economical anti-theft system for two wheelers

Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.

1 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the

unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable. Theft is one of the most

common and oldest criminal behaviors. Where the ownership of a physical possession

can be altered without the rightful owner's consent, theft prevention has been

introduced to assert the ownership whenever the rightful owner is physically absent.

Anti-theft systems have been around since individuals began stealing other people's

property and have evolved accordingly to thwart increasingly complex methods of

theft.

From the invention of the first lock and key to the introduction of RFID tags and

biometric identification, anti-theft systems have evolved to match the introduction of

new inventions to society and the resulting theft of them by others. In the case of

vehicle theft, the best deterrent to theft is in the installation of an approved vehicle anti

theft immobilizer.

Many vehicles have OEM (factory installed) units and afford protection through

the ignition system. OEM immobilizers function through the ECM/PCM (computer)

under the hood of the vehicle. In general terms, the RFID tag attached to the key must

be read by the ECM in order to allow ignition to occur. Unfortunately, organized crime

is able to bypass these systems and steal any vehicle at will. An approved immobilizer

uses a 3 circuit isolation system which thwarts even the most experienced thief.



CHAPTER 2

FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM

If anybody tries to steal your bike, this circuit turns on the buzzer to alert you of

the impending theft. Usually, a handle lock is used on the handle bar for the safety of

bikes, with the front mudguard in a slanted position.

When the handle lock is freed, the front mudguard can be aligned with the body

of the bike. This circuit consists of LED and LDR sections. The LED is fitted on the

back end of front mudguard and the LDR is fitted on the central portion of the crash

guard of the bike such that LED rays directly fall on the LDR when the front mudguard

comes in line with the body of the bike, there by activating the IC 555 to sound the

buzzer and alerting the nearby people for the action.

Also, when somebody try to steal the battery of the bike, a circuit connected to

the battery will activated and sounds buzzer if the leads of the battery is removed.

There by preventing the stealing of the battery.

If somebody tries to rest on the seat of the bike or try to disturb the position of

the seat, the circuit hidden inside the seat arrangement will activate the IC 555, there by

sounding the buzzer.

There is a separate arrangement built here that, when there is a daytime and if

we accidently left the head lamp turned on, the sensor in this circuit detects the sunlight

and immediately turn off the head lamp to help prevent the consumption of the battery.



CHAPTER 3

CIRCUIT

In its simple construction, irrespective of the system available in the

market, this project has three different types of sensor namely, Rider sensor, Vibration /

motion sensor and Battery removal sensor. There is a timer circuit based on NE555 IC

that has connected to a buzzer and an electro-magnetic relay. The whole system gets its

power from a separate battery of 9V DC. Thus this system works without vehicle‟s own

battery.

Fig.3.1 – Block diagram of the system

The rider sensor senses any person trying to sit on the seat of the two wheeler,

the vibration / motion sensor senses any vibration or any movement occurs in the

vehicle‟s body and the battery removal sensor, as the name suggest, senses the removal

of the battery.

Any theft event thus captured is passed on to the NE 555 IC where it gets

processed as a theft event and the same IC makes the buzzer and the relay ON. The



buzzer is ON till it will be turned OFF manually and then the entire system will work in

its normal mode.

Thus whenever a theft tries to indulge in the activity of theft in concern with the

same vehicle in repeated manner, the system will stand as it retriggers itself.

The figure below shows the basic and heart circuit for this system. The IC 555

used here is works in bi-stable mode, which means this circuit requires manual input to

trigger and to reset the IC. In this system, we used the sensor as the manual input to the

IC 555 to trigger the IC at trigger input terminal (pin no. 2), so as to show the activity

of the bike being stolen or trying to steal.

Fig.3.2 – IC 555 as bi-stable multi-vibrator

The system can be turned off by giving another pulse to the IC 555 to

make the system reset and works as normal. The reset signal or pulse is given to the

reset terminal (pin no. 4). The output terminal (pin no. 3) is used to trigger the relay via

the transistor (BC547) so as to activate the buzzer to inform the activity to nearby

people. The IC 555 is powered by a regulated power supply from IC 7805 and relay is

powered by regulated power supply from IC 7812.



The figure below shows the circuit for the prevention of turning the head lamp

ON accidently. The sensor used to detect the sunlight is general purpose LDR, which

will sense the sunlight and ultimately switched OFF the head lamp to help prevent the

consumption of the battery.

Fig.3.3 – Dark sensor to switch off head lamp during daytime.

