ecosystems and human well-being · 2011-06-12 · walter v. reid harold a. mooney angela cropper...
TRANSCRIPT
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MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT
ECOSYSTEMS ANDHUMAN WELL-BEING
Synthesis
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MA
Harold A. Mooney ( )
Angela Cropper (
)
Doris Capistrano
Stephen R. Carpenter
Kanchan Chopra
Partha Dasgupta
Rashid Hassan Pretoria
Rik Leemans Wageningen
Robert M. May
Prabhu Pingali
Cristián Samper
Robert Scholes
Robert T. Watson ( )
A.H. Zakri ( )
José Sarukhán
Anne Whyte Mestor
Walter V. Reid
Robert Watson
A.H. Zakri
Salvatore Arico
Peter Bridgewater
Hama Arba Diallo
Adel El-Beltagy
Max Finlayson
Colin Galbraith
Erica Harms
Robert Hepworth
Olav Kjørven
Kerstin Leitner
Alfred Oteng-Yeboah
Christian Prip
Mario Ramos
Thomas Rosswall
Achim Steiner
Halldor Thorgeirsson
Klaus Töpfer
Jeff Tschirley
Riccardo Valentini
Hamdallah Zedan
Fernando Almeida
Phoebe Barnard
Gordana Beltram
Delmar Blasco
Antony Burgmans
Esther CamacAsociación Ixä Ca
Vaá de Desarrollo InformaciónIndigena
Angela Cropper
Partha Dasgupta
José María FigueresFoundación Costa
R i c a p a r a e l D e s s a r o l l oSostenible
Fred Fortier
Mohamed H.A. Hassan( )
Jonathan Lash
Wangari Maathai
Paul MaroDar es Salaam
Harold Mooney
Marina Motovilova
M.K. PrasadK e r a l a S a s t r a S a h i t y a
Parishad
Walter V. Reid
Henry Schacht
Peter Johan ScheiFridtjof Nansen
Ismail Serageldin
David Suzuki
M.S. SwaminathanMS Swaminathan
José GalíziaTundisi
Axel WenbladSkanska AB
Muhammad Yunus
Grameen
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Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R.Carpenter Kanchan Chopra Partha Dasgupta Thomas Dietz Anantha KumarDuraiappah Rashid Hassan Roger Kasperson Rik Leemans Robert M. May Tony
A.J. McMichael Prabhu Pingali Cristián Samper Robert Scholes Robert T.Watson A.H. Zakri Zhao Shidong Neville J. Ash Elena BennettPushpam Kumar Marcus J. Lee Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne Henk Simons JillianThonell Monika B. Zurek
MA
MA 2 José Sarukhán Anne Whyte
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island PressWashington DC.
© 2005 World Resources InstituteWorld
Resources Institute 10 G Street NE Suite 800 Washington DC 20002.
ISLAND PRESS The Center for Resource Economics
Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis / Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.p. cm. – The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment seriesISBN 1- 59726-040-1 pbk. : alk. paper
1. Human ecology. 2. Ecosystem management. I. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Program II.Series.GF50.E26 2005304.2–dc222005010265
Dever Designs
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA
2001 6 5
4
95 1360 MA
2005
MA
MA 1
"
" 21 2
3
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA MA
MA
MA
MA
20
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MA
MA
MA BEC
2006 6
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA Christine Jalleh
2005 10 14
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i
1 50 2
2 5
3 50 14
4 18
1 ? 26
2 39
3 49
4 64
5 71
6 84
7 88
8 92
9 101
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ii
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA Kofi Annan
2000 21
3 MA 2001 MA
MA
MA
MA 4
2000
MA
www.MAweb.org
Zafar Adeel Carlos Corvalan Rebecca D'Cruz Nick Davidson Anantha Kumar Duraiappah C. Max
Finlayson Simon Hales Jane Lubchenco Anthony McMichael Shahid Naeem David Niemeijer Steve
Percy Uriel Safriel Robin White
MA
University of Pretoria
Meridian Institute
MA
SCOPE SCOPE MA
MA
Ivar Baste Jeroen Bordewijk David Cooper Carlos Corvalan Nick Davidson Lyle Glowka
Guo Risheng Ju Hongbo Ju Jin Kagumaho Bob Kakuyo Melinda Kimble Kanta Kumari Stephen
Lonergan Charles Ian McNeill Joseph Kalemani Mulongoy Ndegwa Ndiang'ui Mohamed Maged
Younes MA MA
Philbert Brown Gisbert Glaser He Changchui Richard Helmer Yolanda
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iii
Kakabadse Yoriko Kawaguchi Ann Kern Roberto Lenton Corinne Lepage Hubert Markl Arnulf
Müller-Helbrecht Alfred Oteng-Yeboah Seema Paul Susan Pineda Mercado Jan Plesnik Peter Raven
Cristián Samper Ola Smith Dennis Tirpak Alvaro Umaña Meryl Williams 1999
2000 MA MA
Edward Ayensu Daniel Claasen Mark Collins Andrew Dearing Louise Fresco Madhav
Gadgil Habiba Gitay Zuzana Guziova Calestous Juma John Krebs Jane Lubchenco Jeffrey McNeely
Ndegwa Ndiang'ui Janos Pasztor Prabhu L. Pingali Per Pinstrup-Andersen José Sarukhán
Ramsar
MA MA
Gordon Orians Richard Norgaard
Ian Noble Mingsarn Kaosa-ard 2002 MA
MA
Isabelle Alegre Adlai Amor Hyacinth
Billings Cecilia Blasco Delmar Blasco Herbert Caudill Lina Cimarrusti Emily Cooper Dalène
du Plessis Keisha-Maria Garcia Habiba Gitay Helen Gray Sherry Heileman Norbert Henninger
Tim Hirsch Toshie Honda Francisco Ingouville Humphrey Kagunda Brygida Kubiak Nicholas
Lapham Liz Levitt Christian Marx Stephanie Moore John Mukoza Arivudai Nambi Laurie Neville
Rosemarie Philips Veronique Plocq Fichelet Maggie Powell Janet Ranganathan Carolina Katz Reid
Liana Reilly Carol Rosen Mariana Sanchez Abregu Anne Schram Jean Sedgwick Tang Siang Nee
Darrell Taylor Tutti Tischler Daniel Tunstall Woody Turner Mark Valentine Elsie Vélez-Whited
Elizabeth Wilson Mark Zimsky Linda Starke
U N E P / G R I D - A r e n d a l P h i l i p p e R e k a c e w i c z
Emmanuelle Bournay
Asociación Ixa Ca Vaá
EIS-Africa Forest
Institute of the State of São Paulo Foro Ecológico Fridtjof Nansen
Institute Fundación Natura
Permanent Inter-States
Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel Peruvian Society of Environmental Law
