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Individual is smallest unit of an organism.In (cannot) and dividuus (can divide)For example, a camel.

The population is one or more individuals of similar organism (of kind) that live in an ecosystem.Populus (all things that occupied in one place)For example, some dolphins.

The community in wide definition is group of some populations which place certain area. The community in specific definition is group of organisms with all populations as its members.Commune (general)For example, bird community.

The ecosystem is an entity of organisms (collection of several communities) to their environment. There is interaction occurred in the ecosystem between biotic-biotic factor, biotic-abiotic factor, and abiotic-abiotic factor. Interrelationship is occurred in the ecosystem between organisms and their environment. For example, lake ecosystem.

The biosphere is group of various ecosystems which form a series of live globally or all lives on earth.

Competition is relationship among species that causes competition to get foods, places to live or pairs (copulation). For example, competition between tiger and lion that battle over deer for their food.

Neutral is relationship among species that live together without any hindrance. For example, relationship between goat and ant in a meadow.

Predation is relationship among species, which is preyed on and the predator. For example, lions eat buffalo.

Antibiosis is relationship among species where one species impedes the work of other species. For example, fungi Pennicillium impede the bacterial growth.

Symbiosis is relationship among different species that lives in certain place. Based on the nature of the relationship, symbiosis can be divided into:1. Mutualism is mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms. For example, relationship between bee and flowers. Look at this.2. Commensalism is relationship among two organisms, which is benefited one organism and not damaged the other. For example, relationship between shark and remora fish.3. Parasitism is relationship among two organism, which is benefited one organism and damaged the other. For example, parasite and love vine/dodder (genus Cassytha) that adheres to certain plants. Look at this.

Energy flow is energy transfer to organisms which get high energy nutrient from the photosynthesis. Directly or indirectly. Photosynthesis uses only 1/10 x 1% of sun energy that reaches the earth surface. Plants take 15% - 50% of it for their own metabolism. Remaining energy is called net photosynthesis or net primary production. Total annual net primary productivity is estimated about 6 x 1020 gram times energy. This amount forms basic energy for heterotrophic live (animals and several plants) on earth by means of consuming green plants or eating other heterotrophic organisms. By other words, energy current is chemical matter transfer from producer to consumer, and then this matter will back to the nature again when the organism is died. Look at this.

Food chain is a feeding event in certain sequence. Food chain is divided into two types, namely grazing food chain and detrital food chain.

One and other food chains will together form food web or group of food chain. Thus, food web is event of eating and being eaten occurred in the nature and is interrelated. Level of food sequence in food chain of a community is called trophic level. All producers form together first trophic level. Primary consumer (herbivore) forms second level trophic. Carnivore which eats herbivores forms third trophic level and so on. Species of each trophic level between one and other community may vary, but they usually have same pattern. Energy lost is occurred in each trophic level. Therefore, energy of a trophic level is lower than energy from previous level. Thus, energy distribution in a community can be made like a pyramid with trophic level (producer) at the bottom, and consumer in the trophic above, until the top. Look at this.

Food pyramid is an illustration of food chain that shows a trophic or level. The lowest trophic level is occupied by producer. There above is occupied respectively by consumer I (herbivore), consumer II (carnivore) until the highest level called top carnivore.

Producer included all organisms that can make organic substance that they need from inorganic substance that they are called as autotrophic organisms. Green plants can change inorganic compound into organic compound that they need by assistance of light energy through photosynthesis, that they belong to photoautotrophic organisms. There are organisms also that can change inorganic compound into organic compound that they need by assistance of chemical energy, that they are called as chemoautotrophic organisms. Phytoplankton is producers in waters environment.

Other than autotrophic organisms, there are organisms that cannot produce organic substance that they need. These organisms are called heterotrophic organisms. Heterotrophic organisms play role as consumer or user. We can also find zooplankton in the waters environment. Zooplankton is phytoplankton eater. Based on the kinds of their foods, consumers are divided into three groups. Consumer that eats plants is called as herbivore. Consumer that eats herbivore or other animals is called carnivore. Consumer that eats plants and animals is called omnivore.

Decomposer is consumer that can decompose organic substance into inorganic substance. Consumer that lives in organic medium such as fungi is called as saprotrophic. Example : fungi and bacteria.

Detritivore is consumer that eats organisms carcass. Organisms included to this group are earthworm, ant, termite, maggot, snail, centipedes, caterpillar, and sea cucumber.

The air included air temperature for live pleasure. All organisms will feel convenience in optimal (suitable) temperature. The needs for optimal temperature among one to another organisms is not the same. The factor of air in the form of humidity will give influence either to organisms lives. Humidity is water content in the air. Humidity will give influence to the velocity of water evaporation from organisms body surface and survival capability against dry physical environment. Fungi and bacterium love to live in high humidity environment. Wind can give influence the organism also which is around it. Wind is moving air. Wind helps pollination, for example rice plant and corn. Wind can help the spreading of seeds/spores. However, strong wind will cause damage. Wind such as tornado can damage the ecosystem.

Water is vital abiotic factor for each organism. Water should be absolutely available for organisms viability. Water temperature is important for waters organism live defences. The animals that live in the water will live pleasantly and can propagate well if the water temperature is suitable with their needs. Besides, water movement (current and wave) gives influence also to the organisms who live there. Salinity is salt content in the water. Different salinity will emerge physiological differences to kinds of fish that lives in the water. The acid-base condition of waters pH will give influence to the organisms spreading that live there.

