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Biology Unit B.5.2 Ecology: Key

Unit B.5.1. Notes: Ecology

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Notes: Ecology (KEY)

Ecology Glossary

TERM DEFINITION1 Abiotic Non-living2 Biological

Magnificationorganisms higher in the food chain will accumulate more chemicals like pesticides

3 Biome Group of organisms that live in the same environmental conditions

4 Biosphere Part of the land, sea, & atmosphere, occupied by living things5 Biotic Living6 Carnivore consume only heterotrophs7 Carrying Capacity largest number of individuals an environment can support8 Climax Community a stable group of plants and animals resulting from succession9 Commensalism relationship where one species benefits & there is no effect on

the other species 10 Community Contains populations of different organisms 11 Competition 2 organisms compete for the same resources12 Consumer Eats other things13 Decomposer breaks down/recycles dead organic matter14 Ecosystem Contains the biotic and abiotic components of a place=

community + habitat15 Food Chain linear representation of energy transfer 16 Food Pyramid representation of the number of organisms at each trophic level 17 Food Web representation of many related food chains18 Herbivore consume only producers/autotrophs19 Mutualism relationship where both species benefit20 Nonrenewable Can NOT be replaced21 Omnivore consumes both autotrophs & heterotrophs22 Parasitism relationship where one species benefits & one species is

harmed23 Pioneer Species the first organism to grow in an area24 Population Group of individuals of the same species25 Predation one organism hunts and kills another for food26 Primary Consumer get energy by eating producers27 Primary Succession gradual growth of organisms in a bare area (rock)28 Producers make own food29 Renewable replaceable30 Secondary

Consumer get energy by eating primary consumers

31 Secondary Succession gradual growth of organisms in an area with soil

32 Species Group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring33 Symbiosis relationship where two species live closely together interacting34 Tertiary Consumer gets energy by eating secondary consumers

ECOLOGY

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I. Ecology = The study of an ecosystem and the relationship of its biotic & abiotic components.

II. The different components in an environment can be classified as:a. Biotic = Living OrganismsEx: human, sea turtle,

grass, bacteria

b. Abiotic = non living factors of an ecosystem

Ex: water, soil, temperature

III.Examples: Determine if each of the following is biotic (B) or abiotic (A)

a. Human ___B____b. Water _____A__c. Cypress Tree __B_____d. Soil ___A____

IV. The abiotic + biotic components in a particular place together make up an __ ecosystem ________ . The biotic components of an ecosystem = _____community___. Habitat= the place where a living thing lives

BIOTIC COMPONENTS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

I. Producers = make their own fooda. Is a producer an autotroph or heterotroph? autotroph

Ex: plants, some bacteria, some protistsII. Consumers = eat other organisms

a. Herbivore = eat plants onlyb. Carnivore = eat animals onlyc. Omnivore = eat both plants and animals

i. Is a consumer an autotroph or heterotroph? heterotrophEx. of consumers: Herbivore – earthworms

Carnivore – lionOmnivore – human

III. Decomposers = organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead plants and animalsa. Is a decomposer an autotroph or heterotroph? Heterotroph

Ex: fungi, bacteria

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soil

Rabbit

MushroomPlant

GrassFox

Trees


DIFFERENT LEVELS OF A BIOSPHERE

Level Definition Hierarchical DefinitionBiotic/Abiotic

?

Example

BIOSPHEREPart of the land, sea, & atmosphere occupied by living things.

Many biomes make up a biosphere. Both

BIOMEGroup of organisms that live in the same climate

Biomes make up a biosphere. Both

ECOSYSTEM

Contains the biotic and abiotic components of a place=community + habitat

Ecosystems make up a biome. Both

COMMUNITY

Contain populations of different organisms

Communities make up ecosystems. Biotic

POPULATION

Group of individuals of the same species

Populations make a community. Biotic

SPECIESGroup of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Species make up a population. Biotic

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COMMUNITIES

I. A __community___ is a group of organisms that live in a particular place and interact.

The place they live is their __habitat___. Together, these 2 things (community +

habitat ) are called an ___Ecosystem__. Within the community different species have

different _roles_____. The role an organism plays in its ecosystem is called its

____niche____ (This includes: diet, reproduction, time of activity, trophic level).

Examples: Plant—producer, needs light and soil, does photosynthesis.

Resources

THE EFFECT OF RESOURCES TO A COMMUNITY

I. All organisms need resources to survive.

a. Plants: water, soil, carbon dioxide, shelter

b. Animals: water, food, oxygen, shelter

TYPES OF RESOURCES

I. Resources can be renewable or nonrenewable.

a. Renewable Resource – replaceable

Examples: water, trees

b. Nonrenewable Resource – can’t be replaced

Examples: fossil fuels, species, fresh water

II. Often there is a limited supply of _____resources________. A limited supply of

resources can lead to __competition___among organisms.