Probioandes Regional Center AGRHYMET
Terra Nuova
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iv
MA MA
David and Lucile Packard Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research
Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research
Association of Caribbean States British High Commission
Caixa Geral de Dep itos Christensen Cropper
Environmental Management Authority of Trinidad and
Tobago Ford Foundation International
Development Research Centre Island Resources Foundation Laguna
Lake Development Authority
DEFRA
Universidade de Coimbra
www.MAweb.org MA
Avina David and Lucile Packard
Wallace
MA Neville Ash Elena Bennett Chan Wai Leng
John Ehrmann Lori Han Christine Jalleh Nicole Khi Pushpam Kumar Marcus Lee Belinda Lim
Nicolas Lucas Mampiti Matete Tasha Merican Meenakshi Rathore Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne Henk
Simons Sara Suriani Jillian Thonell Valerie Thompson Monika Zurek
MA Angela Cropper Harold Mooney MA
José Sarukhán Anne Whyte MA
Walter Reid
Robert T. Watson A.H. Zakri
MA MA
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v
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA 2001 2005
MA 4
Ramsar
MA
MA
MA
A
MA
MA
B
MA
MA
MA
MA
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vi
B
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vii
MA
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viii
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA 4
2000
4
21
MA
MA 2003
MA
95 1360
MA C
80 MA
MA
MA MA
850 MA 250
MA 5 5
MA
15
MA
MA
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ix
MA MA
MA
MA
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x
MA 4
A B
MA 5
MA
MA 4
2005 Island Press
www.Maweb.org D
E
98% 85% 98% 65% 85%
52% 65% 50% 52%
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1
50
24
15 60%
50
21
MA
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2
sub-Sahara
2000 950
21
GDP 2050 3 6
21
2
MA 4 3
MA 4
1950 301700
1850 15030%
1/41 2
20 20%20%
35%
1/2 1960
43 6 1960
70%2
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3
24%
C.SDM
1980 2000
20
1
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4
19602 3
191350% 1985
1750
32% 1750 280ppm2003 376ppm 60% 60ppm
1959
1990 142 2/3
4 1/23
1 000 410% 30%
1960 200060 6
C4 S10
1950
1950 1990
MA 4 1990 2050
a
MA
10
b MA 4 1990 2050
4
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5
2.5
350%
C4 4.22
IUCN
1970
2050
0.1 1 50
500
1 000
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6
20003%
22%1/2 765
GDP 24%
50
2
1/45 6 7
5% 25%
15% 35%
50 154
3
19 202050
2 6
8
1/3 8
25% 96%
9
20 90
20
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7
a
+/-
+/-
20
+/-
+/-
a
+/-
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8
C18 C18.3C18 18.5
1
2 3 4 5
C18
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9
1996
26 2090 9%
20 90
1.05 1.607 700
1989
1 0001 140
50
20 501 0
2003 700
84%
MA
GDP
2001
C55.1
1/3
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10
20
10
C5 5.1
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11
1997 1998
1/5
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12
1992
11
St. Clair
1
CF 2.4
20 50
20 50
20 70
1977
20 80 90
1992 7 1998
2003
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13
2001 111 70%
10
5 2010 20 90
2114
402000 2002 8.52
19971999 3700
1126
1 0 2 01960
10 20%
170
1985
1997
1722%
41% 20 90%MA 20
9012
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14
1/38%
GDP
2 / 3 1 0 %20%
MA4 1
C.SDM
MA 1990 2000 GDP
GDP
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15
MA 2000 2050
10% 20%2
90%
6 MA
2050
MA 4
Global Orchestration
MA 4
2050
Order from Strength
MA 4
Adapting Mosaic
2050
TechnoGarden
4
2050
MA
2010 13% GDP
2000
3.5%
2015 50% 10%
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16
CWG
50 100
MA
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17
2/3 14 MA 4 32030
10% 20%
blue-baby
0.5 1
21002.0 6.41990 2100
8 88cm
20.2
CO2 450ppm
MA 5070% 85%
30% 85%
2050 R9 9.1
2050
MA
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18
MA 2050
MA
MA
MA 42050
1970 205010% 15%
2000 8
2015targets 2015
1 1
7 9 10 113
1 2 MA4
1990 2015
4MA 4
205010% 310% 60%
6 MA6
11% 352000
GDP 1 000 25%
chagas
MA 4
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19
2050
33 2 0 5 0
2000 15
100 00011.7%
MA
100 000
11.7%
MA
100% 2000 2050 50% 6 3
3 6 4 1 6
9 5
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20
5
2
[8]
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21
B
international processes
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22
2001 20033 240
2000 1/3
cap-and-trade systems
2004 1 5 6 400t
2003 20033
1/42010
100 440
1996
[8]
J o h a n n e s b u r g P l a n o f
Implementation
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23
[8]
21
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24
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25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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26
1/4 24%C26.1.2 1.1. 1950
30 1700 1850150 C26
1960 2000
3 6 C7.3.21.1
1/2 35% 20
C19.2.1 20
20% 20%C19.2.1 1.1 1.1
17001850
C26.1.11950 70%
C4.4.3
C21.4.2
C7 7.8
0.5km3
65% 1960 2000
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27
10
10
MA
MA
50m
20 80
C18.ES
50m
50m
100km
500 000
50km
2.6
C19.3.1
MA ESRI ArcWorld
12 000
1.5hm2
Greeland
2km
Long Island
40% C23.ES
20
C4.ES
MA
5 000
1900 2
2000 29 100
1900 17 2000
388 C27.ES
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28
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29
2/3
0.50 0.65
0.05
41% 20
1/3 C22.ES
25% C22 22.2
50% C22
90%
2000
1300m3
2 000
m3
C22.ES
10% 20%
C22.ES
400
C25.ES
C25.ES
C25.1.1
5
40%
3
1/2 25
29
90% C21.ES 57%
46
C7 7.2 1990 2000
3 0 0
hm2 20
1 200 hm2 C.
