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Ecology Biomes and Ecosystems

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Page 1: Ecology’ BiomesandEcosystemsbrannellybiology.weebly.com/.../ecosystem_ecology.pdf · 6 Primary"Produc8on"made"by"Primary"Producers" Grossprimaryproducvity’ is"the"total% amountof"energy"thatproducers"convertto"

Ecology  Biomes  and  Ecosystems  

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Do Now

• What is a niche? • What is a Keystone Species?

• Website is up! – Brannellybiology.weebly.com

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Ecosystems-­‐  Ma/er  and  Energy  

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Primary  Produc8on  

h/p://www.bigelow.org/foodweb/chemosynthesis.jpg  

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Visualizing  Ma/er  &  Energy  

There  are  a  variety  of  diagrams  that  help  us  visualize  how  energy,  biomass,  ma/er,  and  even  number  of  organisms  interact  in  a  par8cular  community  or  ecosystem.  It  is  important  that  you  look  carefully  at  the  diagrams  and  understand  what  it  says  about  that  ecosystem  in  terms  of  ma/er  and/or  energy.    

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Primary  Produc8on  made  by  Primary  Producers    

Gross  primary  produc5vity  is  the  total  amount  of  energy  that  producers  convert  to  chemical  energy  in  organic  molecules  per  unit  of  8me.        

Then  the  plant  must  use  some  energy  to  supports  its  own  processes  with  cellular  respira8on  such  as  growth,  opening  and  closing  it’s  stomata,  etc.    

What  is  leO  over  in  that  same  amount  of  .me  is  net  primary  produc5vity  which  is  the  energy  available  to  be  used  by  another  organism.  

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Primary Production

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Net Product Pyramid

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Trophic  Level  Human  Popula8on    

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•  I  think  this  slide  should  go  up  with  the  other  pyramid  slides  even  though  it’s  about  popula8ons  

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Biomass  Pyramids    

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Pyramid  of  Numbers    

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Energy  Transforma8on  

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Biogeochemical  Cycle    

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Nitrogen  Cycle    

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Phosphorus  Cycle    

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Water  Cycle    

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Carbon  Cycle    

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Nutrient  Cycling    

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Now  that  we  have  examined  the  flow  of  energy  and  the  cycling  of  ma/er,  let’s  examine  biomes  from  the  biosphere.  

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Do  Now  

1.  What  Biome  has  the  greatest  biodiversity  and  why?  

2.  Why  do  many  fish  tanks  have  a  machine  that  creates  bubbles  that  blow  from  the  bo/om  to  the  top?  

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Dissolved  Oxygen  

•  Temperature:  As  water  becomes  warmer,  its  ability  to  hold  oxygen  decreases.      

•  Photosynthe8c  ac8vity:  In  bright  light,  aqua8c  plants  are  able  to  produce  more  oxygen.    

•  Decomposi8on  ac8vity:  As  organic  material  decays,  microbial  processes  consume  oxygen.    

•  Mixing  and  turbulence:  Wave  ac8on,  waterfalls,  and  rapids  all  aerate  water  and  increase  the  oxygen  concentra8on.    

•  Salinity:  As  water  becomes  more  salty,  its  ability  to  hold  oxygen  decreases.    

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Dissolved  Oxygen  

•  Which  ecosystems  has  more  dissolved  oxygen?  –  Freshwater  pond  or  salt  water  bay?  

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Dissolved  Oxygen  

•  Which  environment  has  a  greater  concentra8on  of  dissolved  oxygen?  –  Cold  water  (2  degrees  Celsius)  – Warm  water  (18  degrees  Celsius)    

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Aqua8c  Biome  Distribu8on    

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Lake  Stra8fica8on    

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Freshwater    

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Freshwater  Zones  

Pho5c  zone  –  near  surface,  contains  phytoplankton  and  zooplankton    

Apho5c  zone  –  deeper,  dark  areas  w/  many  decomposers  ea8ng  dead  organisms    

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Wetlands  &  Estuaries    

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Transi8onal  Zones  between  freshwater  and  marine.  This  water  tends  to  be  a  mix  of  both  depending  on  its  geographic  loca8on.    The  water  is  oOen  referred  to  as  brackish  

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Tide  Zone  

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Coral  Reef  

Benthos  

Marine  Biomes  

Black  Smoker    

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Marine  Biome  Zones  

1.  inter8dal  zone  –shallow  where  land  meets  water;  some8mes  wet  and  some8mes  dry    

