosphere that reflects radio waves of frequencies less than about 30 MHz.

Radio waves can be reflected off the bottom of the ionosphere enabling them to travel great distances.

The ionosphere is stronger in summer than winter and so distant radio stations can be received better in summer.

Before the advent of satellites, using the ionosphere was one of the main ways of communicating around the world.

Microwaves

Two uses of microwaves

Microwaves have wavelengths of typically 10 cm.

Microwave transmitter / receiver used for a mobile phone network.

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS

Uses of microwaves

Microwaves are used for:• cooking• mobile phone

communication• satellite television• astronomy – finding

out about the origin of the Universe

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Satellite television receiver

Dangers of microwaves

Microwaves can cause internal heating of body tissue.

Microwave ovens contain metal shielding to prevent the microwaves from leaking out.

Some people believe that over use of mobile phones can lead to brain damage.

Infra-red radiation

Despite appearances this heater is giving off mostly

invisible infra-red radiation.

An infra-red or thermal image.

RED = hot

BLUE = cold

Infra-red waves have wavelengths of typically a millionth of a metre (1 micrometre)

They are emitted by all objects. The hotter the object, the more infra-red radiation is emitted.

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS

Infra-red photograph.

brighter = hotter

Uses of infra-redInfra-red waves are used:• to cook food• by remote controls• in communication

systems using optical fibres

• to detect intruders in burglar alarms

• in ‘night sights’• in astronomy to see

behind gas clouds

Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

Infra-red radiation has a _________ wavelength than visible light and is _________ by all objects. The higher the ___________ of an object the greater is the amount of IR radiation emitted.

Microwaves have wavelengths of a few ___________ and are used for ________ and communication.

Radio waves have the longest wavelengths but the ________ frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves are used to study the centre of our _________.

lowest centimetrescooking longertemperaturegalaxy

WORD SELECTION:

emitted

lowest

centimetres

cooking

longer

temperature

galaxy

emitted

Visible light

Visible light is emitted from hot objects like the Sun.

Visible light has wavelengths ranging from:0.000 000 4m (violet) to 0.000 000 7m (red).

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS VIOLET

INDIGO

BLUE

GREEN

YELLOW

ORANGE

RED

White light can be split into the

colour spectrum using a prism or

with water.

Uses of visible light

Visible light is used:• for sight• in photography• in optical fibres• in photosynthesis

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet emitted by the Sun

Fluorescent lamps and energy efficient bulbs work using uv

Security markings show up under ultraviolet light

Ultraviolet has a wavelength of typically of a ten millionth of a metre.

UV is produced from very hot objects like the Sun or from special electrical tubes.

Most of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the Ozone layer in the upper part of the Earth’s atmosphere.

UV is also stopped by glass.

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS

Uses of ultraviolet

Ultraviolet is used in:• Fluorescent lamps

including energy efficient light bulbs

• Security devices• Dentistry• Pest control• Astronomy

A bird appears on many Visa credit cards when held

under a UV light source

Ultraviolet light used in cosmetic dentistry ‘zapper’ attracts

insects using uv

Safety with ultravioletThe Sun’s ultraviolet light is responsible for sun tan.

Too much exposure to UV can cause blindness and skin cancer.

5use a high sun protection

factor sunscreen – reapply after swimming

1

wear a hat

3cover up when the

Sun is strongest

4longer

shorts offer protection

sunglasses with UV

protection2

X-rays

X-ray photographs Exploding stars emit X-rays

X-rays have wavelengths of typically a billionth of a metre.

They are produced from X-ray tubes that use very high voltage (typically one hundred thousand volts).

They are very penetrating and are only stopped by several centimetres of lead.

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS

Uses of X-rays

X-rays are used in:• X-ray photographs• Airport security• Cancer treatment• Astronomy

Taking an X-ray (radiograph)

X-rays pass through soft tissue but are absorbed by bones.

X-rays are directed onto the patient from the X-ray tube.

A light proof cassette containing a photographic film is placed on the other side of the patient. A patient being prepared

for a radiograph

When the X-ray tube is switched on, the X-rays pass through the patient’s body leaving a ‘shadow’ image on the film showing the bones.

When the film is developed the parts exposed by the X-rays are darker than the other parts.

The bones show up as lighter regions on the radiograph. A chest X-ray

Gamma Rays

Gamma rays are given off by nuclear

explosions

Gamma rays are emitted from material falling into

black holes

Gamma RaysGamma rays have the shortest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically a millionth millionth of a metre.

They are emitted by radioactive substances.