SDM
30%
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30
24% 20
C26.1.1
50
1961 1999
2/3
29% C26.1.1
50
16% C7
7.2
MA
C4 C20
50%
C20.ES
60%
C20.4.2
20% 12
1/2
C24.ES 12
90%
7%
C24.3.2 40
9 000
2500 m
C24.1.4
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31
1.1
19902000
%
a
106
km2
%/km2 GDPa b
NPP
[kgC/(m2 a)]c
d
%
e
%
6.7 4.5 1 105 70 15.9 8 960 41.5 0.52 4 11
11.2 2.2e 0.14 9
/ 23.5 15.9 565 14 17 6 854 58.3 0.95 11 34
6.3 4.3 320 7 4.4 17 109 12.5 0.45 16 67
12.4 8.4 114 0.1 -3.7 13 142 16.5 0.29 4 25
9.8 6.6 1 061 1 26.2 5 930 41.3 0.01 11 1
15.7 10.6 568 3 28.1 4 680 74.2 0.12 6 5
22.3 15.3 643 10 20.6 5 580 72.4 0.34 6 25
12.9 8.7 711 25 13.6 4 270 60.7 0.49 7 35
7.0 4.8 918 14 12.5 11 148 30.6 0.45 18 21
300~1000m 15.1 10.2 58 3 12.7 7 815 48.2 0.47 11 13
1000~2500m 11.9 8.1 69 3 20.0 5 080 67.0 0.45 14 13
2500~4500m 3.9 2.7 90 2 24.2 4 144 65.0 0.28 18 6
>4500m 1.8 1.2 104 0 25.3 3 663 39.4 0.06 22 0.3
0.1 0.1 419 10 28.8 15 790 32.8 0.64 4 11
8.3 5.7 1 014 118 15.6 4 430 55.3 0.49 4 62
27.1 18.4 575 22 11.8 11 060 46.5 0.6 6 43
a 1992 1993 GLCCD v2 C26 1 2000 GLC2000
b 1000 1c IUCNd GLC2000
WWF GLC2000 22%
e f GDP 10g
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32
50
1/10 C18.ES
1.3
60%C20.4.2
20%
30%10% C19.ES
1.3 1990 142/3
1/2
MA
141980 2000
C4 S10
1950
1950 1990
MA 4 1990 2050
a
MA
10
b MA 4 1990 2050
4
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33
C26.ES
230%
1950
C26.1.1 1960C26.1.1 20 90
290 hm2
40% C21.4.2
C4.4.3
20
1960 2000
C7.2.4 70%C7.2.2
2 3C7.3.2
10% C7.2.3
120%C7.2.2
175034% 280ppm
2003 376ppm C7.3.1 60%60ppm 1959
1
2 3 4 5
C18
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34
5019 20
20
C13.ES 1890 1990
9100 50
S7.3.2 1.5 1.6
1999 1.65 1014g2050 2.70 1014g 64% R9
19131985
1/2 R9.2
R9.2 1860 19902.7 1013g 1990
4.8 1013g 80% R9
Labrador Hudson
10 15
1960 1990
3 S77.183 22 1012g8 1012g R9.2
C.SDM
1980 2000
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35
2
1.7 100
17075% S10.5
C4.ES
2004
32
10010%
12% 23% 25%32%
2050 R9 9.1
R9 9.1 2050
MA
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36
52%C4.ES
C4.5.2
C4.ES C4.4.21.8
5003 000
3 000
2% 4%
56
500
0.1 1 5
100
100
50 500
1 000 20
12%
33% R9 9.2
2050
MA
Galloway et al. 2004
![Page 53: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
37
C4.4 1960intra-species diversity
80%3/4
C26.2.1
C11
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38
C4 4.22
IUCN
1970 2050
0.1~1 50 500
1 000
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39
2.1
2.1 2420
2
3
1/211 6 70% 13 9
1960 2000 30 60
6 2.5 1 9 6 1 2 0 0 3160%
260% C9.ES C9.2.2 S7 C7.2.3 C8.1
4
2.11/4
C8.2.25% 25%
C7.ES 15% 35%
C18 18.3
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40
CF2
20
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41
45
20 80
1/4
50
2000 27%
40 60%
2000
35%
40%
40
2 3
20 90
C8.2
C8.2
C18C8.2.2
C19
C8
8.4
C8.3.1
C26.2.1
42
C9.ES
C21.1
C9.ES
C9.ES
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42
10%
NOx SO2
CH4 MA
19 20
CO2 20
CO2
1750
C10
C7
5%
25%
15%
35%
1960 2000
C13.ES
C13.ES
C13.3
C11.3
C7.4.4
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43
/
20
30
C26
C14
44
C1111.2
C7.2.5C19
C11.3
C16
C19
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44
1981 2000 MA
NPP
C17.2.3
C17.2.5
C17.2.6
C19
C22.2.1
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45
C12
S7
C7
C7.2.2
a 50
b
50
c
:
=
=
+/- = 50
NA= MA MA MA
=
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46
20 40
80%
C7.2.5
C18.2.1
C18.ES 2.2
26C9.ES
C9.2.1
S10
C18 18.5
![Page 63: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
47
C11.ES C14.ES
2.2
16 t 800 C26.ES
1.06 2.01 t C1326.1 70%
C26.ES
C21.5.2
apparent benefits
R6 C19
R6.ES
Aral Sea1998 60%
80%
R6 6.9
60
1280% C16.1.1
7%Illinois River basin
1/2 R9.4.5
![Page 64: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
48
N
(
)
,
,
,
/
/
/ /
/ ///
/ / /
/
-
+
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49
CF3 3.1
S.SDM SG3.4
20009 810
3%GDP C8 8.1
2000 765
GDP 24% C26.5.113 1/
4 22% 1/2 46%26 40%
C26.5.1
2.4%
4 000
2000 8002000 570
500 240 370
C9.ES C18.1 C20.ES
C5.4.1 3.1
GDP
2001
2001122
395%
C5 5.2