In this circuit, when the daylight falls on the LDR, the resistance of the LDR

dramatically decreased. This will make the base terminal of T1 ground and OFF and

ultimately T2 will also be OFF. So no light or LED will turned ON.

When there is no sunlight available, which means during the night-time, no light

will fall on the LDR, making its resistance significantly larger and hence it is as good as

open circuit. So the base of T1 transistor will activate by the supply through 10K

resistor. So the base of transistor T2 triggered, making it active and current will flow

through it. So the light or LED will glow during the night time.



CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION

Methodology adopted for the project consists of the following activities:

ACTIVITY 1: SURVEY

SURVEY is also called as feasibility analysis or the initial business study. It

begins with a request from the user for a new system. It involves the following:

Identify the responsible user for the system.

Identify deficiencies in the current system.

Establish goals and objective for the new system.

Determine feasibility for the new system.

Prepare a project charter that will be used to guide the remainder of the project.

ACTIVITY 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The objective of system analysis activity is to develop structured system

specification for the proposed system. The structured system specification should

describe what the proposed system will do, independent of the technology which will

be used to implement these requirements.

This activity includes making list of the components needed in the project.

Thus, this step also includes the designing of circuits according to need.

For example, for an op-amp in inverting mode with a required gain of 100,

values of resistances should be chosen accordingly.



ACTIVIYT 3: COMPONENT SEARCH

The objective of this activity is to search the components present in the

component list and other apparatus, which will be required during the project.

Once the components are arranged the apparatus required for PCB

manufacturing is arranged.

ACTIVITY 4: PRELIMIRY DESIGN

The primary objective of this step is to transform the functional specification of

the user requirement into the physical specification. The physical specification of the

system defines the appearance of the system for the user.

This step also includes the testing of the given i.e. designed circuit on

breadboard.

ACTIVITY 5: IMPLEMENTATION

This activity involves PCB manufacturing and component mounting on that

PCB. Thus this involves soldering; integration of various components.

The output of this activity is the complete integrated system.

ACTIVITY 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE

The objective of this activity is to check whether the desirable output is

produced for given set of inputs. Thus this test aims at ensuring that the functional

requirements of the user are being met.

Thus the output of this system is the accepted system. The new system will be

acceptable only if it produces satisfactory result on test data.



ACTIVITY 7: PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION

The objective of this activity is to produce a manual, which may be used as a

guide for using or operating the system. In fact, there may be several manuals catering

to the needs of different types of person.

A manual should describe the manual procedures as well as the interface with

the automated portion of the system.

ACTIVITY 8: INSTALLATION

It means installing the new system in place of old system. Thus there is a

switching from an old system to a new one. Different change over techniques like direct

change over, phased change over, pilot run or parallel run may be used for switching

from the existing system to the new one.



CHEPTER 5

SEMI-CONDUCTOR SPECIFICATION

NE 555 - GENERAL PURPOSE SINGLE BIPOLAR TIMERS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The NE555 monolithic timing circuit is a highly stable controller capable of

producing accurate time delays or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, the

time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For a stable

operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both

accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be

triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up

to 200mA. The NE555 is available in plastic and ceramic mini-dip package and in an 8-

lead micro-package and in metal can package version.

FEATURES

Low turn OFF time.

Maximum operating frequency greater than 500kHz.

Timing from micro-seconds to hours.

Operates in both Astable and Monostable modes.

High output current can source or sink 200mA.

Adjustable duty cycle.

TTL compatible.

Temperature stability of 0.005% per oC



ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Table 5.1

Symbol Parameter Value Unit

Vcc Supply Voltage 18 V

Toper

Operating Free Air Temperature Range for NE555

for SA555

for SE555

0 to 70

–40 to 105

–55 to 125

oC

oC

oC

Tj Junction Temperature 150 oC

Tstg Storage Temperature Range –65 to 150 oC

OPERATING CONDITIONS

Table 5.2

Symbol Parameter SE555 NE555 - SA555 Unit

Vcc Supply Voltage 4.5 to 18 4.5 to 18 V

Vth, Vtrig, Vcl, Vreset Maximum Input Voltage Vcc Vcc V

PIN CONNECTIONS (TOP VIEW)

Fig.5.1 – Pin diagram of NE 555 IC.



BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.5.2 – Block diagram of NE 555 IC.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Fig.5.3 – Schematic diagram of NE 555 IC.



PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA

Fig.5.4 – Mechanical data of NE 555 IC.



PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA

Table 5.3

Dimensions

Millimeters Inches

Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max.

