economic opportunities for municipalities in biomass waste ... · india: the world’s largest...
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Prof. Dr. P. Agamuthu Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, [email protected]
ISWA 2014 Solid Waste World Congress8-11 Sept 2014, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Economic Opportunities for Municipalities in Biomass
Waste Utilization in Asia - Role of Knowledge Management
and Technological Intervention
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Definition of Biomass Bio-waste that is generated from agricultural residual
and industrial activities
Has high moisture content and low heating value
Increasingly utilized for energy production through various techniques
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Biomass as an Alternative Shifting of paradigm towards BIOMASS
– Renewable energy– Sustainable– Environmentally friendly– Abundant– Untapped energy
Uncertainties of BIOMASS– Technological proven ?– Economically feasible ?– Constant supply ? (quality and quantity)– Availability & distribution ? (worldwide)
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Biomass utilization Thermal conversion - power/electricity generation Biological conversion – CH4 generation Biological Conversion - Organic acids generation
acetic, propionic and butyric acids Biological Conversion – Bioplastics
organic acids into poly-hydroxyalkanoates Biological Conversion - Bio-compost
Good properties such as pH 6-8, C/N 20 and comply to USEPA standards
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ResourcesFeedstocks
End Use
• Land
• Water
• Nutrients
• Seeds
• Labour
•Energy
• Sugarcane
• Maize
• Palm Oil
• Peanut
• Wheat
• Potatoes, etc
• Heating
•Transportation
•Electricity
PRODUCTION
PROCESSING
CONSUMPTION
BioFuels : From PRODUCTION to CONSUMPTION
BioFuels
• Fuelwood
• Biogas
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
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What is AgroWaste?
AgroWaste
Crop Waste - Cornstalks-Sugarcane Bagasse- Drops and culls from Fruit & Vegetables-Prunings
Hazardous & Toxic Waste-Pesticides-Insecticides-Herbicides, etc
Food Processing Waste- Increased production of processed food
- Maize: only 20% canned80% is waste
Animal Waste - Forest Slash-Manure -Animal Carcasses-Pesticides, Insecticides, Herbicides, etc
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Agricultural Waste Generation
•Globally, 1.2 billion tonnes of Agricultural Waste is produced in a year.
• In Malaysia, 1.44 million tonnes of agricultural waste is disposed into landfills annually. (World Bank, 2012)
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AgroWaste Generation in Asia
An estimated 15% of total waste generation consists of Agro Waste.
Country Agricultural Waste Generation
(kg/cap/day)
Projected Agricultural Waste Generation in
2025(kg/cap/day)
Brunei o.131 0.143
Cambodia 0.165
Indonesia 0.079 0.150
Laos 0.105 0.165
Malaysia 0.228 0.285
Myanmar 0.068 0.128
Philippines 0.078 0.135
Singapore 0.223 0.270
Thailand 0.264 0.293
Vietnam 0.219 0.27
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AgroWaste Generation in Asia (cont’d)Country Agricultural Waste
Generation Rate (kg/cap/day)
Projected Agricultural Waste Generation in 2025
(kg/cap/day)Nepal 0.018 0.105
Bangladesh 0.064 0.113
Mongolia 0.099 0.143
China 0.153 0.255
Sri Lanka 0.03-0.14 0.150
Republic of Korea
0.187 0.210
Japan 0.255 0.257
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An estimated 15% of total waste generation consists of AgroWaste
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AgroWaste Utilization AgroWaste UtilizationRice Husk Ash & Charcoal •Additive in cement mixes
•Water glass manufacture•Active carbon
Rice Husk •Electricity production
Banana Peel & Sugarcane fibers •Paper making pulp
Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
• Mulching, Organic Fertilizer
Oil Palm stems, Rubber wood •Particleboards• Softwood furniture
Onion skin, Groundnut husk •Heavy metal removal
Husk, Bagasse •Mushroom cultivation
Bagasse, Banana Fruit Reject •Ethanol production•Animal feed
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AgroWaste Utilization (cont’d)
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AgroWaste UtilizationHusk, Straw, Cow Dung • Biogas production
• Electricity generation
Sunflower stalkCorn Stalk Bagasse Fibers
• Reinforcement for thermoplastics
Animal waste (dung) • Compost•Fertilizer
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Sector
• Global mitigation potential is 5,500-6,000 megatons of CO2e / year by 2030
Carbon sequestration - nearly 90% of this potential Potential to reduce methane (CH4) emission from rice
