economy and society in baroque portugal978-1-349-05878-5/1.pdfvesse1 arrivals in oporto, 1657-1698...
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Financial assistance for this book was provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
© University of Minnesota 1981
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1981
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First published in the USA 1981 by THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOT A PRESS
First published in the UK 1981 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-05880-8 ISBN 978-1-349-05878-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-05878-5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study could not have been completed without the aid and encouragement of numerous people. Prof. Manoel Cardozo of Catholic University gave numerous helpful Lggestions during the initial stages of research. In Lisbon, Father Ant6nio da Silva Rego provided valuable information on the Portuguese archives and helpful commentary on various aspects of the study. Work in the archives was further facilitated by the knowledgable staff who frequently brought little-known but useful documentation to my attention. Transcription of an important pamphlet in the British Library, which appears herein as appendix 2, was kindly provided by S. George West. Thanks are also due to Ronald Bishop Smith, and his wife Gina, Douglas Porch, and John Vincent-Smith, whose friendship made my stay in Portugal all the more enjoyable. I am very grateful to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, which provided the funding for my research in Portugal.
My mentor during the years involved in bringing this study to completion, Prof. Robert W Kern, has given me invaluable help and criticism. His vital contribution has been complemented by the efforts of three other scholars, Peter Bakewell, Donald Sullivan, and Alicia V. Tjarks, whose reading of chapter drafts yielded significant insights and suggestions. Conversations with Prof. Stuart Schwartz concerning his A Governor and His Image In Baroque Brazil furnished additional information and understanding. I am also grateful to Prof. Dauril AIden, who read the manuscript and offered numerous useful comments.
The Circulation and Inter-Library Loan Department personnel at the University of New Mexico's Zimmerman Library are owed a great deal of thanks for their resourceful pursuit of obscure and often difficult to locate material. The final typescript of the study was skillfully rendered by Judy Buckley and Mary Wicker. My greatest debt is owed to my wife Mary Ellen, who has been a constant source of encouragement and inspiration.
C.A.H.
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION ... 3
11. PRIVILEGE AND PROPERTY ... 10
Pedro the Pacific . . . 12 The Land: Stronghold of the Privileged Estates ... 17 The Nobility ... 21 The Clergy ... 27
111. THE THIRD ESTATE ... 39
The Professional Classes ... 42 The Mercantile Class ... 44 The "Mechanical" Professions ... 50 The Popular Classes ... 55 The Lowest Strata ... 61 The Individual's Place and Social Equilibrium ... 67
IV. THE NEW CHRISTIAN CHALLENGE TO THE ESTABLISHED ORDER ... 70
New Christians and the Holy Office ... 75 Father Antonio Vieira and Jesuit
Support of the Mercantile Class ... 85 The Climactic Decade, 1671-1681 ... 89 The Triumph of the Established Order ... 103
V. THE MERCANTILIST MIND IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY PORTUGAL ... 108
Precursors of Colbertism . . . 112 Mercantilism and Internal Development:
The French Example ... 122 Portuguese Advocates of Colbertism ... 126
VI. PUBLIC FINANCE DURING AN ERA OF ECONOMIC DECLINE ... 141
Raising Taxes and Reforming Collection Procedures ... 143
Devaluation and Protectionist Legislation: The First Steps ... 149
Mounting Expenses and Monetary Reform, 1680-1688 ... 152
VII. ERICEIRA AND THE ECONOMY ... 160
The Portuguese Colbert ... 161 Expansion of Textile Production ... 163 Mining, Metalworking, and Construction ... 176 The Impact of the Manufacturing Pro gram ... 182