A 3.32 0.131

a1 0.51 0.020

B 1.15 1.65 0.045 0.065

b 0.356 0.55 0.014 0.022

b1 0.204 0.304 0.008 0.012

D 10.92 0.430

E 7.95 9.75 0.313 0.384

e 2.54 0.100

e3 7.62 0.300

e4 7.62 0.300

F 6.6 0.260

i 5.08 0.200

L 3.18 3.81 0.125 0.150

Z 1.52 0.060



LM78XX Series 3-Terminal Positive Regulators

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive

voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area

compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is

provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage

regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for

elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation.

In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external

components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents.

Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to

use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the

output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if

the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power

package. The LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC series is available in the TO-220 plastic

power package, and the LM340-5.0 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the

LM340-5.0 and LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 package.



FEATURES

Complete specifications at 1A load

Output voltage tolerances of ±2% at Tj = 25°C and ±4% over the temperature

range (LM340A)

Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of ΔVIN at 1A load (LM340A)

Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A)

Internal thermal overload protection

Internal short-circuit current limit

Output transistor safe area protection

P+ Product Enhancement tested

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

DC Input Voltage 35V

Internal Power Dissipation Internally Limited

Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C

Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C

Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)

TO-3 Package (K) 300°C

TO-220 Package (T),

TO-263 Package (S) 230°C

ESD Susceptibility 2 kV



OPERATING CONDITIONS

Temperature Range (TA)

LM140 −55°C to +125°C

LM340A, LM340 0°C to +125°C

LM7808C 0°C to +125°C

CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

Fig.5.5 – Connection diagram of IC 78XX series.



EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC

Fig.5.6 – Equivalent schematic diagram of IC 78XX series.



PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS INCHES (MILLIMETERS) UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE

Fig.5.7 – Physical dimensions of IC 78XX series.



BC547 - NPN GENERAL PURPOSE TRANSISTORS

DESCRIPTION

NPN transistor in a TO-92, SOT54 plastic package.

PNP complements: BC556 AND BC557.

FEATURES

Low current (MAX. 100 MA)

Low voltage (MAX. 65 V)

PINNING

Fig.5.8 – Simplified outline and pin diagram of transistor BC547.

Table 5.4

PIN DESCRIPTION

1 emitter

2 base

3 collector



ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING

Table 5.5

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT

VCBO

collector-base voltage

BC546

BC547

open emitter

-

-

80

50

V

V

VCEO

collector-emitter voltage

BC546

BC547

open base

-

-

65

45

V

V

VEBO

emitter-base voltage

BC546

BC547

open collector

-

-

6

6

V

V

IC collector current (DC) - 100 mA

ICM peak collector current - 200 mA

IBM peak base current - 200 mA

Ptot total power dissipation Tamb 25 °C - 500 mW

Tstg storage temperature -65 +150 °C

Tj junction temperature - 150 °C

Tamb operating ambient

temperature

-65 +150 °C



PACKAGE OUTLINE

Plastic single-ended leaded (through hole) package; 3 leads

Fig.5.9 – Package outline of transistor BC547.

DIMENSIONS (mm are the original dimensions)

Table 5.6

UNIT A b b1 c D d E e e1 L L1(1)

mm

5.2

5.0

0.48

0.40

0.66

0.56

0.45

0.40

4.8

4.4

1.7

1.4

4.2

3.6

2.54 1.27

14.5

12.7 2.5



W10M - SINGLE-PHASE SILICON BRIDGE

DESCRIPTION

REVERSE VOLTAGE : 50 TO 1000 VOLTS

FORWARD CURRENT : 1.5 AMPERES

FEATURES

Surge overload rating - 50 amperes peak

Ideal for printed circuit board

Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded plastic technique results in

inexpensive product

Mounting Position: Any

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C)

Table 5.7

Parameter Symbol W10M Unit

Maximum repetitive peak reverse voltage VRRM 1000 Volts

Maximum RMS voltage VRMS 700 Volts

Maximum DC blocking voltage VDC 1000 Volts

Maximum average forward rectified current TA=25°C I(AV) 1.5 Amps

Peak forward surge current, 8.3mS single half

sine-wave superimposed on rated load IFSM 50.0 Amps

12t Rating for fusing (t<8.35ms) I

2t 5.0 A

2t

Maximum forward voltage drop per element at 1.0A

peak VF 1.0 Volt

Maximum DC reverse current at rated TA=25

DC blocking voltage per element TA=100

IR

10.0

1.0

uA

mA

Operating temperature range TJ -55 to +125 °C

Storage temperature range TSTG -55 to +150 °C



PACKAGE OUTLINE

Fig.5.10 – Package outline of W10M bridge rectifier.