![Page 66: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
50
5
A
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51
20 70
C8.1 40
40% C26.2.3
C8.1
1/3
R16.1.2
10 3
1995 2 C8.5.1
10
20
1960
10 20%
15% 30% C7.ES
DALY
C7 7.10
4062 000
54 000 b
1 800 1 700 b
2 1 700 15
1 800 484 0
1500600
2 300 0
96 000
a 2001b
1 000 1 000
3 5 46 500 1 300
5000 1500 000 616 19
1 700
140 000184 000a
5~28a
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52
2000
1/4
10%
R16.1.2
170
5 400
11
26 C7.ES
B C
1 6 0
C19.3.1
140
R12-ES
C14.2
20 50%
C10.2
C7 7.13
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53
MA
280
1 5 0
C10.2.2
C5.4.4
C7 7.14
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54
50
1.4
1990 1999 10
2 430
C5.4.2
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55
2001
5%
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56
8
1/3 3.2 2003 6
300 000 3 500 1998 5
Catawba 360km34 600
19921/2
1km20%
2000 2003 246hm2 111hm2
110hm2 60 000
Muthurajawela 3 100 hm2
5 0 01 750
C55.1
1/3
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57
3.3
20 90
3.4
20
1996
26 20 909% 20
901.05 1.60
7 700
1997 1998 1 000hm2
932 000
199820 10%6.08
80
1997 Cape Floral9 350
40%
ciguatera C19.3.1
C5 5.2
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58
R1616.3 1989
1 0001 140
C19.3.1 50
C.SDM 20 50
10 2003 700
84%
1 9 9 52001
clearing programs 1.312001
140
10 000km2
CWG
CF 2.4
20 50
20 50
20 70
1977
20 80
90
1992 7
1998 2003
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59
CWG
3.5
S7 2
3.6
20005% 31% 64%
50%
C18.ES
C18.4.1
1961 200060%
25 C9.ES 2000 1/2
1/2
1/5
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60
500 900km3
130 150km3
1 200km3 C7.3.2
C271/2
C17.ES MA
SG.SDM
3.2
R19.ES
1820 1992 GDP S7 7.3
![Page 77: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
61
1
1999 3.15 2015 4.04 R19.1
MA
20
C5 2001 11
170%
R19.2.1 10
C5.ES5
20 1020 80 4
90 2114
402000 2002
85 200 19971999 3 700
95%C8.ES
2000 9
8
2015 1 8 targets
15
R19.2.1
C5.ES
11%
35
2000 GDP 1000
25% R16.1
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62
sub-SaharanC28.5.1
1126
10 201960
1020% C7.ES C7.2.3
1/2
1 C.SDM170
C7.ES
19851997
C18.ES
C22
R17
C6.ES
40
R6 6.1
C6.3.3
1722%
R17
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63
C18.4.1
Sierra Leone
C18.5.1
SG3.ES
C5.3.3MA GDP
5
C5
5.2
20 50 60Sahel
1970
250 000C5 5.1
C5.ESC5.3.4 MA 20 90
3.7
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64
SG7
5
5 40
25 202000 60 S7.2.11/4
1/23%
20 15%C27.1
70% 80%
75%S7.2.1
1950 20007 S7.SDM
20
GDPGDP S7.2.24.1 4.2
200140% S7.2.2
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65
20 902 500 3 000
S7.ES 2001 2003
3 240 S7.ES
S7.2.3
50
S7.2.3
S7 7.6b
G D P 1 9 9 5
G D P
f a b r i c a t e d a s s e t s
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66
S7.2.4
20
1929 2080 1/3 GDP
1960 199516% 47%
GDP S7.2.5
40
40208%
109% 157% S7.2.5
G D P 1 9 9 5
G D P
f a b r i c a t e d a s s e t s
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67
50GDP
200
S7.ES
R8 S7
C27.ES
4.3
CWG S7.2.5 SG8.ES MA14 9
1/5 1 /2C4.ES
20 8090
0.3%1.2% C26.4.1
C18 21
FAO 1/2
C8.2.2 1
1/10C18.ES
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68
5 0 1 0 0
M A
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69
2050%
C20.ES78%
10 60%20 80 C20.4.2
C20.4.5
20%30%
10%C19.ES
17% MA50m 100km
40% 50km
C.SDM
R9 9.1
Labrador & Hudson
3 . 7
Great Lakes St. Lawrence 4 . 1
5 . 0
Mississippi 5 . 7
1 0
1 1
1 5
Republic of Korea 1 7
80%C.SDM
4.1
50S 7 . 3 . 2
1960 20038 1 080 t 8 510 t
50%
S7.3.2
![Page 86: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
70
blue-baby
R9.ES1960 3
1 9 9 01990 20 80
S7.3.2
21100
0 . 60.1
0.2m S7.ES
30R13.1.3
0 . 5 1
3R13.1.3
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71
5.12050
22
2
2
Global Orchestration
M A 42050
Order from Strength
M A 4
Adapting Mosaic
2050
TechnoGarden
42050
M A 4
M A
M A
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72
economic insecurity
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73
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74
5.1 5.2 5.3M A
MA4 2000 2050 2100
S7.2.1 5.120 60
2.1% 200060 1.35% S7.
ESsub-SaharanS7.ES
S 7 . 2 .2
3 6
S9 .ESMA
50
S10.ES
S7 7.2
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75
S.SDM
2 0 5 0
G D P
1 9 9 5
2020 2.4%/a 2020
2050 3.0%/a
1995 2020 1.4%/a
2020 2050 1.0%/a
1995 2020 1.5%/a
2020 2050 1.9%/a
1 9 9 5 2 0 2 0
1 . 9 % / a 2 0 2 0
2050 2 .5%/a
1 9 9 5
2020 2.3%/a 2020
2050 1.9%/a
1 9 9 5
2020 3.2%/a 2020
2050 4.3%/a
1 9 9 5
2020 2.5%/a 2020
2050 2.1%/a
1 9 9 5
2020 3.8%/a 2020
2050 4.8%/a
1995 2020
2.1%/a
2020 2050
1.4%/a
1 9 9 5 2 0 2 0
2 . 4 % / a
2 0 2 0 2 0 5 0
2 . 3 % / a
1 9 9 5
2 0 2 0 2 . 0 % / a 2 0 2 0
2 0 5 0 1 . 7 % / a
1 9 9 5 2 0 2 0
2 . 8 % / a 2 0 2 0
2050 3 .5%/a
2 0 5 0 2 0 5 0
2 0 5 0
8 1
2 0 5 0
9 6
2 0 1 0
2050
2 0 5 0
9 5
2 0 5 0
8 8
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76
S.SDM
2 0 2 5
2 0 2 5
9 %
2 0 2 5
2 0 2 5
1 0 %
2 0 2 5
2 0 2 5
2 0 0 0
2 0 %
2 0 2 5
2 0 2 5
1 0 %
CO2 4.7Gtc-eq
CH4 1.6Gtc-eq
N2O 0.6Gtc-eq
0 .2Gtc -eq
2 0 5 0 CO2 20.1Gtc-eq
CH4 3.7Gtc-eq
N2O 1.1Gtc-eq
0 .7Gtc -eq
CO2 15.4Gtc-eq
CH4 3.3Gtc-eq
N2O 1.1Gtc-eq
0 .5Gtc -eq
CO2 13.3Gtc-eq
CH4 3.2Gtc-eq
N2O 0.9Gtc-eq
0 .6Gtc -eq
SO 2
N O x 2 0 0 0
2 0 5 0
S O 2 N O x SO 2 NO x S O 2 N O x
2 0 5 0
2 2100
3 . 5
2 0 5 0
1 . 7 2 1 0 0
3 . 3
2 0 5 0
1 . 9 2 1 0 0
2 . 8
2050
1 . 5
2 1 0 0
1 . 9
N N N N
5 5 0 p p m v C O 2
a . 5 0
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77
a a a a a aa a
/
2000
a . 5 0
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78
MA 4 3 2030
10% 20% S9.3.7.2 5.2
a a a a a aa a
2000
20% 30%
S9.ES MA 42050
1.5 2.0 21002.0 3.5
CO2
2.5 IPCC
2.0 6.4
MA
MA
MA
a . 5 0
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79
R13.1.3
8 88cm
2 110 000
R13
20.2
CO2 450ppm
2
2
22
2050 10% 20%
S9.ES 50
1.2 S10.ES
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80
MA 4 2050
S.SDM
S.SDM S10.ESMA 1970 2050
1 0 % 1 5 % S.SDM 20503
5.3
MA4
M A
1 0 0 % 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 % 6
3 3 6 4 1
6 9 5
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81
S.SDM
A
MA2050 t
70% 85% S9.4.120% 85% S9 9
S.SDM
50
M A 4
2 0 5 0
S.SDM MA3 2050
10% 60%10%
S9.4.1 5.4
S.SDM1 / 2
S9.ES
![Page 98: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
82
S.S D M
S9.ESCO 2 CH 4
10 20
2 0 %
CO 2
CO2
CH4
50
G D P
S.SDM
S11
HIV/AIDS
SARS
HIV
2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0
5 5
![Page 99: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
83
S.SDM
e c o l o g i c a lsurpr ises
5 .5
S.SDM 5.4
50
5 . 4
12
34 5
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84
M ASG.SDM
33 6.1
Gariep ZambeziMA
SG.SDM
SG.SDMSão Paulo the Laguna Lake
SG7.ES
![Page 101: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
85
Tropical Forest MarginsSG.SDM
SG.SDM
M A 1 8 M A
M A
M A M A
M A M A 1 5
1 5 M A
![Page 102: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
86
SG.SDM
Sinai
SGWG
SG.SDM BajoChirripo
SG.SDM SG11.ES
M AMA
M A6.1
M A
MA
MAMA MA
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87
M A
M A
V i l c a n o t a
Quechua
A y n i
Pachakuti
I n c a
M u n a y
L l a n k a y
Yachay
Ayllu
M A
V i l c a n o t a
K a y p a c h a H a n a n p a c h a
Ukupacha
Chakana
Pachamama MA
2 Pachakuti
M A
A y l l u
and Munay Yachay and Llankay
M A
SG.SDM
V i l c a n o t a
P a c h a m a m a
P a c h a m a m a
M A
![Page 104: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
88
7.1
S7.3.2
S12.ES
RWG S7
S10
10 50
S.SDG
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89
C6.2 S13.4
S13.4
S A R S
1 9 9 71998
African Great LakesC14.2.1
19182 000 4 000
1
IPCC IPCC TAR C4 4.15
C4.4.2 CF7 S7
I P C C
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90
S13.4
C18
. ,,
19923 . 4
CF2 2.4
Z e b r a
mussel St. Clair
1S12.4.8 Mnemiopsis
le idyi 26
C28.5
Kelp forests
1983
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91
C4.6 C13.3
Sahel
30
C 6S3 S12
S.SDM
S7 SG7.5
C8.3 S.SDM C14
C.SDM
1 0 %
13 1998 2003
C18.2.6 207 0
Herring fishery 4C18
![Page 108: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
92
S.SDM 5MA 4 2000
20503
2 0 1 013% GDP 2000
3 .5%
2015 50% 10%
MA
100 000
1 1 . 7 %R5.2 .1
40109% 208%
RWG
![Page 109: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
93
RWG R12G
B N
G
R17.ES
G
R17.2
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94
R.SDM
G B NRWG SG9
R7.2.3
G B N
G RWG
![Page 111: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
95
G BR15.ES R12.ES R11.ES
C5 5.2
R 1 7
GS7.ES 2001 2003
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96
3240 20001 / 3
1 / 4
200262
20% C8.4.1
R17.5
G B N RWG
