Economic Advance and Social Unrest

Economic Advance and Social UnrestChapter 22I. IntroductionSociety went through many changes as a result of the Industrial RevolutionBegan in mid-1700sLed by Great BritainResulted in changes in social roles and household normsResulted in considerable changes in the economy.I. IntroductionPopulation ExplosionAverage 5 million increase over 20 yearsMost moved to towns or citiesResulted in overcrowding, food shortages, and unhealthy living conditionsCrime rates also skyrocketed.

II. Social ChangesThe factory system and the familyInitially families worked together in the homeFactory LifeMother and children- home Father- factoryCould hire wife and children as assistantsWages sometimes became higher and could send children to schoolWomen tended to work low skilled jobs less payWomen also were more willing to take low skilled jobs (and children)

II. Social ChangesChild LaborEnglish Act of 1833Children under 9 could not work9-13 year olds were limited to 9 hour daysChildren given 2 hours of education paid by factory ownerTeens and adults worked 12 hoursResulted later in shorter work days to have more family timeMen become breadwinners and women makersII. Social ChangesWomenBecame more tied to the homeUsually after first childUse to be more heavily tied to textile industryUnmarried women were favored over marriedIncludes widowsWould move to cities/towns and live in dormitoriesWould work to try to save for their dowryII. Social ChangesCrime and Police ForcePoliced society is a result of change in society as a result of factory systemIdea to punish and reform criminalsResulted in professional, paid, trained officersProtect property/people, investigate crimes and arrest law breakersIdea to be visible (not Gestapo style) to deter crimeNon-political1st police force- Paris and then London (1828)

II. Social ChangesPrison ReformsEarly prisons were dungeons or hulks (prison ships)Men, women and children all in the same areasOr New South Wales Australia Crime not an assault on on authority/society but a result of a character flaw.Goal to rehabilitateEnded up being repressive (initially)Solitary to allow time to reflectModeled after USII. Social ChangesPrison reform continuedAuburn- solitary at night but together during dayPhiladelphia system- solitary Rehabilitation usually resulted in teaching of a tradeFrance 1885- sent repeat offenders to Devils Island

III. Economic ThoughtThomas MalthusEssay on the Principle of Populationpopulation will eventually exceed food supplyRaising wages would just increase number of childrenDavid RicardoPrinciples of Political EconomyIncrease in pay = more children = more workers = lower wages = less children = less workers = higher wagesIII. Economic ThoughtUtopian SocialismSaint-Simonianism- management of wealth by experts would relieve povertyProperty and businesses also includedOwenism- Put in correct surroundings to improve themHumane living (dormitories for factory workers)Reward for good work and free education for children

III. Economic ThoughtKarl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883)German PhilosopherLived in Brussels and Paris while exiledPoints out the despair of workers and the inevitable rebellion/revolution against capitalistMore scientific than predecessorsWorked with Friedrich Engels (The Conditions of the Working Class in England) to write the Communist ManifestoFate of Proletariat= fate of humanity

III. Economic ThoughtMarx cont.Influenced by French Socialism and Hegel (rational alone is real)Applied classical economicsDue to inequalities and abuse by factory owners (class conflict) the Proletariat would rise up and rebelMarxs ViewCapitalism leads to inequality- Inequality leads to anger/ suffering- Anger leads to class conflict- Class conflict leadsIII. Economic ThoughtMarxs ViewCapitalism leads to inequality- Inequality leads to anger/ suffering- Anger leads to class conflict- Class conflict leads to social upheaval- Social Upheaval leads to Socialism-And Socialism leads to Communism (AKA the Dark side)After socialism sets in motion the cultural changes needed to instill the traits of communism.

III. Economic ThoughtMarxismResulted in Bolshevik Revolution (Soviet Union) 1917Paris Commune 1871 (failed)Chinese Revolution 1926

IV. ConclusionFactory system created numerous changesPolitical revolutionsSocial changesIncrease in production

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