DIMENSIONS

Table 5.8

DIM

inches mm

Note

Min. Max. Min. Max.

A 0.300 0.340 7.6 8.6 ɸ

B 0.180 0.220 4.6 5.6

C 1.20 - 30.5 -

D 1.27 - 32.3 -

E 0.180 0.220 4.6 5.6

F 0.028 0.032 0.71 0.81 ɸ



CHAPTER 6

PASSIVE COMPONENTS

RESISTORS

The opposition to the flow of electrons or electric current is known as

resistance. The resistance of resistor is given by

R = V/I

There are two types of resistors

1. Fixed resistors:

It is used to limit the current and to reduce the voltage.

2. Variable resistor:

It is one whose ohmic value can be externally changed as desired. It is

used for varying the value of current or the amplitude of voltage. E.g.

volume control used in TV, radio receiver etc.

The construction of resistors includes three basic varieties.

1. Wire-wound

2. Composite

3. Film type.

These varieties differ primarily in their resistance materials. The ohmic structure

of a resistive material is such that, its electron is tightly held due to the nucleus so that it

does not pass electrons easily.



CAPACITOR

A capacitor is used to store electrical energy and releases it whenever required.

Capacitance is a measure of ability of capacitor to store charge. It is measured in Farads

(After Michael Faraday). However, the unit farad being too large, capacitors are usually

specified in microfarads. Any two metal conductors when separated by a dielectric

constitute capacitance. An electric field is developed between plates. Energy stored in

the capacitor is in this electric field.

C = q /v = coulomb / volt.

CLASSIFICATION

The capacitors are divided into classes

1. Fixed

2. Variable

Fixed capacitor are further divided into Electrolytic (polarized) and Non-

electrolytic (Non-polarized). There are various types of material used for dielectric,

electrode plates and method of their manufacturing and internal construction.



ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

These capacitors are called electrolytic because they use an electrolyte as

negative plate. These are low cost capacitors, which are used in radio and television

receivers, and consumer audio equipments for power supply filtering, bypass and audio

coupling applications.

These capacitors are sealed in tubular aluminum cases using typically rubber

phenolic end disc with a can securely spun over the elastomer so that the capacitor does

not leak out, dry out or be contaminated with atmospheric moisture.

The construction of such a type is shown in Fig. The capacitors are made in

single or insulated; some types have all lead wires at one end, some types are made

with solder tabs instead of wires. They are also made in non-polarized version.

Fig.6.1 – Electrolytic capacitor.



NON ELECTROLYTIC

Ceramic Capacitors are manufactured in many shapes sizes for a multitude of

applications. In such capacitors the ceramic material like titanium dioxide and barium

titanate is used. Thin coating of silver compound is deposited on both the sides of the

dielectric disc, which acts as capacitor plates. Leads are attached to each side of the disc

and the whole unit is encapsulated in a moisture proof coating. This is the procedure of

preparing disc capacitor.

Tubular ceramic capacitors are constructed from ceramic mixes extruded

through a die to from the tube. The working voltages range from 3 V for use in solid-

state circuit up to 6000 volts for other applications. The usual range of capacitance

ratings for these small disc ceramics extends from 3 mfd to 2.2 mfd and their diameters

typically measure ¼ inch to ¾ with 5/32 inch thickness.

Disc and tubular types of ceramic capacitor are shown in Fig. And their

construction is shown in Fig.

Fig.6.2 – Non-electrolytic capacitor.



TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a magnetic component that changes voltage, current or

impedance from one value to another by linking two electrical circuits with a magnetic

field.

Transformer consists of essential two inductors having the same core or

magnetic path separated electrically. The inductor or coil connected to the source of

voltage is called primary and other called secondary Types of Transformer

1. Power transformer

2. Auto transformer

3. Audio frequency transformer

4. RF and IF Transformer

5. Pulse transformer

6. Isolation transformer

7. High voltage transformer

8. Voltage transformer

9. Line transformer



TRANSFORMER

Fig.6.3 – Transformer.

SYMBOL

Fig.6.4 – Symbol of transformer.



RELAY

Relays are electrically operated switch. It is used in control system in order to

maintain the parameter such as temperature, pressure or electrical quantity such as

voltage. The stabilizer uses relays in order to maintain 230 volt of output even if AC

input from mains is low.

