ecology chapters 50-55. rachel carson’s silent spring
TRANSCRIPT
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EcologyEcology
Chapters 50-Chapters 50-5555
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Rachel Carson’s Rachel Carson’s Silent Silent SpringSpring
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth
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Lynx / HareLynx / Hare
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EcologyEcology
• The The scientificscientific study of the study of the interactionsinteractions between organisms and between organisms and their their environmentsenvironments..
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The BiosphereThe BiosphereChapter Chapter
5050
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• BBiosphere – the living earth.iosphere – the living earth.
• EEcosystems – cosystems – interrelationship between interrelationship between communities and the communities and the environment.environment.
• CCommunity – a group of ommunity – a group of populations.populations.
• PPopulation – all individuals of opulation – all individuals of the same species living in an the same species living in an area.area.
• OOrganisms – single living rganisms – single living things.things.
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Biosphere IIBiosphere II
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Other termsOther terms• HabitatHabitat –the place where an organism –the place where an organism
usually livesusually lives
• NicheNiche – all the biotic (living) and abiotic – all the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) resources used by an (nonliving) resources used by an organism.organism.– BarnaclesBarnacles– Two species can Two species can
not share a niche. not share a niche.
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BiomeBiome
• Regions that exhibit common Regions that exhibit common environmental characteristics.environmental characteristics.
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Tropical ForestsTropical Forests – high temperature, heavy – high temperature, heavy rainfall.rainfall.
- - Epiphytes - commensal plantsEpiphytes - commensal plants
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SavannaSavanna – grasslands with scattered – grasslands with scattered treestrees
- High temperatures- High temperatures
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DesertDesert – hot and dry – hot and dry
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ChaparralChaparral – midlatitude spiny evergreen – midlatitude spiny evergreen shrubsshrubs
- California- California- Fires- Fires
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Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland – less water and lower – less water and lower temperaturestemperatures
- N. American prairies- N. American prairies
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Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest – warm – warm summers, summers, cold winters, and moderate cold winters, and moderate precpitationprecpitation
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Coniferous forestConiferous forest – Cold winters with snow – Cold winters with snow
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TundraTundra – ground freezing winters – ground freezing winters- Permafrost- Permafrost
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Behavioral BiologyBehavioral BiologyChapter 51Chapter 51
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I. Animal BehaviorI. Animal Behavior
• ““Nature” – genesNature” – genes– Natural selectionNatural selection– Increases fitnessIncreases fitness
• ““Nurture” – learnedNurture” – learned
• CombinationCombination
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Animal BehaviorsAnimal Behaviors
1. Instinct – inherited behavior1. Instinct – inherited behavior2. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)2. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
– Goose egg retrievalGoose egg retrieval– Stickleback defenseStickleback defense
3. Imprinting – acquiring a specific 3. Imprinting – acquiring a specific behavior during a critical periodbehavior during a critical period– Konrad Lorenz – imprinting geeseKonrad Lorenz – imprinting geese– Salmon imprint stream odorsSalmon imprint stream odors
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Animal BehaviorsAnimal Behaviors
4. Associative learning 4. Associative learning – two or more events – two or more events are connectedare connected– Pavlov’s dogs Pavlov’s dogs
5. Operant conditioning 5. Operant conditioning – trial and error – trial and error learning.learning.– B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner– Skinner boxSkinner box
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Animal BehaviorsAnimal Behaviors
6. Observational learning 6. Observational learning – animals copy – animals copy behaviorbehavior– PlayPlay
• Vervet monkeysVervet monkeys
7. Insight – solving new 7. Insight – solving new problems.problems. - Stacking boxes- Stacking boxes
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II. Animal MovementII. Animal Movement
1. Kinesis – undirected change in 1. Kinesis – undirected change in speed in response to stimulispeed in response to stimuli– PillbugsPillbugs
2. Taxis – directed movement in 2. Taxis – directed movement in response to stimuliresponse to stimuli– Moths toward lightsMoths toward lights– Mosquitos toward heatMosquitos toward heat
3. Migration – long-distance 3. Migration – long-distance seasonal movementsseasonal movements– Whales, birds, insectsWhales, birds, insects– Magnetic fields, sun, starsMagnetic fields, sun, stars
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III. Social BehaviorIII. Social Behavior1. Agonistic behavior – aggression 1. Agonistic behavior – aggression
and submission.and submission.– Rituals – wolvesRituals – wolves
2. Dominance hierarchies – 2. Dominance hierarchies – pecking orderpecking order– Alpha male and femaleAlpha male and female
3. Territoriality- possession and 3. Territoriality- possession and defense of territory.defense of territory.
4. Altruistic behavior – seemingly 4. Altruistic behavior – seemingly unselfish behavior.unselfish behavior.– Kin selectionKin selection– ““I would give my life to save two I would give my life to save two
brothers or eight cousins”brothers or eight cousins”
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TerritorialityTerritoriality
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IV. Animal CommunicationIV. Animal Communication
• Chemical – pheromonesChemical – pheromones– Female mothsFemale moths– Male mammal urineMale mammal urine
• Visual – displaysVisual – displays– Sage grouse Sage grouse leksleks
• Auditory – long distances, Auditory – long distances, water, nightwater, night– Whales, wolves, birdsWhales, wolves, birds
• Tactile – social bondingTactile – social bonding– Infant careInfant care– Dog lickingDog licking– Dance of the beesDance of the bees
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Dance of the BeesDance of the Bees
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V. Foraging BehaviorV. Foraging Behavior
1. Herds, flocks, and 1. Herds, flocks, and schoolsschools– Concealment, Concealment,
vigilance, defensevigilance, defense
2. Packs – corner and 2. Packs – corner and attack large preyattack large prey
3. Search images – a 3. Search images – a set of key set of key characteristicscharacteristics
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Pack Pack BehaviBehavi
oror
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Population Population EcologyEcology
Chapter 52Chapter 52
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Population terms:Population terms:
• SizeSize – the total number – the total number of organisms (N)of organisms (N)
• DensityDensity – N per unit area – N per unit area– 100 elk/km100 elk/km22
• DispersionDispersion – how – how organisms are organisms are distributed.distributed.– ClumpedClumped– UniformUniform– RandomRandom
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Clumped DispersionClumped Dispersion
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Uniform DispersionUniform Dispersion
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Random DispersionRandom Dispersion
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Population terms:Population terms:• Age Structure – the abundance of Age Structure – the abundance of
individuals of each age.individuals of each age. RapidRapid Slow Slow ZPGZPG
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Chinchilla BabiesChinchilla Babies
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Population Terms:Population Terms:
• Survivorship Curves – mortality over a Survivorship Curves – mortality over a lifetimelifetime– Type I – survive middle ageType I – survive middle age
• HumansHumans
– Type II – random deathType II – random death• RodentsRodents
– Type III – young deathType III – young death• OysterOyster
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth• Biotic potential – maximum growth rate under Biotic potential – maximum growth rate under
ideal conditions.ideal conditions.– Bacteria and elephantsBacteria and elephants
• Carrying capacity – maximum N sustained by a Carrying capacity – maximum N sustained by a habitat.habitat.– Oh Deer!Oh Deer!
• Limiting Factors – limit biotic Limiting Factors – limit biotic potential potential– Density dependent Density dependent
• Parasites, food, space, sunlightParasites, food, space, sunlight
– Density independentDensity independent• Fire, earthquake, stormsFire, earthquake, storms
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Growth rateGrowth rate
• r = growth rater = growth rate– positive or positive or
negativenegative– ZPG (Zero ZPG (Zero
Population Population Growth)Growth)•r = 0r = 0
r = births - deaths
N
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Exponential GrowthExponential Growth
• Occurs when r > 0Occurs when r > 0
• J-shaped curveJ-shaped curve
• New or unfilled New or unfilled environmentenvironment
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Logistic GrowthLogistic Growth
• Limiting factors Limiting factors restrict size to restrict size to carrying capacity carrying capacity (K).(K).
• S-shaped, sigmoid S-shaped, sigmoid curvecurve
ΔN Δt
K - N
K= rN( )
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Logistic growthLogistic growth
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Population CyclesPopulation Cycles
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Human Population GrowthHuman Population Growth
• Increased food supplyIncreased food supply– DomesticationDomestication– Green revolutionGreen revolution
• Reduction in diseaseReduction in disease– MedicineMedicine
• Reduction in human Reduction in human wasteswastes– Water/sewage Water/sewage
purificationpurification
• Expansion of habitatExpansion of habitat– Houses and heatingHouses and heating
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Community Community EcologyEcology
Chapter 53Chapter 53
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PredationPredation
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Poorwill and LizardPoorwill and Lizard
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Warning ColorationWarning Coloration
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MutualismMutualism
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Deceptive ColoringDeceptive Coloring
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Batesian MimicryBatesian Mimicry
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I. I. Interspecific CompetitionInterspecific Competition – competition – competition between different speciesbetween different species
• Competitive Exclusion Principle – only one Competitive Exclusion Principle – only one species can occupy a niche.species can occupy a niche.– ParameciumParamecium
• Examples:Examples:• Resource partitioning – dividing foodResource partitioning – dividing food
• 5 warbler in a spruce tree5 warbler in a spruce tree
• Character displacement (niche shift)Character displacement (niche shift)• Galapagos finches Galapagos finches
• Realized niche Realized niche • BarnaclesBarnacles
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Character DisplacementCharacter Displacement
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II. II. PredationPredation – consuming other – consuming other species. species.
• TypesTypes– True predators – killing and eatingTrue predators – killing and eating
• CheetahCheetah
– Parasites – Parasites – living on (not killing) a hostliving on (not killing) a host – Parasitoids – laying egg on a hostParasitoids – laying egg on a host
• Spiders and insectsSpiders and insects
– Herbivores – eating plantsHerbivores – eating plants• Granivores – seedGranivores – seed
• Grazers – grassGrazers – grass
• Browsers - leavesBrowsers - leaves
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III. III. SymbiosisSymbiosis – living together – living together
• Mutualism – both species benefitMutualism – both species benefit– Acacia trees and antsAcacia trees and ants– LichensLichens
• Commensalism – one benefitsCommensalism – one benefits– Bird nests and egretsBird nests and egrets
• Parasitism Parasitism – TapewormsTapeworms
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IV. IV. CoevolutionCoevolution – evolving in response – evolving in response to another species adaptations.to another species adaptations.
• Secondary compounds – toxic plant chemicalsSecondary compounds – toxic plant chemicals• Camouflage – “blending in”Camouflage – “blending in”
– Predator and preyPredator and prey– Snowshoe hare, cheetah, polluted mothsSnowshoe hare, cheetah, polluted moths
• Warning coloration – sting, bite, or taste badWarning coloration – sting, bite, or taste bad– Bees and NewtsBees and Newts
• Mimicry – similar appearancesMimicry – similar appearances– Mullerian – all the sameMullerian – all the same
• Bees, yellowjackets, waspsBees, yellowjackets, wasps– Batesian – mimics the warning colorationBatesian – mimics the warning coloration
• Viceroy and MonarchViceroy and Monarch
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V. V. Ecological successionEcological succession – the change – the change in the composition of species over in the composition of species over time.time.
• Plant speciesPlant species
• Pioneer species – first to colonizePioneer species – first to colonize– Harsh conditionsHarsh conditions– Lupine and lodgepolesLupine and lodgepoles
• Climax communityClimax community– Persists to catastrophePersists to catastrophe
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Types of SuccessionTypes of Succession
• Primary – new substratePrimary – new substrate– Rock or lavaRock or lava– Sand dunesSand dunes
• Secondary – damaging eventSecondary – damaging event– Fire, floods, insects, overgrazing, clear-Fire, floods, insects, overgrazing, clear-
cutting.cutting.
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EcosystemsEcosystemsChapter 54Chapter 54
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TerrariumTerrarium
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FoodFoodWebWeb
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EutrophicationEutrophication
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EcosystemEcosystem
• All the organisms and abiotic factors All the organisms and abiotic factors in a community.in a community.
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Trophic Levels – based on main Trophic Levels – based on main source of nutrition.source of nutrition.
• Primary producersPrimary producers – autotrophs; – autotrophs; convert sun energy into chemical convert sun energy into chemical energyenergy– AngiospermAngiosperm
• Primary consumersPrimary consumers – herbivores – herbivores– GrasshopperGrasshopper
• Secondary consumersSecondary consumers – primary – primary carnivorescarnivores– RatRat
• Tertiary consumersTertiary consumers – secondary – secondary carnivorescarnivores– SnakeSnake
• DetritivoresDetritivores – consume dead – consume dead material (detritus) material (detritus) – WormsWorms
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Ecological pyramidsEcological pyramids
• Show relationship between trophic Show relationship between trophic levelslevels
ENERGYENERGY
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Ecological pyramidsEcological pyramids
• Show relationship between trophic Show relationship between trophic levelslevels
NUMBERSNUMBERS
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Ecological pyramidsEcological pyramids
• Show relationship between trophic Show relationship between trophic levelslevels
BIOMASSBIOMASS
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Ecological efficiencyEcological efficiency – the proportion of – the proportion of energy that is transferred to the next energy that is transferred to the next levellevel
• 10% - next level10% - next level
• 90% - metabolic activities, detritus90% - metabolic activities, detritus
• Why we don’t eat lions.Why we don’t eat lions.
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Energy Flow ChartsEnergy Flow Charts
• Food chain – linear flow chartFood chain – linear flow chart– Grass Grass zebra zebra lion lion vulture vulture
• Food web – all the food chains in an Food web – all the food chains in an ecosystem.ecosystem.
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Biochemical Cycles – describe the flow of Biochemical Cycles – describe the flow of essential elements from the environment essential elements from the environment and back.and back.
• Reservoir – storage locationReservoir – storage location
• Assimilation – incorporated into plants and Assimilation – incorporated into plants and animalsanimals
• Release – elements returns to environmentRelease – elements returns to environment
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Water CycleWater Cycle• Storage: oceans, air, iceStorage: oceans, air, ice
• Assimilation: plants absorb, animals drinkAssimilation: plants absorb, animals drink
• Release: evapotranspirationRelease: evapotranspiration
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Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle• Storage: atmosphere (COStorage: atmosphere (CO22), fossil fuels), fossil fuels
• Assimilation: photosynthesis and eatingAssimilation: photosynthesis and eating
• Release: respiration and decompositionRelease: respiration and decomposition
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Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle• Storage: atmosphere (NStorage: atmosphere (N22) and soil) and soil
• Assimilation: plants absorb, animals eatAssimilation: plants absorb, animals eat– Nitrogen fixation – prokaryotes in root nodulesNitrogen fixation – prokaryotes in root nodules
• Release: Denitrification by bacteriaRelease: Denitrification by bacteria
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Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle• Storage: rocksStorage: rocks
• Assimilation: plants absorb, animals eatAssimilation: plants absorb, animals eat
• Release: decompositionRelease: decomposition
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