c a p -and-trade systems
R17
C5 5.1
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97
R7 7.3
8.1 2004 15 6 400 t
20037 800 t C5 5.2
2003 31/4
3 330 2005 1
2010
100 44045 t
salinity credits
1996
2001 280 000hm2
3 000800 000hm2
C5 5.2
the Ecosys-tem Marketplace
R18
G B N RWG
G B N RWG R5
Johannesburg P lan o f Implementa t ion
![Page 114: ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · 2011-06-12 · Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R. Carpenter Kanchan ChopraPartha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042121/5e9bf1610efb4531ca2056f2/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
98
G B N RWG
R17.ES
G B N R6 21
19502 000
km2 C.SDM
G B N RWG R7.4
G B R13
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99
G B N RWG
ı
G B RWG
G B N RWG C17.ES
a
+ + +
+ + ++ ++
++ + + +
a + + ++ ++
+ + ++ +
+ +
+
-
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100
MA
R18.ES
R33.6 3.8
consensus participation
R4.5
8.1
R4.ES
SG9.ES
hard-to-articulate assumptions
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101
MA
30
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102
holistic models
RWG
SG9 R17.ES
leakage problems
multistakeholder policy processes R15.ES
R17.4.5
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103
1961 2003160% C8.1
A.1.2 . 5
40% 60%C8.ES
40
80%
1961 1999
29%71%
3 4 %C26.ES C26.1.1
40
1 9 7 3
C8.ES
real pricesC8 8.4
19709.2%
1.4%
2.8% C26.3.127% C8.ES
1996
C8.2.2 2001
20 9030% 40% C8.2.2
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C8 8.1
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 8 . 5 2 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 3 7 0 0
FAOSTATS SOFI
F A O S T A T S
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20 80
Marine fish landingsInland water fisheries
C8.ES
MA 4 2050S9
MA 4
MA
A.2. 2000 2050
70% 85% S9.4.1
S 9 . E S
S9 9.15
2000 1.1
1 . 1
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57% 28%40 2/3
1 6 % 0 .2%
45 50
C7.ES
1960 2000 1020%
C7.ES
continental runoff 10%
C7 7.3
1 5 % 3 5 % C 7 . 2 . 2
1 k m 3 0 . 1 1 k m 3
0 0 . 1 k m 3 5 0 k m
0 . 2
1 . 6 m
0 . 1 m
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40%50% C7.ES C7.2.3
19602
10
5% 25%
10
C7.ES1 / 3
C7.ES 15% 35%
C7.2.2 A.3.
4010 20%
2000 201010% C7.ES
2021
S9.ES
sub-Saharan
S9 .ES MA 2000 2050
2 0 % 8 5 %S9 9.35 A.4.
MA2050
5% 7%2 %
16% 22%S9.4 .5
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196060% 3 C9.ES
C9 9.5 5 5 %
C9.ES 26
7 %4 0 %
10% C9.4 20 90
19752000
S9.4.1
SG3.4
19613
C9.ES
1980 200016% C9.5.3
C9.ES 20005%
35% 202044%
MA 1970 2050
1 9 7 01995 0.4% 0.6%
10
A.5.
S9 9.15
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A . 1 .
A . 2 .20 90
bioprospecting activities
bioremediationand biomimetics
C10.ES
C10 10.8
+++
+++
+++
++
+++
++
+
+++
++
P A M
P A M
P A M
M
P A M
P A M
P A M
P
P A M
+ + + 1 0 + + 1 0 0 +
P A M
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110
C10 10.2
Cladribine Leustatin Johnson & Johnson Ortho Biotech
Docetaxel Taxotere Rh?ne-Poulenc Rorer
Fludarabine Fludara Berlex
Idarubicin Idamycin Pharmacia & Upjohn
Irinotecan Camptosar Yakult Haisha
Paclitaxel Taxol Bristol-Myers Squibb
Pegaspargase Oncospar Rh?ne-Poulenc
Pentostain Nipent Parke-Davis
Topotecan Hycamtin SmithKline Beecham
Vinorelbine Navelbine Lilly
Bisantrene Wyeth Ayerst
Cytarabine ocfosfate Yamasa
Formestane Ciba-Geigy
Interferon gamma-la Siu Valy
Miltefosine Acta Medica
Porfimer sodium Quadra Logic
Sorbuzoxane Zeuyaku Kogyo
Zinostatin Yamamouchi
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1750
radiative forcingC13.ES A.6. 1750
CO 2
10% 30% CH4 N2O
CO 2
net sink CH4
N2O net source
IPCC
40%2 20% CO2
20 90
CO 2
1 / 31/3 20 90
s ink
CO 2
1920 CO2
20CO2
CO 2
25% 30%
3 0 %
90% N2O35%
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A 1 7 5 0 2 0 0 0
cloud drople t
B 3
C O 2
C H 4 N 2O
1 0 0 C O 2
C O 2
C O 2
C13 13.3
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Dry deposition1 / 2
precursorsNOx CO CH4
O 3
20
44% 70%C26.2.6
C O 2
CO2 CO2
CO 2
CO2 200ppm C13.2.1
1750
CO 2
C13.ES
10 20 t20%
CO 2
CO2
CH4 S9.ES
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R16
A.3
1/4
C14.ES
Lymphatic filariasis
Sahel
West Nilevirus Lyme diseaseC14.ES
C14.ES
the in t e rmed ia t e r e se rvo i r hos tspec i e s
Rift ValleyFever
kala-azar
HIVSARS
Salmonella CampylobacterEscherichia coli bacteria
SARS
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C14 14.4
HIV
Guanarito;
Junin Machupo
Oropouche/
Mayar O
Hantavirus .