Soil is source of live for most of plants. Soil is also supporting biotic factor for other organisms live. All plants or trees that grow in the land highly depend on the nutrient of the soil. Plants will get natural nutrient supplies from the soil. The soils contain also materials that can be used by human for their prosperity, such as mining and diggings material. Soil can be used as shelter also for some animals like ants, rabbits, and snakes who make home inside the soil. Soil or sand is used by the crocodile and turtle to store up their eggs.

Topography is earths surface condition of an area that will give influence to the distribution of organisms. Topography included the land and the sea condition. The land conditions in the form of volcano, mountain, valley or lowland have obviously different organisms. Topography condition may cause endemic organism. It means organism that can only be found naturally in certain area.

Light that an organism needs comes mainly from sunlight. Sunlight is the largest energy resource in the world and will never be used up. People need light also to help the formation of vitamin D and provitamin D. For plants, light is needed to do the photosynthesis process. Through photosynthesis, sunlight as energy resource will be changed into chemical energy. The result of photosynthesis will be used by herbivore organisms or by the plants themselves.

Succession is growth process of community in an ecosystem that it reaches climax condition (stabile community). Climax condition of an ecosystem is indicated by a condition where all members of the community reach the dynamic equilibrium (homeostatis).

Primary succession occurs when an area without biotic component is visited by biotic component which finally lives in the area that it becomes an ecosystem. I land area, it is started with existence of pioneer plant such as lichen, grass, bush, clump, tree, and various populations of animals and protistan. In waters area, it is started with the existence of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other waters animals. Example of real primary succession is Mount of Krakatau which was erupted in 1883. Damaged areas were highly extensive, from the mount until the area in mountains valley; it takes about 100 years to reach the climax ecosystem.

Secondary succession can occur when the initial community that includes a less extensive area, undergoes partial damage. Repair to reach climax community occurs relatively short. The community growth is started one stage ahead. Ecosystem damage can be caused by digging, pilling up, and land burning.

The characteristics of marine ecosystem are high salinity especially in tropical regions and the climate gives no influence to the marine ecosystem. Sea current is influenced by wind pattern and earth rotation.

The characteristic of freshwaters are low salinity, the temperature is influenced by the climate and seasons so that temperature variation is low. There are currents under the dead water.

This is an ecosystem with welled up water. This water is called as land waters since it is to be found in the lands surface and usually located higher than seas surface. Include to curve ecosystem among other things are :Pool

Pool is land water ecosystem; the sunlight can shine the bottom of pool.b. LakeLake is bigger-size land waters ecosystem. The light can penetrate to its bottom, and it contains common salt (NaCl). There are more kinds of animals and plants to be found, compared to pool ecosystem.

Lotic ecosystem with flowing water. Part of rains fallen to the ground will flow to the lake, pool and rivers, and finally to the sea.

Rivers upper course is tributary which receives water from the spring. The water is usually cold, it flows through steep parts, stony area, or even through waterfall that it contains plenty of air bubble, has swift current, no plankton, and producers are green algae and moss. Organic materials are drifted that it contains a little of saprophores.

The water flows from the mountain to the land. The current is not swift. In this area, organic material is piled up and used as food by the saprophores. Sunlight can be used properly by the producers. This area is usually muddy and plenty of the mud is precipitated in the bottom of the river that it occasionally forms a delta.

Estuary is an area which forms the boundary of lower course with the sea. Kinds of animals which live here are from zooplankton, mussel, shrimp, to fish and even crocodile can live here.

The cycle is started from CO2 contained in the air and dissolved in the water which will form inorganic and organic carbon (C) supply. Plants will absorb carbon in the form of CO2 in the air as basic ingredient in the photosynthesis process. In this process, carbon which is in the vicinity of abiotic environment enters the biotic environment. Carbon from biotic environment will return to abiotic environment in the respiration process. Carbon element from respiration is in the form of CO2 or other form as metabolism residue. Residue of died plants and other organic material will be decompose by decomposer and carbon will be released to the air and water as CO2. Carbon moves always from reserve inorganic to live system and returns. Hal of CO2 compound resulted from fossil fuel remains in the atmosphere and the other half dissolves in seawater. Its content in the air is increased also through oxidation of organic material. Human activities increase CO2 content to 15%. This will give impact to earth temperature arrangement (green house effect). Look at this picture.

Reserve inorganic nitrogen is in the form of N2 which composes about 78% air. However, N2 has small biological activities. This gas enters organisms body, and then comes out again without plays any vital role in lifes process. There always occurred N release from soil or water back again to the air. This can be occurred because there are bacteria which do the denitrification process to change ammonia into N2 and release it.

This cycle is main factor in changing earths temperature and transporting various chemical elements in the ecosystem.

The phosphorous cycle is more simple cycle than carbon or nitrogen. Phosphorous movement in phosphorous cycle is not available in the atmosphere. The phosphorous cycle is started from the land to sediment in ocean. Water will bring phosphor contained in the stones in the form of phosphate (PO43-). Phosphate will be re-absorbed by plants and for the purpose of organic substance synthesis, for example nucleic acid. The animals will get phosphate from the plants that they eat. Further, if those plants or animals die, phosphate will be changed by decomposer into phosphate again. Phosphor is the only main element in commercial fertilizer. Phosphor is considerably available in coral. In the nature, amount of available phosphor is lower than nitrogen with a comparison P : N is 1 : 23. People do the digging to accelerate phosphoric mineral transfer from coral to water organism. Look at this picture.