VIII. ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND FOODSTUFF SHORT-AGES ... 185
Portugal and the World Economy ... 185 The Growing Trade in Metropolitan Products ... 188 Food Imports and the Trade Deficit ... 201 The Foodstuff Problem: Neglect and Dependence ... 205
IX. RECESSION AND RECOVERY IN THE COLONIES (Part 1) ... 207
Promoting Prosperity in the Eastern Empire ... 209 The Decline of the Brazilian Sugar Economy ... 215 Royal Efforts to Revitalize the Periphery ... 222
X. RECESSION AND RECOVERY IN THE COLONIES (Part 2) ... 238
The Resurgence of Colonial Prosperity ... 239 Controlling the Periphery ... 248
XI. CONCLUSIONS AND CONSEQUENCES ... 260
Defense and Commerce: The Treaties of 1703 ... 262 The Collapse of Colbertism ... 265
Portugal, England, and the Roots of Modern Dependency ... 270
APPENDIXES
1. Persons Tried and Sentenced to Autos-da-fe by the Portuguese Inquisition, 1682-1691 ... 279
2. "Whereas the Portugal Trade is very advantageous to this Nation" ... 280
3. Vesse1 Arrivals in Oporto, 1657-1698 ... 282
4. Ships of the Carreira da india Reaching Bahia, 1663-1703 ... 284
5. The Bahian Frota of 1668 ... 285 6. Prices and Estimated Annual Production of the
Best White Bahian Sugar, 1655-1710 ... 287 7. A Note on Currency, Weights, and Measures ... 288
NOTES ... 291
BIBLIOCRAPHY ... 333
INDEX ... 351
FICURES
1. Selected Commodity Prices in Portugal, 1667-1705 ... 145
2. Some Data on the Number of Foreign Vessels Arriving at Portuguese P.orts, 1670-1705 ... 189
3. The Rise and Fall in the Value of Brazilian Sugar Exports, 1610-1690 ... 216
TABLES
1. The Leading Noble Families of Portugal, 1684 ... 22 2. Monasteries and Convents in Portugal, 1628 ... 31 3. Two Computations ofRoyal Revenues in 1681 ... 155 4. Salt Exported from Setubal, 1680-1705 ... 191 5. English Imports of Portuguese Wines and Duties
Imposed on Their Export by the Oporto Alfandega, 1675-1705 ... 195
6. Trade between England and Portugal, 1697-1715 ... 200 7. Income and Expenditure of Various African
and Eastern Enclaves, 1684-1687 ... 212 8. Rolls of Brazilian Tobacco Shipped to
Portugal, 1680-1704 ... 240 9. Bahian Vessels Carrying Tobacco to Angola and the
Mina Co ast, 1681-1710 ... 242 10. Slaves Delivered to Cartagena de Indias by
the Cacheu Company, 1698-1701 ... 24;3
11. Shipments of Brazilian Gold to Lisbon, 1699-1705 ... 245 12. Brazilian Commodity Exports to Portugal and
Their Estimated Value, circa 1700 ... 248 13. Tobacco Shipments from Bahia to the Mina
Coast, 1698-1704 ... 257
MAPS
1. Portugal in the Late Seventeenth Century ... xiv 2. The Portuguese Empire ... After 209
PLATES (FoUowing page 146)
1. Lisbon's Terreiro do Pac;:o in the seventeenth century. 2. D. Pedro 11, king of Portugal. 3. A Portuguese noble couple of the seventeenth century. 4. Frei Ant6nio das Chagas. 5. Padre Ant6nio Vieira. 6. Fish vendors in Lisbon's Prac;:a da Ribeira. 7. An auto-da-fe procession wending its way through Lisbon's
Rossio. 8. D. Nuno Alvares Pereira de Melo, first duke of Cadaval. 9. D. Luis de Meneses, third count of Ericeira.
10. Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos (circa 1671), foremost entrepöt of the Portuguese empire.
11. Manifest of the tobacco cargo borne by the Bahian [rota of 1703.
12. Lisbon harbor (circa 1700).
A CAVEAT ON ORTHOGRAPHY
Portuguese orthography has undergone numerous changes and revisions during the last four centuries. Thus, when one draws from sources dating from the seventeenth century onward, differences in usage unavoidably crop up. In most instances, I have followed modern Portuguese usage in the text, but quotations from early sources are left in their original form. Citations for publications are taken from title pages. This invests the footnotes and bibliography with considerable variation in spelling and the use of accent marks (for example, Bahia and Baia, hist6ria and historia), for which the reader should be prepared. As to other othographic inconsistencies that may have escaped detection or resolution, I can only, to borrow a line from Stuart Schwartz, "point to the hallowed precedent of centuries of confusion in these matters."