ectoparasite id and lifecycles

ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles

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Arthropods

Invertebrate animals that have jointed limbs, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton.Examples are– Insects– Arachnids– Centipedes– Crustaceans


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Arthropods As Parasites

Certain insects and arachnids become parasites when they transmit pathologic organisms, cause skin irritations, and produce toxins.


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Insect CharacteristicsInsects have six legs

Many have wings

But some are wingless


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Arachnid CharacteristicsHave eight legsWinglessSome produce toxinsSome are so small must be seen under a microscope


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Flies“That person is so nice.” “He wouldn’t even harm a fly”. These two statements sometimes give the impression that the fly, although sometimes annoying, is harmless.This is far from the truth.


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FliesRunning from flies will cause the animal to use up energy which sometimes will result in weight loss.Some flies bite, (female mosquitoes), which causes blood loss, tissue damage, and can transmit bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases to the host.


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Biting and Nuisance Flies

Biting– Mosquitoes

– Black flies

– Horse flies

– Deer flies

– Stable flies– Photo credit: Bastiaan (Bart) Drees

Nuisance– House flies

– Face flies

– Bottle flies


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Biting and Nuisance Flies

Biting– Deliver painful bites

– Loose weight

– Carry diseases

Nuisance– The do not bite

– Carry diseases

– Annoy by feeding on eye and nose secretions


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The Stable Fly

Carriers of diseaseAnnoying blood suckersRequire moist places to lay eggs

Photo by : Jim Kalisch, UNL Entomology


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Horn Flies

Blood suckers and very annoyingHalf the size of the houseflyMajority of lifecycle spent on or near cattleCow spends a majority of her time trying to get away from the pests thus reducing productionPhoto by : Jim Kalisch, UNL EntomologyPhoto by: Jack Campbell, UNL Entomology


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Bot FliesCause animals to panic which is called “Gadding”

CREDITS: J. F. Butler, University of Florida


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Bot Flies

Eggs hatch and penetrate the skin

CREDITS: Dr. Donald A. Rutz - Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman, Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology


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Bot Flies

Maggots (larvae) are parasitic

Migrate to back, form warbles, cut breathing holes

Damage to the hide

CREDITS: Dr. Donald A. Rutz - Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman, Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology


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Cuterebra

Infect rabbits, mice, rats, and squirrels but rarely problem in cats and dogs


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Cuterebra

Also known as bots

Photo by : Jim KalischUNL Entomology


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Cuterebra

Larvae known as wolf or wolf worms

Courtesy of Shari Nelsen, Lincoln


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Sheep Keds

Wingless fly spending entire lifecycle on sheepDeposits fully develop larvae in the wool not eggsAdults feed off the blood causing intense painSpring shearing and some insecticides


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The Screwworm Fly

Myiasis – Larval fly diseaseEradication in U.S. in the 1950’sSterilization of the maleImportation restrictions

Photos by: The National Agricultural Library Special Collections


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FleasThey bite the animal and eat the blood.Can be an intermediate host; i.e. tapewormCarries several diseases; i.e. Bubonic plagueLife cycle can be as short as 16 days or as long as 2 yearsThe adult will lay her eggs but they do not stick to the host“Flea dirt” is the source of food for the larvae


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Flea Lifecycle - Ctenocephalides1. Female flea feeds on host’s blood and lays eggs

2. Eggs fall off host

3. Eggs hatch in 2 to 12 days4. Larvae pupates for 7 days to 2 years

5. Adult emerges and looks for new host


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Are These Mites or Lice?Two Orders of Lice

Anoplura – Sucking Lice Mallophaga – Biting Lice


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LiceLice can infest dogs and cats year roundHorses and cattle usually get lice in the winterLice are very host specificThey must live on their host at all timesCan cause intense itching, pain, and hair loss


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Lice Lifecycle2. Adult lice must live on the host at all times

3. Adult lice lay eggs called nits that stick to host’s hair

4. Nit develops into an immature adult stage (nymph), then into an adult

1. Lice are passed to others by direct contact with an infested host


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Lice Versus Mites

Hog Louse– Insect– 6 legs– Can be seen

Scroptic Mange Mite– Arachnids– 8 legs– Cannot be Seen


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Mites

Not know if host specific

Transmission to humans is by physical contact.

Secondary infections from scratching

Female burrows into skin, lays eggs, larvae migrate to the top and wanders around causing intense irritation of the skin


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Demodectic MangeAffects dogsCaused by Demodex miteExtreme itching, edema, and bleedingSecondary bacterial infections followConsidered a genetic defect


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Sarcoptic MangeAffects several different animal species including humansAlso known as scabiesCaused by the Sarcoptes scabiei miteExtreme itching, edema, and bleedingSecondary bacterial infections follow


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Notoedric Mange Feline mange mite called Notoedres cati

Similar to Sarcoptes

Ears, Face, and Neck

Highly contagious

Dry and crusty skin

Secondary infections


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Ticks

Largest of the arachnidsAnnoying, blood suckers, carry diseaseDifficult to control because of the variety of hosts


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Tick Families

Hard Ticks – Ixodids– Brown Dog Tick

Soft Ticks – Argasids– Fowl Tick


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Lifecycle of Ixodes dammini

1. Adults mate and feed on deer

2. Eggs are laid and hatch

3. Larvae develops feeds on small animals

4. Nymph develops and feeds on dogs, other mammals, and humans


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Tick Classifications

ONE HOSTThe easiest to control because they spend all three of their feeding stages on one host.


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TWO HOSTRemains on one host for one stage of its life cycle and the other two stages on a different host.


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THREE HOSTSpend the larvae and nymph stage on one animal and the adult stage feeds on a different animal.


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Ectoparasite Review

1. What are ectoparasites?

2. Ectoparasites are either ______ or _______.

3. True or False - Important insect parasites are grouped as flies, fleas, and lice.

4. True or False - Mosquitoes are parasitic flies.

5. Describe the damage that is caused by flies.


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Ectoparasite Review

6. How do fleas harm animals?

7. How long is a flea’s life cycle?

8. True or False – Mites and lice are both the same parasite.

9. True or False - Scroptic mange is caused by the Brown dog tick.

10. True or False - Ticks have only one host.


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ectoparasite id and lifecycles

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