A relay is a device that functions as an electrically operated switch. Most relays

are electro-magnetically operated. Current through a coil generates a magnetic field that

attracts an armature, which in turn closes or opens the electrical contacts. Operation is

in the millisecond range. Relays are manufactured in a great variety. Classification by

application is very difficult, because each variety of relays is used in widely dissimilar

application.

One common type of relay has a normally closed and also a normally open

contact as shown in Fig. The normally closed contact provides continuity between the

armature and the upper contact when the coil is de-energized. A spring holds the

armature in this position.

When rated voltage is applied to the coil, the coil attracts the armature, the

armature is drawn downward, and breaking the normally closed contact and making

normally open contact. Continuity now exit‟s between armature and lower contact. In a

typical relay, a Potential Difference of 12V at just few mA is sufficient to energies or

pull in the relay. The load may be rated at 220 V AC and 1A or more. A wide variety of

AC and DC relays are available. Fig shows the symbol used to represent the relay in the

circuit. Great variety of relays is available in the market.



The following types of relays are arranged in the order of increasing

specification

1. General purpose (common) relay

2. Power relay

3. Telephone relay

4. Card actuated relay

5. Sensitive relay

6. Crystal can relay

7. Dry reed relay

8. Mercury wetted reed relay

9. P.C. board relay

10. Stepping relay

11. Co-axial relay

12. Instrument relay

13. Hybrid relay

14. Solid state relay



ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RELAY

Fig.6.5 – Relay.

SYMBOL

Fig.6.6 – Symbol of relay.



CHAPTER 7

CONSTRUCTION

1. PCB MAKING PROCESS

The list of the items required for PC fabrication and assembling is as follows.

Copper Clad

Tracing Paper

Sketch Pen or Etching Pen

Drill Bit

Paint

Brush

Ferric Chloride Solution

Hydrochloric Acid

2. DRAWING PREPARATION

With the circuit diagram and the component draw the complete layout on the

plain sheet of tracing paper in the same way as if you are assembling the circuit keep

the ground lives one side, and line on the other side as bar as possible . When all the

components are mounted on the tracing paper take a sketch paper to make the

connection on the tracing paper so that all the connection are shown with equal width.



3. PRINTING OF PCB

The drawings so prepared as to impose over the copper side of PCB. Take the

PCB laminated sheet and cut a required size of PCB by using hacksaw. Place the

copper plate sheet on the table, keeping the copper side on the table.

Now, rub away the dirt, grease and oxide with a sand paper. Now keep the

carbon paper of the same size on the PCB copper surface on the top of the carbon

paper, since the tracing paper is transferred, you can now reproduce the carbon print

over the PCB. After tracing the PCB layout, now paint over the track with the help of

oil paint or by using the etching pen, check the drawing carefully. Scratch out the

excessive paint.

4. ETCHING OF PCB

In a tray, take water and mix up with few tea-spoon of ferric chloride powder

and few drops of HCL. Shake the solution well to make the good solution. Now,

Immerse the PCB in the solution. Keep the PCB in the solution by keeping the solution

in the sunlight for about 40 to 50 minutes.

Reaction

2FeCl3 + 2Cu = 2CuCl2 + Fe2Cl2



5. FLUX

It is used to dissolve and remove the oxide and other contains frames from the

surface of PCB. And to remove the ability of solder to spread over evenly on the

surface of PCB, after soldering, the coating of flux is removed from the PCB and

fabrication is completed.

6. DRILLING MOUNTING AND SOLDERING

After the etching process, drilling is done for mounting the component. Drill the

board by using hand drill or machine drill. Before inserting the leads of Components,

the components are placed on the respective position, this process is called “Component

Mounting”.

Now, the next process is soldering. Which involve joining of leads of

components to the PCB track with the help of solder gun or hand held solder.



CHAPTER 8

ALIGNMENT (SOLDERING)

Fix the IC on the PCB in order of the number shown in the circuit diagram. Test

the working of IC. Also align the resistors one by one. Remember there is no need to

align the resistor in particular direction, because it has no polarity or no direction. Be

sure that not a single element can be short circuited with each other or be sure they

should not get short circuited by soldering process.

Now, the next element is transistor. To align the transistor, you must know the

pin configuration of the transistor. Once you know the pin configuration of the

transistor, you may ready to align it on the PCB. Generally the configuration for

transistor to identify it is, take the transistor in one hand. Now, keep the transistor in

your eye-sight in such a way that you can see the letter „C‟ when you look at the

transistor. As soon as you can see the letter „C‟, the ideal pins are, the upper pin is the

„Collector‟ pin, the middle pin is the „Base‟ pin and the lower one is the „Emitter‟ pin.

