ecology
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mrs. Nelson
![Page 2: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Ecology?
Study of interactions between organisms and their environment
![Page 3: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors
Abiotic- “non-living” components-ex) temperature, light, water, nutrients, weather
Biotic- “living” species -ex) other organisms including humans
![Page 4: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Levels of Ecological Organization
Species- organisms can interbred and produce fertile offspring
Population- all members of a species in area
Community- every species in area Ecosystem- all organisms and physical
environment Biosphere- The entire region earth where
living things found
![Page 5: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Conditions for Life In order for an ecosystem to sustain life,
several conditions must be met:1) Energy source (ex: sun)2) Living organisms convert energy to organic molecules (ex): Plants –photosynthesis)3) Nutrients must move between organisms and
the environment (ex: water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen).
![Page 6: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Living things need energy…
Producers - organisms can do photosynthesis
Consumers – organisms eat other organisms
-herbivores-carnivores-omnivores-decomposers
![Page 7: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Energy flow in an ecosystem Energy flows through an
ecosystem from the sun to producers to consumers.
![Page 8: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“Who Eats Who”…
Food chain
- straight line pattern shows simple feeding relationships-illustrates passing of energy between organisms
![Page 9: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Example Food Chain …
![Page 10: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“Who Eats Who”…
Food web- illustrates how all the food chains in an ecosystem related
“Network of feeding relationships” Keystone species- species that
affects many other species and can not easily be replaced if lost
![Page 11: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nutrients within and ecosystem…
Three basic nutrient cycles are present in all ecosystems allowing organisms to obtain nutrients needed to function effectively.
![Page 13: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle
The atmosphere 80% nitrogen gas (N2).
However, this nitrogen can not be used by most living things.
Bacteria are the only organisms that can use nitrogen directly from the environment.
![Page 14: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nitrogen Fixation Denitrification
![Page 15: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle Terminology Nitrogen fixation- nitogen gas in the
atmosphere is converted to ammonia (bacteria in soil)
Nitrification- ammonia to nitrate (bacteria in soil)
Assimilation- absorption of nitrate by plants Ammonification- break down of dead
organisms returns “unused nitrogen” to soil (bacteria and fungi)
Denitrification- conversion of ammonia back to nitrogen gas (returns nitrogen to air)
![Page 16: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why is the nitrogen cycle important?
Why is nitrogen important to living things? -major part of DNA and proteins
How do plants obtain nitrogen? -absorb it from ground
How do we obtain nitrogen? -eating plants
![Page 17: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Water Cycle
Driving force is sun. Consists of alternation between
evaporation and precipitation. Most water returned atmosphere
from evaporation oceans.
![Page 18: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water CycleCondensation
Water Vapor
![Page 19: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Water Cycle Terminology
Evaporation- liquid water becomes gas enters atmosphere
Transpiration- loss water from plants Water vapor- water atmosphere (gas) Condensation- process where water
molecules gather atmosphere “change from gas to liquid”
Precipitation- water falls atmosphere to ground (rain, snow, hail, etc)
![Page 20: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Carbon Cycle
Carbon cycles between living organisms and non-living components of ecosystem.
Carbon exists in atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2).
![Page 21: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Carbon Cycle Terminology
Photosynthesis- PLANTS use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make sugar
Respiration- process organisms use oxygen and release carbon dioxide back into air
Fossil fuels- dead organisms buried in sediment change to coal or oil (unused carbon)
Combustion- burning of fossil fuels
![Page 23: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Within an Ecosystem…What is a community?
All organisms in an area. Many interactions take place
between species. Ex) Predator and prey
![Page 24: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What if no one wins?
In some species interactions, neither species wins.
Results in close, long term associations called symbiotic relationships.
![Page 25: Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/5562f45ad8b42a213b8b52e9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3 Kinds Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism (+/-) Commensalism
(+/0) Mutualism (+/+)