ecological communities in the littoral zone€¦ · littoral zone inb page 71 eq: explain how...

ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LITTORAL ZONE INB Page 71 EQ: Explain how environmental factors influence the formation of ecological communities in the littoral zone, including mangrove, sandy shore & rocky shore.

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ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LITTORAL ZONE

INB Page 71

EQ: Explain how environmental factors influence the formation of ecological communities in the littoral zone, including mangrove, sandy shore & rocky shore.

HOW DO MANGROVES FORM ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES?

• Mangroves• Tropical & subtropical; found between 25°N & 25°S latitude• Form woodland or shrubland habitat in estuarine or coastal conditions where silts accumulate

• Habitat is referred to as: • Mangrove swamp• Mangrove forest• Mangrove

World map of the mangrove distribution zones and the number of mangrove species along each region. (Credit: Deltares)

Page 3: ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LITTORAL ZONE€¦ · LITTORAL ZONE INB Page 71 EQ: Explain how environmental factors influence the formation of ecological communities in the littoral

HOW DO MANGROVES FORM ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES?

• Mangrove adaptations help survival in wide range of salinity & low oxygen concentrations in sediment• Pneumatophores

• Root-like structures

• Obtain oxygen directly from air

• Extensive root systems

• Traps particles suspended in water

• Reduces water flow � increases deposition of sediment

• Root system + added sediments = habitats for many organisms

• Crabs, barnacles, asst. crustaceans

• Algae •Oysters

• Sponges •Fish

• Also help dissipate wave energy

• Protects coastal areas from erosion

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HOW DO SEA SHORES FORM ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES?

• Sandy Shore• Sand is relatively unstable:

• Fine mineral particles are easily moved by winds & tides

• Sand is not suitable substrate for attachment of sea weeds

• Provides no shelter for epifauna (organisms living on surface)

• Infauna (burrowing organisms) do well• Ghost crabs

• Bivalve molluscs

• Annelid worms

• Ragworms

• Lungworms

• Where sand mixes with muddy deposits: more stable• Supports wider range of organisms

Page 5: ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LITTORAL ZONE€¦ · LITTORAL ZONE INB Page 71 EQ: Explain how environmental factors influence the formation of ecological communities in the littoral

HOW DO SEA SHORES FORM ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES?

• Rocky Shores

• Relatively stable substrate

• Large rocks & stones provide firm surface for attachment of algae and animals (molluscs & sea anemones)

• Rock pools hold water when tide goes out, supporting range of species

• Environmental factors influencing communities on rocky shore include:

• Aspect (geological positioning)

• Desiccation

• temperature

• Wave action

• light intensity

• Slope

• nature of substrate

Page 6: ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LITTORAL ZONE€¦ · LITTORAL ZONE INB Page 71 EQ: Explain how environmental factors influence the formation of ecological communities in the littoral

HOW DO SEA SHORES FORM ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES?

• Rocky Shores• Often show clear zonation patterns of different species

• Appear as distinct bands along the shore & rocks

• Bands associated with resistance to desiccation

• Species near top of shore exposed to air for longer periods of time when tide is out

• Have adaptations for survival

• Includes behavior and morphology

• Species near water line spend less time exposed to air, fewer adaptations

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