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Notes: Ecology (KEY) 6

Instructions: Classify the following examples using the terms listed above


BIOMES

Biome Climate (__________

Factors)

Plant

Adaptations

Animal

Adaptations

Deserts

Grasslands

Rain Forests

Tundra

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Notes: Ecology (KEY) 8


Energy Transfer

I. Most of the energy in an ecosystem comes from the _sun__.

II. Organisms can do different things with the energy.a. Energy is _stored_ (in carbohydrates and lipids) . b. Energy is _used_ for life processes (move, cellular respiration,

reproduce) c. Energy is _released as heat .

III. As organisms eat other organisms, energy is transferred from one organism to the other eaten.

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0.1%


INTERACTIONS IN AN ECOSYSTEM:

Trophic

LevelName Definition

Energytransferre

dExampl

e

Level 1 PRODUCERSUse energy from sun to make glucose through

photosynthesis. 100% Grass

Level 2 PRIMARY CONSUMERS Get ENERGY by eating producers= Herbivores 10% Field

Mouse

Level 3 SECONDARY CONSUMERS

Get ENERGY by eating primary consumers=

Carnivores1% Snake

Level 4 TERTIARY CONSUMERSGet ENERGY by eating secondary consumers=

Carnivores.0.1% Hawk

Level 5 DECOMPOSERS Breakdown dead organic material. * Bacteri

a & Fungi

* Why is there not a percent in the decomposers box? Because the energy transfer for a decomposer depends on what is being decomposed.

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Different ways to show interactions in an ecosystem.

1. For each of the following diagrams, identify:a. Producers / Consumersb. Autotrophs / Heterotrophsc. Number of the trophic leveld. Energy flow using percent or numbers

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Notes: Evaluating Changes in Energy Diagrams

1. FOOD CHAIN a. If an organism has an arrow going away from it, it is being eaten

(giving energy to another organism)b. If an organism has an arrow going towards it, it is eating another

organism (getting energy from that organism)

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Primary Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Tertiary Consumer


Spider is eating…..Aphid. Sparrow is getting energy from…….spiders.

2. FOOD PYRAMID Why is the bottom of the food pyramid bigger than the top?

It has more organisms and more energy.

a. Label the trophic level with the most energy and the least energy.b. Label the trophic level with the most organisms and the least

number of organisms.c. 10% of energy is passed to the next trophic level; therefore, there

is less energy and fewer organisms going up the pyramid.

3. FOOD WEB a. If an organism has an arrow going away from it, it is being eaten

(giving energy to another organism)b. If an organism has an arrow going towards it, it is eating another

organism (getting energy from that organism)

c. If an organism has both arrows (one going away and one going towards it) it is eating an organism and then is being eaten by another organism

d. The organism that ONLY has arrows going away from it means:

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a. It does not get energy from other organisms. It has to get energy from the sun. Therefore, a producer.

Determine if each is receiving energy or giving energy:o Grass – giving energy to mice

& grasshoppers.

o Mice – receives energy from grass & grasshoppers, gives energy to Owls & skunks.

o Grasshoppers – receives energy from the grass, gives energy to mice & skunks.

o Skunks – receive energy from mice & grasshoppers, gives energy to owls.

o Owls – receives energy from mice & skunks. Gives energy to nothing! They are the tertiary consumers.

4. COMPETITION: THE FIGHT FOR RESOURCES

Competition occurs when 2 organisms need the same __ resources __ in the same _ space _

at the same __ time . Competition can occur among _a species or_ multiple species species.

Examples: *** 2 lions compete for a mate*** Lion & Hyena fight over food

Results of Competition: What will happen if 2 species use exactly the same resource in the same way?

1. One species will dominate and the other(s) will die off2. One species will adapt to use the resource differently or use another resource.

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5. CARRYING CAPACITY

Carrying Capacity – the __largest___number of individuals an environment can support. Carrying Capacity changes when there is an increase or decrease in the number of organisms in an environment.

What will happen to carrying capacity if a population was faced with drought?

*** Carrying capacity will DECREASE.

What will happen to carrying capacity if producers were removed from the population?

***Carrying capacity with DECREASE.

What will happen to carrying capacity if a predator was removed from the population?

*** Carrying capacity with INCREASE.

5. MAKE A FOOD CHAIN ON YOUR OWN:a. Rabbits feed on seeds; Snakes eat rabbits and hawks eat snakes.

Make a food chain.

Seeds Rabbit Snake Hawk

b. What would happen to each of the following if seeds were removed from the above food chain (increase or decrease)?

Rabbit – would decrease Snake – would decrease Hawk – would decrease Carrying capacity- would decrease Will competition increase or decrease? Increase

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6. MAKE A FOOD PYRAMID ON YOUR OWN:a. Fish feed on zooplankton; Zooplankton on algae and sharks feed on fish. Make a food pyramid.

b. What would happen to each of the following levels if sharks became extinct (increase or decrease)?

Fish – would increase Zooplankton – would decrease Algae – would increase

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Zooplankton


EVALUATING CHANGES IN AN ECOSYSTEM:The tree is an organism in our ecosystem that is being overused. It is used as firewood, paper, lumber and other various duties. Replanting trees is an effort that will increase tree numbers, yet the time to grow the trees cannot keep up with how quickly trees are being cut and used….

a. How can this decrease in trees affect our ecosystem?Less O2 produced, organisms that lived in trees will decrease….

People begin to replant trees in an effort to increase the number of trees in our ecosystem.

b. How would replanting trees affect the rest of the other biotic factors of our ecosystem?

Biological Magnification

I. Biological Magnification = organisms that are higher in the food chain will obtain/retain/accumulate more pesticides or chemicals.

II. What happens to the amount of chemicals in an organism if the chemicals do not leave the body?They build up/accumulate in the organism (increase) over time.

III. As you move up a food chain, energy will __decrease__ because it is being used. As you move up a food chain, pesticides will ___increase__ because it is not used (stays in the body).

a. On the pyramid and food chain, identify where there is more energy and less energy –and- more pesticide and less pesticide

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SYMBIOSIS

I. SYMBIOSIS --any relationship in which __2_____ species live _closely_______ together.

II. There are 3 Types of Symbiotic Relationships:

.a Mutualism — a relationship in which __both_________ species ___benefit__________ from

the relationship.

b. Commensalism — a relationship in which one species ___Benefits________ from the relationship and

the other is _not harmed or helped_______. :/

.c Parasitism — a relationship in which one organism lives __in____ or _on_____ another

organism and ______harms____________ it.

III. EXAMPLES: Identify the symbiotic relationship being described in each situation below.

A. A flea feeds on the blood of a cat or dog. ___Parasitism__________________________

B. Aphids and ants live together. The ants care for the aphids and protect them. The aphids produce a sweet

liquid that the ants drink. ___Mutualism________________

C. Barnacles stick to the surface of whales. They benefit by finding a habitat on the whale where nutrients are

available. The whales are neither hurt nor are they helped by this relationship.

___Commensalism________________________

NON-SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPIII. PREDATION – an interaction in which one organism ___Hunts/kills___ and __feeds___ on another

organism.

a. The organism that does the killing and eating is the ___predator___________.

b. The organism that gets eaten is the ____prey_____.

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Ecological SuccessionI. What is Ecological Succession? Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an

area.II. Primary Succession

a. Gradual growth of organisms in an area that was previously bare, such as rock.b. Steps of Primary Succession.

Prediction Picture Description 1. Begins in a place without any soil - Bare

rock

2. The lichens grow on rocks. They do not need soil to survive.

3. Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil

4. The simple plants die, adding more organic material (nutrients to the soil). The soil layer thickens. Grasses, wildflowers, small shrubs begin to take over.

5. The simple plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil. Shrubs and trees can survive now

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6. Forest (larger trees) (Climax Community) last stage of succession.

-Time--->--5yrs----------10yrs---------------------50yrs----------------100yrs------------------------300yrs c.

c. Examples of primary succession:i. Sides of volcanoes

ii. Landslides iii. Retreating glaciers iv. Emerging islands

III. Pioneer Species- The first organisms to grow in a bare area.

IV. Climax Community- A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession processa. Will a climax community look the same in all environments?

No, climax communities can range from grasses in prairies, cacti in deserts and large trees in rainforest.

b. What factors limit the type of climax community in a climax community? ___________________________________________________________

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V. Secondary Succession: a. Begins in a place that already has

soil and was once the home of living organisms. (much faster than primary succession because a thick layer of soil is already present.)

b. Grasses grow first, followed by shrubs, and then finally a forest.

-Time---> --------5yrs------10yrs-------50yrs-----------100yrs-----------------200yrs

a. Example: i. forest fires

ii. floodsiii. bulldozeriv. abandoned field

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Time---> ---5yrs---50-----100yrs-------200yrs


VI. Identify each of the following as an example of primary succession or secondary succession. Write your answers in the spaces provided.a. An old house was torn down. Small weeds and grasses grew in the vacant lot.

Over the next few years, bushes and tree seedlings began to grow._________________________________________________________________

b. An undersea volcano erupted and formed a small island. Mosses and lichens began to grow on the bare volcanic rock.

________________________________________________________________

c. A logging company cut down all the large spruce trees in an area of forest. After the area was cleared, spruce seedlings began to sprout. Rabbits, birds, and deer returned to the area.

_______________________________________________________________

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