4 6 486
6 1 6
8 4 458
2 090
6 6 7
7 0 9
1 702
3 5 0 m
8 0 m
4 2 m
1 2 m
2 3 763
US2002
16 1 8 m
30
5 0 000
1 2 0 m
S11 MA
S11
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C14 14.4
Cryptosporidiosis
coccidioidomycosis
R i f t
Valley Fever
Nipah/Hendra
Ebola
BSE
SARS
6 192
5 777
1 525
4 8 4
-
†
†
-
1 2 0 m
30
5 0 0 000
1 8 m
a b
† DALYs 1 798 1 000 61 966 1 000 DALYs
+ ++ +++ ++++
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C15.ES
C15.ES 90% 95% 70%
C 7 . 4 . 5 n i t r o g e nloads
80%
g l o b a l i n c i d e n t n i t r o g e nload ing
C7.2.5
C7.ES
C15.ES MA
S9.5.4
MA
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b a r r i e rbeaches
2004
C16.ES 17%
100 50%
10%1/2
1998 2/3C16.2.2
1992 20012 257
43% 10 96 50712 20 50
9010 C16.ES
Missis-s ipp i 60
1280% C16.1.1
6 0A.7.
A.8.
19309 0 %
1876 12 000hm2 19894 0 0 hm2
20 80 10 904 51 0 1 0 0
C16 .2 .2
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119
C16 16.6
C16 16.9
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M A
MA
extended families
C17.2.1
C17.2.3
C17.2.5
20 90nature t ravel
10% 30% 199720% C17.2.6
MA
SG8.3 MA
SG8.3 MA
context-specific
SG8.3
SãoP a u l o
SG11.3
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121
C.SDM
110 210teragram
165 gR9.2 A.9
C 7 7 . 5
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C12.ES
10.5 15.5 g1 6 g
C12.ES
C12.ES
C12.ES
C12.ES
2020 10% 80%S9.3.7 MA 4 3
203010% 20%
2 0 % 3 0 %
S9.3.7
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effective
promising
problematic
I E ST K
GIGN GL
B NGOC
R
MA
S9.7
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R 5
R 5
R 5
R 5
R 5
R 5
R 5
R 5 1 5
R 5
P A GIGN
NGOCR
I
E
T
S
I
I
T
I
I
S
GNGLB
NGOC
GNS
NGOR
GNGL
NGO
NGB
NGOR
NGB
GLGNGLR
GLGN
GNGL
NGOC
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GIGNB
E
T GNBR
R 6
R 6
R 6
R 6
R 6
B S ER 6
R6
R 7
R 7
GNGL
NGOC
SK
E GNGLB
NGO
IE
GNGLB
NGO
T GNB
S GNNGO
C
IT
GNGL
NGOR
I GNBC
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GNGL
NGOCR
I
I
I E
GIGN
NGO
GIGNB
NGOC
RBOs
R 7
R 7
R7
R 7
R 7
R 7
R 7
R 7
I GNGL
E GIGNB
E GNBC
T GN
T GNGL
NGOB
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127
GLGNB
I
GLGN
E
R 8
R 8
R 8
R 8
R8
R 8
R 8
R 8
R 8
R8
GNGL
I
GLC
I
GNGLB
NGOC
I
GLBC
I
GLBC
I
NGOBC
S
BI E
NGRB
T
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128
NGOBR
ENWFPs
N T F P sN T F P s
N T F P s N T F P s R 8
R 8
R 8
R8
2 0 0 1C D M
R 8
R 9
R 9
R 9
R 1 1
GIGNGLB
NGOC
T
GNGLB
NGOR
T
GLBC
T
GLGNB
T E
GIGN
I
GNBR
E
GIGNGL
NGOC,R
I E
GNB
T
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129
GNGL
NGOC
T
I V M
/
R 1 1
R 1 1
( R 1 1 )
R 1 1
I V M
I V M
I V M
R 1 2
R 1 2
R 1 2
I V M
R 1 2
R 1 2
R 1 2
5 1 0
R 1 2
GNGLBC
SI
GNB
E
GNI
GNNGO
I
GNBCR
I
GNBR
T
GNBR
T
GNNGO
C
T
CS
GNB
NGOR
T
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130
GIGNGL
SI
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
R 1 4
GLNGO
C
SK
GLNGO
C
S
GLGN
I
GNB
NGO
K I
GNBC
E K
GNGLC
I
GIGNB
IS
GIGNGL
NGOC
ES
GLBC
E
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131
GIGN
IEKT B
U N F C C C
R 1 5
N C S
N E A P N S S D
R 1 5
S F M I C Z M
I C D P I R B M
R 1 5
U N F C C C
1 9 9 0
2 0 0 8 2 0 1 2 5 %
R 1 3
R 1 3
R 1 3
R 1 3
R 1 3
GNGLB
NGOC
IEKT B
GNGL
NGOC
IEKT B
GIGN
I
GNBC
T
GNGLB
NGOC
T
GIGNB
E
GNGL
NGOCR
I
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132
Walter V. Reid
Harold A. MooneyAngela Cropper
Cropper Doris Capistrano
Stephen R. Carpenter
Kanchan Chopra
Partha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha Kumar Duraiappah
Rashid HassanRoger KaspersonRik LeemansRobert M. MayTony A.J. McMichael
Prabhu Pingali
Cristi Samper
Robert Scholes
Robert T. WatsonA.H. Zakri
Zhao ShidongNeville J. Ash
UNEP-WCMC
Elena Bennett
Pushpam Kumar
Marcus Lee
Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne
Henk Simons
Jillian ThonellU N E P -
WCMCMonika B. Zurek
Adel Farid Abdel-Kader
BahrainNimbe Adedipe
Zafar Adeel
John B.R. AgardWest Indies
Tundi Agardy Sound SeasHeidi AlbersJoseph AlcamoJacqueline Alder
Mourad Amil Ministere del’Amenagement du Territoire del’Eau et de l’EnvironnementAlejandro Argumedo Kechua-Aymara ANDESD o l o r s A r m e n t e r a sI n s t i t u t o d e I n v e s t i g a c i o n d eRecursos Biológicos Alexander vonHumboldtNeville J. Ash
UNEP-WCMC
Bruce Aylward Deschutes Re-sources ConservancySuresh Chandra Babu
Jayanta Bandyopadhyay
Charles Victor Barber IUCN
Stephen BassAllan Batchelor B&M Environmen-tal Services Pty LtdT. Douglas Beard Jr.