fields in China and India by 26% Up to 50% of emissions (1,100-3,000mt CO2-eq/yr) can
be mitigated by 2030 through soil carbon sequestration
Potential to reduce emissions by 277 Mt CO2-eq/year at carbon price of $20 per ton, equivalent to benefit of $5.5 billion a year
Source: Lohani, (2009) Asian Development Bank
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3R’s AgroWaste Opportunities Heat Production *agricultural residues burnt as
fuel-92% as thermal output (EIA 2008)- 12.9 and 14.6 million btu/tonne of agricultural residues
Production of Cellulosic Ethanol as a Biofuel Biogas production as a substitute for cooking gas
instead of fuel wood (in rural villages) and to meet urban demands for cooking biogas
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3R’s AgroWaste Opportunities (cont’d)
Compost production in efforts of sustainable farming – organic fertilizers substituting chemical fertilizers
Electricity Generation NCFR – Non Conventional Feed Resources
- cattle/livestock is fed straw, spent grains, and other agricultural waste
AIBP- Agro Industrial By Product
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Malaysia is the largest producer of Palm Oil 17,734 million tonnes of CPO was produced
annually 18-22% is Palm Oil 23 % is solid waste : Empty Fruit Bunches, EFB
Palm Oil Industry: A Case Study
EFB23%
Palm Oil 22%
POME55%
Palm Oil Production and Waste Generation
EFB Palm Oil POME
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Oil Palm
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Palm Oil Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB)
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Application of empty fruit bunch (EFB) as covering material
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Annual Production of Crude Oil
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2006 2007 2008 2009
15880.8 15823.717734.4
10906.8
Production (tonnes)
Year
Annual Production of Crude Palm Oil
Crude Palm Oil
For 2009, updated
till August
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2008
Where does all the waste go?
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Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
Burnt in Boilers
Steam as energy
POME Anaerobic Digestion
Detention Ponds
Effluent discharged to
water body
Land Application Compost
DisposedShell
Options Available
Retention
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Palm oil Industry: Towards Zero Emission
Concentrationof biomass
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Methane
BiofuelBio-acidsBioplastics Bio-acids
(PHA)
Sugars(Polylactate)
Cellulose
Empty Fruit Bunch
OilExtraction
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Mass Balance of Palm Oil EFB Composting
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Economical Aspect of EFB Composting
Palm Oil Mill
Operation 22000
tonnes/y
Palm Kernel Shell (5% of processed FFB) = 1100 t/y
POME (60% of FFB)= 13200 t/y
Fiber (12% of FFB) = 2640 t/y
EFB (22% of FFB) = 4840 t/y
50% utilized in boiler for steam generation
50% is sold to other plant -> RM100/t x 1100t = RM1.1 million/y
Feedstock for boiler
EFB and POME are co-composted and produces compost = 879.35 t/y
Selling of compost -> RM1200 x 879.35 t/y = RM1.05 million
100% of EFB is sent for Composting
Avoidance of EFB disposal cost of RM6/t -> RM6/t x 4840 = RM29040/y
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Case study 2: Agrowaste Utilization in India
India: the world’s largest producer of paddy, produces 98 million tonnes of paddy
with roughly 130 million tonnes of straw India also produces about 350,000 tonnes of cane that will yield about 50
million tonnes of cane trash A power generation project using these waste is estimated to potentially
generate over 50,000 MW of power while giving extra income to farmers
Example a 12 MW plant needs 120,000 tonnes of paddy straw Supply from 15,000 farmers would enable them to earn an incremental income
of about USD8 /acre So each project can give the local farmers extra income of roughly USD600,000
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Summary With technology advancement and research findings,
agricultural waste is no longer an environmental issuebut a resource for energy production.
‘Waste-to-Wealth’ perception of Agricultural Waste A tremendous potential in improving the general state
of sanitation, positive environmental actions to reduce GHG emissions.
Significantly improves the crop yield, soil fertility Reduces the global dependence on chemical fertilizers,
fossil fuel, etc.
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