ecology’ biomesandecosystemsbrannellybiology.weebly.com/.../ecosystem_ecology.pdf · 6...
TRANSCRIPT
Ecology Biomes and Ecosystems
Do Now
• What is a niche? • What is a Keystone Species?
• Website is up! – Brannellybiology.weebly.com
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Ecosystems-‐ Ma/er and Energy
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Primary Produc8on
h/p://www.bigelow.org/foodweb/chemosynthesis.jpg
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Visualizing Ma/er & Energy
There are a variety of diagrams that help us visualize how energy, biomass, ma/er, and even number of organisms interact in a par8cular community or ecosystem. It is important that you look carefully at the diagrams and understand what it says about that ecosystem in terms of ma/er and/or energy.
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Primary Produc8on made by Primary Producers
Gross primary produc5vity is the total amount of energy that producers convert to chemical energy in organic molecules per unit of 8me.
Then the plant must use some energy to supports its own processes with cellular respira8on such as growth, opening and closing it’s stomata, etc.
What is leO over in that same amount of .me is net primary produc5vity which is the energy available to be used by another organism.
Primary Production
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Net Product Pyramid
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Trophic Level Human Popula8on
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• I think this slide should go up with the other pyramid slides even though it’s about popula8ons
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Biomass Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers
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Energy Transforma8on
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Nutrient Cycling
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Now that we have examined the flow of energy and the cycling of ma/er, let’s examine biomes from the biosphere.
Do Now
1. What Biome has the greatest biodiversity and why?
2. Why do many fish tanks have a machine that creates bubbles that blow from the bo/om to the top?
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Dissolved Oxygen
• Temperature: As water becomes warmer, its ability to hold oxygen decreases.
• Photosynthe8c ac8vity: In bright light, aqua8c plants are able to produce more oxygen.
• Decomposi8on ac8vity: As organic material decays, microbial processes consume oxygen.
• Mixing and turbulence: Wave ac8on, waterfalls, and rapids all aerate water and increase the oxygen concentra8on.
• Salinity: As water becomes more salty, its ability to hold oxygen decreases.
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Dissolved Oxygen
• Which ecosystems has more dissolved oxygen? – Freshwater pond or salt water bay?
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Dissolved Oxygen
• Which environment has a greater concentra8on of dissolved oxygen? – Cold water (2 degrees Celsius) – Warm water (18 degrees Celsius)
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Aqua8c Biome Distribu8on
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Lake Stra8fica8on
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Freshwater
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Freshwater Zones
Pho5c zone – near surface, contains phytoplankton and zooplankton
Apho5c zone – deeper, dark areas w/ many decomposers ea8ng dead organisms
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Wetlands & Estuaries
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Transi8onal Zones between freshwater and marine. This water tends to be a mix of both depending on its geographic loca8on. The water is oOen referred to as brackish
Tide Zone
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Coral Reef
Benthos
Marine Biomes
Black Smoker
Marine Biome Zones
1. inter8dal zone –shallow where land meets water; some8mes wet and some8mes dry
2. neri8c zone – shallow region over con8nental shelf 3. oceanic zone – beyond the shelf; very deep pelagic zone – open water benthic zone – sea floor
4. abyssal zones – very deep and cold areas w/ high water pressure and no light
5. Estuary -‐ area where freshwater rivers merge w/ ocean
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Terrestrial Biomes
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Tropical Rain Forest
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Tropical Rainforest
• Where Found: South America, S.E. Asia, Central Africa Central America
• Plants: rich vegeta8on in canopy and undergrowth
• Animals: colorful insects, lizards, amphibians, rep8le, small mammals
• Other Characteris8cs: 200 – 400 cm rain, constant temperature (25o C)
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Savanna
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Savana
Savanna – grassland w/ sca?ered trees
• 3 seasons – cool/dry, hot/dry, and warm/wet • frequent fires inhibit tree growth • large herbivores dominant animal
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Desert
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Desert
• Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia
• Plants: cactus and other non-‐leafy plants
• Animals: lizards, small rodents
• Other Characteris8cs: very li/le rainfall, although some deserts have seasonal rain
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Chaparral-‐ also called Scrubland
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Temperate Grasslands
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Temperate Grasslands
• Where Found: interior of many con8nents
• Plants: grasses and small leafy plants
• Animals: grazers and browsers
• Other Characteris8cs: Large varia8on in temperature and seasonal changes. Grazing and prairie fires
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Temperate Forest
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Temperate Forest
• Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U.S., Europe, and Japan
• Plants: trees that lose their leaves (oak, maple, birch)
• Animals: huge variety, including fox, deer, moose, etc.
• Other Characteris8cs: lands cleared by hun8ng and farming
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Taiga
Also called Coniferous or Boreal Forest 1. precipita8on usually snow
2. conifers like spruce, fir, hemlock 3. soil acidic and forms slowly
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Tiaga
• Where Found: most of Canada and Asia
• Plants: pine trees • Animals: bears, wolves, moose, elk, voles, wolverines, grouse
• Other Characteris8cs: long and cold winter, summers warm enough to completely thaw the soil.
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Tundra
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Tundra
Characteris5cs
• Soil-‐ Layer of permafrost • Light-‐ long periods of darkness • Low Vegeta8on
Two Types Arc8c tundra – around N. Pole, very cold, li/le light for long periods and then 24 hr. days in brief summer
Alpine tundra – at high eleva8ons
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Biosphere
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What happens when a cycle is out of balance?
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Cycles can have an anthropogenic (man-‐made) or a non-‐anthropogenic (natural phenomena) impact that causes a cycle to become unbalanced. Addi8onally, this may just be the natural state of that ecosystem as a consequence of the availability of nutrients.
Two examples involving imbalanced freshwater habitats include:
Oligotrophic waters-‐ low primary produc8vity Eutrophic waters-‐ high primary produc8vity
Eutrophic
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Oligotrophic Lake
Eutrophica8on-‐ The Algal Bloom
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Experimental Data
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Use the Sta8on 1 data to calculate the Primary Produc8vity of a water sample.
Report your answer in units of mg Carbon fixed/Liter
The needed conversion factors are found on the student formula sheet
Answers to Previous Slides
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Sta5on 1
4.2 mg O2/L × 0.698 = 2.9 mL O2/L
2.9 mL O2/L × 0.526= 1.6 mg Carbon fixed/L