ecology unit. review – what we’ve covered so far… what is the organization of ecological...
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Ecology Unit
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REVIEW – What we’ve covered so far…
What is the organization of ecological study?Organism →Population→Community→Ecosystem→Biome
Biosphere
Abiotic vs. biotic factors– What are they? What’s the difference?
What is the difference between “habitat” and “niche”?
What is symbiosis?– What are the different types?
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What is succession?• a series of ecological changes in
an ecosystem over timeWhat are the 2 types of succession?
• Primary & SecondaryFrom Pioneer Stage Climax Community
REVIEW – What we’ve covered so far…
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Primary Succession No previous
ecosystem (uninhabited)
Soil must be created
Pioneer species are the 1st to colonize areas – bacteria, algae, moss, lichen
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Secondary Succession An existing
ecosystem is disturbed
Soil and some organisms may remain
Remaining species such as small grasses repopulate first
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Climax Community Ecological succession will occur until
a climax community is reached.– A climax community is when the plant
life has reached a stable state
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What would this be? A volcano erupts in the ocean. When
the lava cools, a barren rock is made. The rock becomes inhabited by mosses and lichen which over time will produce soil. This is an example of ______________ succession.– PRIMARY
WHY?
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Geosphere
Biota
Atmosphere: the air blanketing Earth’s solid and liquid surfacesHydrosphere: all Earth’s water, ice, and water vaporGeosphere: Earth’s surface (continents, rocks, and sea floor) and everything below Earth’s surfaceBiota: collection of LIVING things in the biosphere (biotic factors)Biosphere: includes biotic and abiotic factors on Earth
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BiomesLarge regions of ecosystems characterized by similar abiotic conditions and climax communities
–Distinctive biomes prevail at certain latitudes and elevations
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http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rnfrst_animal_page.htm
• Plants grow in layers (canopy receives most light)
• Soil is so thin and poor in nutrients
• high biodiversity and biomass
• Found near equator…little variation in temperatures. No distinct seasonal changes.
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Much of the human population lives in this biome
Characterized by an abundance of leaf bearing trees
Distinctive seasons Trees adapt to varied climate
by becoming dormant in winter
Deep soil layers, rich in nutrients
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Winters are long and cold Soil poor in nutrients and very acidic Growing season is very short Animals burrow, hibernate, warm coat, insulation, etc
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Contain the greatest number of grazing animals on Earth. Found in the tropics…near equator
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• High winds• Because of the dry climate, trees are found only near water sources such as streams
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• Little to no topsoil due to high winds.• Minerals not deep in soil.• Too dry for decay• Plants have spines
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http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html
• Located North of the Arctic Circle• Coldest biome• Permafrost• Plants grow close to the ground• Few predators• Little Competition
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Marine or Freshwater?? Salinity <0.5 ppt. Sun can reach bottom Fed by rainfall Plants are floating algae and plants along shoreline Animals live in or near water
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Fresh and salt water meet…
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Let’s take a closer look at climate
• There is a difference between climate and weather.• Weather consist of conditions
of the atmosphere from the day-to-day
• Climate consist of the weather patterns in a region, averaged over a long period of time (Typically 30 years or more)
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Climate is affected by…
Amount of incoming solar radiation
Prevailing winds
Ocean currents/circulation
Proximity to oceans and mountains
Elevation
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What causes the seasons to change? Northern end of Earth’s axis tilts toward sun in June
and away in December Difference in tilt causes differences in sunlight intensity
and day length The greater the distance from the equator, the more
pronounced the seasonal changes
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Human Population Growth and Natural Resources
Approximately how big is the Earth’s population??– Over 6 BILLION…
Technology has helped to increase Earth’s carrying capacity.– gas-powered farm equipment– medical advancements
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Human Population Growth and Natural Resources
The growing human population exerts pressure on Earth’s natural resources.
Nonrenewable resources are used faster than they form.– coal– oil
Renewable resources cannot be used up or can replenish themselves over time.– wind– water– sunlight
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Apply the Concept… Out of the following list of resources,
label them as renewable or nonrenewable: – Soil – Coal – Trees – Sun – Water – Natural gas – Wind
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Human Population Growth and Natural Resources
An ecological footprint is the amount of land needed to support a person.
• The land must produce and maintain enough– food and water– shelter– energy– waste
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Human Impact
How are humans affecting ecosystems all over the Earth?
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Threats to Biodiversity Introduced Species
– is one that is brought to an ecosystem by humans whether accidentally or purposefully.
Habitat Destruction Habitat Fragmentation
– prevents an organism from accessing its entire home range
Habitat Degradation– Air, Water, and Soil Pollution
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Invasive Species Non-native
organisms that “move-in” to a particular area
There can be a lack of competitors which leads to exponential growth
Out-compete natives for resources
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Loss of Diversity Threatened Species Endangered Species Extinction of Species
– Believe it or not….99.9% of all once living species are now extinct!
– How big is the problem?
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Chemical Pollution Cycle Pollution added to the environment will
cycle & ultimately reach humans:– EX: Chemicals are:
1. Dumped – land/water river/lake/ocean
2. Enter the food chain
3. Harm the aquatic & terrestrial life
4. Threaten humans
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BIOMAGNIFICATION A concentration INCREASE in a
chemical as it moves up the trophic levels
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Let’s talk about 3 other HUGE human impact
global problems…
Ozone Layer Depletion Acid Rain Global Warming
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Humans & The Environment Ozone (O3) Depletion
– O3 forms a “good layer” around the Earth
– CFC release is breaking down the protective ozone layer
CFC’s are used in refrigeration equipment
– UV rays increase skin cancers & other cell mutations to plants & animals!
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Humans & The Environment Acid Precipitation
– rain, snow, dew or fog
– Created when gases such as nitrogen oxide (NO2) and sulfur oxide (SO2), come from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil)
– They react in the atmosphere with sunlight to produce acids…
– These acids dissolve in water to become acid precipitation
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How is Acidity Measured? Acidity is measured in
units called pH. The pH scale = 0 to 14
– pH 7 indicates neutral– higher pH numbers =
base– smaller numbers = acid
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Global Warming = Climate Change
Global warming refers to the trend of increasing global temperatures.
“The Greenhouse Effect”– Greenhouse gases slows the
escape of heat from Earth’s surface– Fossil fuels give off lots of CO2
This builds a blanket around the earth
methane (CH4) water (H2O)
carbon dioxide(CO2)
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Conservation Conservation methods can
help protect and restore ecosystems
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) develops policies and regulations to protect the environment.– Clean Air Act– Clean Water Act– US Endangered Species Act
Made it illegal to harm any species on the endangered OR threatened list
Including changing an ecosystem where the species lived
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Conservation Nature preserves
– Protects entire communities/ecosystems