They are very penetrating and are only stopped by several centimetres of lead.

RADIO

MICROWAVES

INFRA-RED

LIGHT

ULTRA-VIOLET

X-RAYS

GAMMA RAYS

Uses of gamma rays

Gamma rays are used:• to kill cancer cells • to kill harmful

bacteria in food• to sterilise surgical

instruments

Gamma rays being used to treat cancer

Safety with gamma and X-raysToo much exposure to gamma rays or X-rays is dangerous.

High doses kill living cells. Low doses cause cell mutation and cancerous growth.

Workers who use equipment producing gamma or X-rays wear a film badge called a dosemeter. The film in the badge darkens if the person receives a too high dosage of radiation.

a dosemeter

Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

Gamma and X-rays are the most _________ radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum. Both can cause cell _________ and cancerous growth although both can also be used to treat ________.

Both require several centimetres of ______ to be stopped.

X-rays are absorbed by ______ allowing the production of radiographs.

Gamma rays are used to kill _________ in food and to _________ medical instruments.

bacteriacancermutation dangerousbones sterilise

WORD SELECTION:

lead

bacteria

cancer

mutation

dangerous

bones

sterilise

lead

Communication With Waves

TRIPLE ONLY

Analogue and digital signals

Communication signals may be analogue or digital.

Analogue signals vary continuously in amplitude between zero and some maximum level.

Digital signals only have two voltage levels, for example +5V and 0V.

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Examples of analogue and digital systems

ANALOGUE DIGITAL

TRIPLE ONLY

Advantages of using digital signals1. Less interference than with analogue signals.

Interference causes a hissing noise with analogue radio. This does not happen with digital signals because regenerator circuits are used to clean ‘noisy’ pulses. So a digital signal has a higher quality than an analogue one.

Regenerator

‘Noisy’ pulse in ‘Clean’ pulse out

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2. Much more information can be sent.

Digital pulses can be made very short so more pulses can be carried each second. Different signals can be sent together by a process called multiplexing.

3. Digital signals are easily processed by computers.

Computers are digital devices!

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Online SimulationsSequential Puzzle on EM Spectrum Wavelength order- by KT - Microsoft WORD Sequential Puzzle on EM Spectrum Frequency order- by KT - Microsoft WORD Hidden Pairs Game on EM Spectrum Uses - by KT - Microsoft WORD Electromagnetic Spectrum bounce quiz - eChalk Radio Waves & Electromagnetic Fields - PhET - Broadcast radio waves from KPhET. Wiggle the transmitter electron manually or have it oscillate automatically. Display the field as a curve or vectors. The strip chart shows the electron positions at the transmitter and at the receiver.Microwaves - PhET - How do microwaves heat up your coffee? Adjust the frequency and amplitude of microwaves. Watch water molecules rotating and bouncing around. View the microwave field as a wave, a single line of vectors, or the entire field. Thermal Camera Pictures - falstad The Greenhouse Effect - PhET - Just how do greenhouse gases change the climate? Select the level of atmospheric greenhouse gases during an ice age, in the year 1750, today, or some time in the future and see how the Earth's temperature changes. Add clouds or panes of glass.

Making X-rays - Colorado

X-rays - Fluoroscope demo - Colorado

Fibre optic reflection - NTNU

BBC AQA GCSE Bitesize Revision:

What is a spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum - table

Radio waves

Microwaves

UV & IR

Gamma & X-rays

Hazards of radiation

Optical fibres

Analogue & digital signals

Comaparing analogue & digital

Using WavesNotes questions from pages 99 to 106

1. Copy the table on page 106.2. Give five common properties of all members of the electromagnetic

spectrum. (see page 99)3. List the colours of the visible spectrum in order of increasing

wavelength. (see page 102) 4. State the hazards of (a) microwaves; (b) ultra-violet; (c) X-rays and

gamma rays. (see pages 101 to 103)5. (a) Explain the difference between analogue and digital signals. (b)

What are the advantages of using digital signals? (see pages 104 and 105)

6. Answer the questions on page 106.7. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter

checklist on page 106.

TRIPLE ONLY

Using WavesNotes questions from pages 99 to 106

1. Copy the table on page 106.2. Give five common properties of all members of

the electromagnetic spectrum. (see page 99)3. List the colours of the visible spectrum in order

of increasing wavelength. (see page 102) 4. State the hazards of (a) microwaves; (b) ultra-

violet; (c) X-rays and gamma rays. (see pages 101 to 103)

5. Answer questions 1 and 2 on page 106.

DOUBLE SCIENCE ONLY