Once you get known about pins of transistor, you may safely align the transistor

on the PCB. Be sure it should not get short circuited any way. Now align the relay.

Attach the transformer in its given position. The main care should be taken is that not a

single solder should be dry sold. Dry solder should break the connections from the

PCB. So to avoid the breaking of the connections, all the solder should be done with the

help of flux.



CHAPTER 9

TESTING OF COMPONENTS

1. RESISTOR TESTING

A resistor is always checked by using ohmmeter to check whether the resistor is

faulty or not. First of all, calculate the resistance of resistor by using the color codes

printed on its body. Then by using the ohmmeter with the proper range, the resistance is

actually measured. If the measured value of tolerance is limited, then the resistance is

ok otherwise it is faulty.

2. CAPACITOR TESTING

The capacitor is having one positive terminal and one negative terminal, if it is

electrolyte type. The corresponding positive and negative sign is printed on proper

leads of capacitor. It can be tested by using a millimeters by running under resistance

mode.

If the multi-meter probes are connected across the two terminal of capacitor, it

is slowly charges. Hence the effective resistance increases. Now if the probes are

connected in reverse direction, it will start discharging. If it is faulty it will not show

any deflection.

3. TESTING OF IC’s

Digital IC Tester in your electronic laboratory can test the IC. After pressing the

reset button we fed the number of pins on the IC. Then press the IC check button

weather the IC is ok or Not. It is indicated on the board of IC Tester.



CHAPTER 10

ADVANTAGES

This system is based on the general purpose IC available in the market and can

be easily made. Three simple sensors are used in this system to help prevent the theft

action in a very low cost. The system can also be used in house, car or in office to help

prevent any unauthorized entry. The system works on very low voltage and consumes

very low power, thus making it extremely suitable for low power vehicle batteries.

Another advantage of this system is that, this system has a built-in intensity

reduction assembly that reduces the intensity of the main head lamp when it is not in

used, i.e. in day time. If head lamp switch is accidently kept ON, this assembly detects

the presence of available day light and immediately switch OFF the main head lamp,

thus preventing unnecessary consumption of the battery power. The manufacturing cost

of such system is very low and very affordable compared to the system available in the

market.



CHAPTER 11

DISADVANTAGES

The main disadvantage of this system is that, when a theft tries to steal a

vehicle and alarm sounds, we have to manually switch OFF the system by

approaching near the vehicle. If we were unable to approach near the vehicle in

time, the theft might steal the vehicle with the system keeps sounding.



CHAPTER 12

APPLICATIONS

The system can be used in following applications.

1. To protect two wheelers.

2. Can be used in house to prevent burglars.

3. Can also be used in car.

4. Can be used to setup surveillance for precious materials.



CHAPTER 13

RESULT

A complete experimental setup is shown in circuit diagram. After

completion of the circuit it tasted successfully for sensing any theft activity that

might occur. The overall system functioned successfully. All the sensors are

operates successfully.

CONCLUSION

By this way, we have made and studied about “Economical anti-theft system

for two wheelers” and how this project is work has been done.

We study about their various specifications, features, components and

working of the anti-theft function of the system and their uses.



CHAPTER 14

REFERENCES

1. http://www.seminarprojects.com

2. http://www.electronicdesign.com

3. http://www.electrokits.com

4. http://www.etlibrary.org

5. http://www.penguintutor.com

6. http://www.motoredbikes.com

7. http://www.siliconindia.com

8. http://www.electronicsforu.com

9. http://www.google.com

10. http://www.wikipedia.com

BOOKS

1. Basic Electronics by J. S. Katre

2. Applied Electronics by J. S. Katre

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CHAPTER 15

PART LIST

SEMI-CONDUCTORS COST

1. IC1 NE555

2. Transistor BC547

3. Voltage regulator 7805, 7812

RESISTORS

4. 1.2K ¼ watt

5. 10K ¼ watt

CAPACITOR

6. 470uF 25V Electrolyte

MISCELLENEOUS

7. Bridge rectifier W10M

8. Transformer 0-12V 500mA

9. LED Red, 5mm diameter

10. IC socket 8 pin

11. 3-pin wire with connector

12. Micro switch

13. LDR

14. Relay 12V

economical anti-theft system for two wheelers

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