ecosystem dynamics in time and space 11. april 2006 introduction / overview ss 2006 lecture/seminar
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecosystem dynamics in time and space
11. April 2006
Introduction / Overview
SS 2006
Lecture/Seminar
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Zeit: Mittwoch, 10-12 Uhr, oder?
Ort: Seminarraum, oder?
Language: English, oder?
Presentations @http://biogeo.botanik.uni-greifswald.de
Scroll „members“, „Wilmking“ and „teaching“
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Kontakt: Dr. Martin Wilmking Münterstrasse 2, 1. Stock
Tel: 03834 – 864095
[email protected]://biogeo.botanik.uni-greifswald.de/
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Overview I:
Ecosystem / Landscape characteristicsStructure
Interaction
Hierarchies in space and time
General System Theory
Stability and Instability
Self organization
Evolution
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Overview II:
Application of realityReal systems in time and space
Landscape ecological complex analysis
Your contribution…
e.g. Dynamics of ecosystem boundaries
Use of models in ecosystem science
Design of Diplom thesis approach
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Major goal for today:
Start you thinking about some of the concepts in ecological science
Maybe things are not as clear as we wish them to be
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Questions to YOU at this point:
What constitutes / belongs to an ecosystem?
How big is an ecosystem?
Define “Landscape” / “Landschaft”
What is a “dissipative system”
What is landscape ecology?
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Terms, definitions on and on:
Landscape / Ecosystem / Land-ecology / Landsystem / Total Human Ecosystem / Pattern and Process / ……
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Terms, definitions on and on:Haase (1991): Der Begriff Landschaft bezeichnet Inhalt und Wesen eines von der Naturausstattung
vorgezeichneten und durch die Gesellschaft beeinflussten und gestalteten Raum als Ausschnitt der Erdhülle.
Zonnefeld (1995): „Landschap“ equals
1) Scenery (Landschaftsbild)
2) Pattern (Mosaik und Gefüge)
3) Ecosystem in a pragmatically thinking Holism = Land ecology
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Terms, definitions on and on:Troll (1970): Landschaftsökologie, Geoökologie, Biogeocoenologie
alles das Gleiche
Hard (1983): Es gibt keine Landschaftsökologie im Sinne einer Ökologie der ganzen Landschaft, aber natürlich gibt es viele Ökologen die sich irgendwie mit landschaftlichen Phänomenen beschäftigen, und einige wenige nennen sich dann, die beschriebene Suggestionskraft der Landschaftsvokabel nutzend, Landschafts-ökologen.
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Terms, definitions on and on:
Foreman and Godron (1986): We can now define landscape as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that repeat in similar form throughout.
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Terms, definitions on and on:
Naveh and Lieberman (1994): The Total Human Ecosystem is the complex sum of all landscapes, interacting and integrating with human beings. Whereas the geosphere, biosphere and noosphere can be understood as subsystems of the landscape, the THE is the conceptual suprasystem.
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Terms, definitions on and on:
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Example: What is landscape?
Linguistic Landscapes: Concepts, languages and interpretation of the term „Landscape“ in European countries.
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Ecosystem Ecology
Chapin et al. (2002): Study of interactions among organisms and their physical
environment as an
integrated system
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What is an ecosystem?
bounded ecological system consisting of all the organisms in an area and the physical environment with which they interact
Simple ecosystem model
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Concepts?
System
Interaction
Spatial extent
Temporal extent
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Temporal dynamics?
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General approaches
Systems approach- Top-down- Based on observations of general patterns
Mechanistic approach- Bottom-up- Based on process understanding
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Observation of pattern
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Ecosystem distribution is predictable from global patterns of wind and ocean circulation
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Levels of simplifying assumptions
Equilibrium
Steady State
Dynamic change
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Ecosystems in space and time
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Literature:Blumenstein, Schachtzabel: Grundlagen der Geoökologie
Bastian, Steinhardt: Developments and Perspectives of Landscape Ecology
Jantsch: Die Selbstorganisation des Universums
Steinhardt et al: Lehrbuch der Laök
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Literature:
Schneider-Sliwa et al.: Angewandte Laök
Briggs and Peat: Die Entdeckung des Chaos
Chapin et al.: Principals of terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology
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Example of long term dynamic:
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Younger Dryas:
Younger Dryas cooling
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ACR / YDC:
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ACR / YDC:
Influx of freshwater from melting ice sheets
Shutdown or slowing of thermohaline circulation
Transition in a decade or so
Most pronounced in Europe
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ACR / YDC:Europe: Sweden saw displacement of forest by tundra
Glaciation increased globally
Dust increased in atmosphere from deserts in Asia
Similar events in S hemisphere
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ACR / YDC:
End of Younger Dryas in 40-50 years
3 distinctive steps
7°C warming in a few years
No human interference
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Spatial scale
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Econ: