Ecosystems

OrganismOrganism

Population

Population

Community

Community

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

• An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area.

OrganismOrganism

Population

Population

Community

Community

• A community is a group of different species that live together in one area.

An ecosystem includes both biotic and

abiotic factors. • Biotic factors are living things.

– plants– animals– fungi– bacteria

plants

• Abiotic factors are nonliving things.

– moisture– temperature– wind– sunlight – soil

moisture

sunlight

Use the following terms for the examples on the next Use the following terms for the examples on the next several pagesseveral pages

habitathabitat communitycommunity ecosystemecosystem abiotic factorsabiotic factors biotic factorsbiotic factors biodiversitybiodiversity successionsuccession

An anthill

• habitat

A forest

• ecosystem

548 different species living in the forest

• biodiversity

The damp soil of a forest within which a mushroom grows.

• habitat

The pH of a lake

• Abiotic factor

First grasses, then shrubs, then small trees, finally large trees grow

in an area

• Succession

Frogs, fish, turtles, lilypads, and dragonflies in a pond

• Community or biotic factors

A prairie, with its living and nonliving components

• An Ecosystem

All the organisms in acompost pile

Community or

biotic factors

Give examples of:• community• black bears, Eastern rattlesnakes, bluebirds,

trees, shrubs• abiotic factors• temperature, rainfall, humidity, smog level• habitat• bee hive, rabbit burrow, squirrel nest• producers• trees, grasses, algae in streams• consumers• deer, rabbits, squirrels, foxes, birds• decomposers• bacteria, worms

Making a food webhttp://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit5/bio_ch13_0421_ab_foodweb.html

Trophic Levels (feeding levels)

3

2

1

Food webs

Trophic Level Producer, herbivore, omnivore, or carnivore?

Grass

Mouse

Grasshopper

Frog

Owl

Hawk

Trophic Level Producer, herbivore, omnivore, or carnivore?

Grass 1st Producer

Mouse 2nd Herbivore

Grasshopper 2nd Herbivore

Frog 3rd Carnivore

Owl 3rd and 4th Carnivore

Hawk 3rd Carnivore

Only ___ % of the energy from one trophic level passes to the next.

What happens to the remaining 90%?

It is used by the organisms or converted to heat

Water cycle p. 90

A = precipitation

B = precipitation

C = transpiration (water released from plants)

D = percolation or seepage

E = runoff

F = evaporation

A = carbon dioxide

in air

B = photosynthesis

C = plants, algae

D = respiration

E = herbivore

consuming grass

F = carnivore

consuming animal

G = respiration

H = death

I = bacteria

J = decay releases CO2

K = fossil fuels produced

L = refinery

M = combustion/burning of fossil fuels

N = burning releases CO2

O = fires release CO2

Nitrogen cycle

A = atmospheric nitrogenB = nitrogen converted to ammonia

C = legume (peas,peanuts, beans,alfalfa)D = bacteriaE = waste convertedto ammonia

F = nitrates formed from ammonia

G and H = bacteria

I = plants use nitrates

J = animals eat plants

K = bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen