ecology
TRANSCRIPT
ECOLOGY
Ecological Organization
• Abiotic factor: Non-living things in an ecosystem that affect the life of the organism. – Sunlight– Air– Water– Temperature
• Biotic factor: All living things in an ecosystem. – Animals– Plants– Bacteria– Fungi
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
Competition• When 2 or more species live in the
same area and eat the same organisms they are said to be in competition for those resources.
• Examples:– Cheetas and lions have the same
prey on the savannah in Africa– Grass and weeds in your yard
Coexistence/Cooperation
• When individuals of different species work together to meet their needs they are said to be coexisting or cooperating.
• There are several strategies that species use to cooperate:– Mutualism– Parasitism– Commensalism
Mutualism• An interspecies relationship in which
both species benefit from the interaction.
• Species 1 (+)• Species 2 (+)• Examples:
– A bee pollinating a flower– Fungus on plant roots– Clown fish and sea anemone
Parasitism• An interspecies relationship in which
one species benefits to the detriment (harm) of another.
• Host - Species 1 (-)• Parasite - Species 2 (+)• Examples:
– Fleas/ticks on a dog– Tape worm– Head lice
Commensalism• An interspecies relationship in which
one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
• Species 1 (+)• Species 2 (0)• Examples:
– Barnacles on a whale– Cattle egrets and livestock– Orchids on a tree
Energy Roles
Each organism fills a role of producer consumer or decomposer
PRODUCERSEnergy mostly come to Earth via sunlight and producers capture it to turn it into food molecules in a process called photosynthesis.
They are: plants, algaes and bacteria.
Producers are the source of all the food in an ecosystem
A producer can make its own food!
• Consumers cannot make their own food.
• Consumers obtain energy by feeding on (consuming) other organisms.
• They are classified by what they eat:– Herbivores– Carnivores– Omnivores
CONSUMERS
HerbivoresDo they eat “ Potatoes ” ? ? ?
?
PRIMARY CONSUMERS
• Also known as HERBIVORES • Ex: mice, deer, cows, and elephants• Herbivores eat ONLY PLANTS
• Are CARNIVORES or OMNIVORES• If the animal must be killed before it
is eaten, the secondary consumer is known as a predator.
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
• Feed on the bodies of dead organisms
SCAVENGERS
DECOMPOSERSBreak down wastes and dead organisms, and so complete the cycle by: ● returning nutrients to the soil &
water● returning carbon to the air & water
Food Chain
A food chain shows how each living thing gets food, and how nutrients and energy are passed from creature to creature.
Food Webs
A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem.
Trophic Levels An organism’s position in the food
chain is often referred to as its trophic level.
Energy Pyramids• 90% of energy at each level is used
by the organism for its day to day existence.
• So only 10% transfers to the next level