A n d r e w B e a t t i eMacquarie Juan Carlos Belausteguigoitia
Elena Bennett
D.K. BhattacharyaH e r n á n B l a n c o R e c u r s o s eInvest igación para e l Desarrol loSustentableJorge E. Botero Centro Nacional deInvestigaciones de CaféLelys Bravo de Guenni UniversidadSimón BolívarEduardo Brondizio
Victor Brovkin
Katrina BrownColin D. ButlerJ. Baird Callicott
Esther Camac-RamirezIxä Ca Vaá Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum
Doris Capistrano
Fabricio William Carbonell TorresIxä Ca Vaá
Stephen R. Carpenter
Kenneth G. Cassman
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133
Juan Carlos Castilla
Robert Chambers
W. Bradnee Chambers
F. Stuart Chapin III
Kanchan Chopra
Flavio ComimRio Grande do SulUlisses E.C. Confalonieri
Steve CorkCarlos Corvalan
Wolfgang Cramer
Angela CropperCropper
Graeme Cumming
Owen Cylke
Rebecca D’Cruz Aonyx Environ-mentalGretchen C. DailyPartha DasguptaRudolf S. de Groot
Ruth S. DeFriesSandra Diaz Universidad Nacionalde CórdobaT h o m a s D i e t z
Richard Dugdale
Anantha Kumar Duraiappah
Simeon EhuiPolly Ericksen
Christo Fabricius RhodesDan FaithJoseph FargioneColin Filer
C. Max Finlayson
Dana R. FisherCarl FolkeMiguel Fortes
Madhav GadgilHabiba GitayYogesh GokhaleThomas HahnSimon Hales
Kirk HamiltonRash id Hassan
He DamingKenneth R. HingaAnkila J. Hiremath
Joanna House Max Planck
Rober t W. Howar th
Tariq IsmailA n t h o n y J a n e t o s T h e H . J o h nH e i n z I I I
Peter KareivaRoger KaspersonKishan Khoday
Christian KoernerKasper KokPushpam Kumar
E r i c F . L a m b i n U n i v e r s i t eCatholique de LouvainPaulo Lana Universidade Federal doParanáRodel D. Lasco
Patrick Lavelle VI/IRD
Louis Lebel Chiang MaiMarcus Lee
Rik LeemansC h r i s t i a n L é v ê que I n s t i t u t d e
Recherches pour le développement
Marc LevyLiu Jian
Liu JiyuanMa Shiming
Georgina MaceJens Mackensen
Mai Trong Thong
Ben Malayang IIILos Baños
Jean-Paul Malingreau
Anatoly MandychPeter John Marcotullio
E d u a r d o M a r o n e C e n t r o d eEstudos do MarHillary M. Masundire
Robert M. MayJames Mayers
Alex F. McCalla
Jacqueline McGlade
Gordon McGranahan
Tony A.J. McMichael
Jeffrey A. McNeely IUCN
Monirul Q. Mirza
Bedrich Moldan CharlesDavid Molyneux
Harold A. Mooney
Sanzhar Mustafin
Constancia Musvoto
Shahid Naeem
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Niu Wen-Yuan
Ian NobleSigne NybøMasahiko OhsawaW i l l i s O l u o c h - K o s u r aNairobi
Ouyang Zhiyun
Stefano PagiolaCheryl A. PalmJyoti K. Parikh
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Jonathan Patz
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Steve PercyHenrique Miguel Pereira
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Gerhard Petschel-Held
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Robert Prescott-Allen
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Anatoly Shvidenko
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José SarukhánUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de
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Antonio Alonso ConcheiroAnalítica Consultores AsociadosJoseph Baker
Arsenio Balisacan
Fikret Berkes
Julia CarabiasGerardo Ceballos
Robert Costanza
Marian S. de los Angeles
Navroz K. Dubash
Faye DuchinJeremy S. Eades
Mohamed A. El-Kassas
Paul R. Epstein
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Otton SolisAvelino Suárez Rodríguez
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Angela de L. Rebel lo WagenerPontificia Universidade Catolica doRio de Janeiro
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BSE CBDDALY FAO GDP GHS GNI GNP IPCC IUCN IVM MA MEA MDG NGO NPP NWFP OECD PA RBO SARS SCOPE UNCCD UNEP UNFCCC
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CF CWG SWG RWG SGWG
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