2.  neri8c  zone  –  shallow  region  over  con8nental  shelf      3.   oceanic  zone  –  beyond  the  shelf;  very  deep            pelagic  zone  –  open  water          benthic  zone  –  sea  floor    

4.  abyssal  zones  –  very  deep  and  cold  areas  w/  high  water  pressure  and  no  light    

5.    Estuary  -­‐    area  where  freshwater  rivers  merge  w/  ocean  

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Terrestrial  Biomes    

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Tropical    Rain  Forest  

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Tropical  Rainforest  

•  Where  Found:    South  America,  S.E.  Asia,  Central    Africa  Central  America  

•  Plants:    rich  vegeta8on  in  canopy  and  undergrowth  

•  Animals:    colorful  insects,  lizards,  amphibians,  rep8le,  small  mammals  

•  Other  Characteris8cs:    200  –  400  cm  rain,  constant    temperature  (25o  C)  

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Savanna  

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Savana  

Savanna  –  grassland  w/  sca?ered  trees    

•  3  seasons  –  cool/dry,  hot/dry,  and  warm/wet  •  frequent  fires  inhibit  tree  growth    •  large  herbivores  dominant  animal    

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Desert    

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Desert  

•  Where  Found:    northern  Africa,  southern  Asia,  central    Australia  

•  Plants:    cactus  and  other  non-­‐leafy  plants  

•  Animals:    lizards,  small  rodents  

•  Other  Characteris8cs:    very  li/le  rainfall,  although  some  deserts  have  seasonal  rain  

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Chaparral-­‐  also  called  Scrubland  

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Temperate  Grasslands    

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Temperate  Grasslands  

•  Where  Found:    interior  of  many  con8nents  

•  Plants:    grasses  and  small  leafy  plants  

•  Animals:    grazers  and  browsers  

•  Other  Characteris8cs:    Large  varia8on  in  temperature  and  seasonal  changes.    Grazing  and  prairie  fires  

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Temperate  Forest    

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Temperate  Forest  

•  Where  Found:    southern  Canada,  eastern  U.S.,  Europe,  and  Japan  

•  Plants:    trees  that  lose  their  leaves  (oak,  maple,  birch)  

•  Animals:    huge  variety,  including  fox,  deer,  moose,  etc.  

•  Other  Characteris8cs:    lands  cleared  by  hun8ng  and  farming  

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Taiga  

Also  called  Coniferous  or  Boreal  Forest    1.    precipita8on  usually  snow    

2.    conifers  like  spruce,  fir,          hemlock  3.    soil  acidic  and  forms  slowly                                                          

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Tiaga  

•  Where  Found:    most  of  Canada  and  Asia    

•  Plants:    pine  trees  •  Animals:    bears,  wolves,  moose,  elk,  voles,  wolverines,  grouse  

•  Other  Characteris8cs:    long  and  cold  winter,  summers  warm  enough  to  completely  thaw  the  soil.  

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Tundra    

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Tundra  

Characteris5cs  

•  Soil-­‐  Layer  of  permafrost  •  Light-­‐  long  periods  of  darkness  •  Low  Vegeta8on  

Two  Types  Arc8c  tundra  –  around  N.  Pole,  very  cold,  li/le  light  for  long  periods  and  then  24  hr.  days  in  brief  summer  

Alpine  tundra  –  at  high  eleva8ons    

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Biosphere    

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What  happens  when  a  cycle  is  out  of  balance?  

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Cycles  can  have  an  anthropogenic  (man-­‐made)  or  a  non-­‐anthropogenic  (natural  phenomena)  impact  that  causes  a  cycle  to  become  unbalanced.    Addi8onally,  this  may    just  be  the  natural  state  of  that  ecosystem  as  a  consequence  of  the  availability  of  nutrients.  

Two  examples  involving    imbalanced  freshwater  habitats  include:  

 Oligotrophic  waters-­‐  low  primary  produc8vity    Eutrophic  waters-­‐  high  primary  produc8vity  

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Eutrophic    

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Oligotrophic  Lake    

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Eutrophica8on-­‐  The  Algal  Bloom  

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Experimental  Data  

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Use  the  Sta8on  1  data  to  calculate  the  Primary  Produc8vity    of  a  water  sample.    

Report  your  answer  in  units  of    mg  Carbon  fixed/Liter  

The  needed    conversion  factors  are  found    on  the  student  formula  sheet    

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Answers  to  Previous  Slides  

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Sta5on  1  

4.2  mg  O2/L  ×  0.698  =  2.9  mL  O2/L  

2.9  mL  O2/L    ×  0.526=  1.6  mg  Carbon  fixed/L