ecological relation syrphidae-s. bogotensis
TRANSCRIPT
Ecological Relationship between Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Salvia bogotensis in a urban
environment
Mónica María Zamora-Carrillo1, Germán D. Amat-García2, José Luis Fernández-Alonso3
Nutzarthropoden und entomopathogene NematodenHannover, Germany
31 Nov-1 Dec
1 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems - Sect. Phytomedicine, Germany2National university of Colombia, Institute of Natural Sciences - Sect. Entomology, Colombia
3Real Botanical Garden, Madrid, España
INTRODUCTION
Why was this work done in the city?
www.google.de/maps/place
Why did we use Salvia bogotensis?
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental
Fernández, 2008
INTRODUCTIONWhy did we work with hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)?ClassificationKingdom Animalia (Animals)
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
Class Insecta (Insects)Order Diptera
Family Syrphidae Subfamily Eristalinae
Syrphinae Microdontinae
SubfamilyEristalinae
SubfamilySyrphinae Subfamily
Microdontinae
GENERAL OBJECTIVETo identify and describe the ecological relationship between hoverflies and Salvia bogotensis
JUSTIFICATIONIn order to know if this plant could be a flowering plant to sow in the city to favor hoverflies insects.
MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY
Collection of hoverflies from the plants of S. bogotensis
(Thompson, F., 2006)
Vena spuria
• Botanical garden “Jose Celestino Mutis”
Materials and Methodology
Determination of species of hoverflies associated to S. bogotensis
Key of the syrphidae family of Thompson (1999)
Materials and Methodology
Morphospecies 1 Morphospecies 2 Morphospecies 3 Morphospecies 5Morphospecies 4
Morphospecies 6 Morphospecies 7 Morphospecies 8 Morphospecies 9
Characterization of Salvia bogotensis
• Morphological characterization
• Test for type of pollination
• Test for syndrome of pollination
Materials and Methodology
Behavior of hoverflies on S. bogotensis
Objective:To know benefits that S. bogotensis offers to these insects
Observation & Data Collection• Every week for 4 months• From 8 to 10 in the
morning• Every 5 minutes• In 3 plants• Every plant had on
average 45 inflorescences
Materials and Methodology
Other measured variables……
Intraespecific and interspecific competition:The displacement among members of the same family or with other families in the time the insects take the ‘food’ from the flowers.
Pollen load:The pollen load was measured to determine whether they can transport the pollen.
Hoverflies accessibility to the S. bogotensis nectar
Variables Considered• Length of the flower • Length of insect’s mouth parts• Maximum width of the flower
corolla• Width of cephalic tagma
Materials and Methodology
Hoverflies accessibility to the S. bogotensis pollen
• Characterization of pollen grains of S. Bogotensis was done with the palinology protocol of the ICN.
• Observation of the pollen content of the insects’ gutPollen grain of S. bogotensis a)
equatorial view, b) polar view
Materials and Methodology
RESULTS
Hoverflies species associated with S. bogotensis
9 species5 genera
AllograptaLejopsToxomerusPlatycheirusSyrphus
Results and Discussion
Relative frequency visits of hoverflies genera to S. bogotensis
Results and Discussion
Caracterization of Salvia bogotensis• Cross pollination• Syndrome of entomophily• They have many
characteristics that favor cross pollination
• Stamanes are inside of the corola
• Stigma is up and anteras down (Hercogamy)
• Purple color of the corola • Numerous hairs on the up
part of the corola
Results and DiscussionPictures: Monica Z.
Artificial activation of staminal levers
Behavior of the hoverflies on S. bogotensis
Observed behaviours
Consume pollen grains attach on the superior part of the corola of the flower
Take the anteras of the flower with the fore legs
Consume the pollen from anteras
Results and Discussion
Hoverflies accessibility to the S. bogotensis pollen
Pollen grains of S. bogotensis
Results and Discussion
Pollen grains a) Acaciella bolltoni (Family Mimosacea), b) Taraxacum officinale Family Asteraceae, c) Family moraceae, d) Family Euphorbiaceae
Acaciella bolltoni Taraxacum officinale
Results and Discussion
Hoverflies accessibility to the S. bogotensisnectar
Mouthparts are not long enough to get the nectar.
The average of the length of the flower corolla is 7.36 ±0.56 mm (n=50).
Width of the cephalic tagma 2,4 ± 0,48 (n=51) Width of the floral aperture 2,2 ± 0,4 (n=50).
Results and Discussion
Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition
• Displacement was not observed among individuals of hoverflies or with other families like
• One possible explanation is the high availability of these flowers on anthesis during the entire year.
a) Family Apidae, b) Family Halictidae, c) Family Megachilidae
Results and Discussion
Hoverflies Pollen Load
The pollen load was low.
The mayority of these insects were from the subfamily syrphinae (low number of hairs).
It means, they can optimize only the pollination of plants with autogamy.
Results and Discussion
• S. bogotensis could be a flowering plant which can be introduced in the crops of urban areas in Bogota because
– This plant attract 9 species of hoverflies – This plant offer pollen to them
• It is important to mention (despite it was not the objective in this study) that this plant attracts other insects of the hymenoptera order, especially bees.
CONCLUSION
Picture of Laubertie, 2007
• To introduce S. bogotensis on the programs of urban agriculture and to measure the abundance and richness of these insects before and after of its sowing.
• To measure the impact of species of hoverflies as biological control agents of aphids and pollinators in crop plants sowed in the city.
• It is important make this type of work in cities because the urban agriculture is a very essential topic in food security and hence it is needed to know natural enemies of pests and pollinators adapted to urban conditions and native plants that favour the fitness of these organisms.
OUTLOOK
Picture of Laubertie, 2007
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Thanks you for your attention
Picture of Laubertie, 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• The group of the Institute of Natural Sciences of the National University of Colombia for its logistical support.
• Biology faculty of the National University of Colombia.
• Botanical Garden “José Celestino Mutis” of Bogotá.