Eco-Industrial Development Eco-Industrial Development

State of the EnvironmentState of the Environment

• Increasing environmental stress caused by pollution

• DepletingDepleting of natural resources

• Threats to human health

GLOBAL IMPACT

Population (2.6B)

Resource Use

Efficiency of Production

= x x

World Population increased from 2.6 billion in 1950 to 5.8 billion in 1995

Traditionally, efficient production means maximum output at the least cost, and often at the expense of a degraded environment.

… more consumption requires increased agricultural production

… faster rate of extraction and use of resources…

… need for more space that involves sacrificing of natural ecosystems …

… to build our homes and service infrastructures, to

provide a place for business or trade.

…and to put our garbage in.

greater demand for transportation and electricitythat meansgreater fuel consumption

… and increased pollution of water and air that can have far-reaching effects on human health.

Rapid industrialization adverse environmental impacts (pollution, resource depletion, etc.)

defeats Sustainable Development

meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Potential environmental impacts

Contaminated soil and lost future land use

Spills

Landscape disturbance

Habitat degradation

Air pollutionOzone-depleting and greenhouse gases

Disposal of solid wastes Freshwater

pollution

Marine pollution

Risks from hazardous waste

Exposure to toxic chemicals

Local nuisances such as noise, lighting and transport

Product Life Cycle SystemProduct Life Cycle System

Earth & Biosphere

Raw Material Acquisition

Bulk Processing

Engineered & Specialty Materials

Manufacture & Assembly

Use & Service

Retirement

Treatment Disposal

Open Loop RecyclingMaterial downcycling Into another productsystem

Reuse

Closed-Loop Recycling

RemanufacturingRecycling

Transfer of materialsBetween stages

Untreated residuals

The Human Consumption Pattern•Mass Production & Customization

•Mass Consumption & Mass Disposal

The Cur r ent F l ow of Mat er ial s

Extraction&

Processing

Manufac-turing

Distribution

CollectionDisposal Processing

Consumption

UPSTREAM PRODUCTION

DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTION

The concept of Industrial Ecology

«The traditional model of industrial

activity should be transformed in a

more integrated model: an industrial

ecosystem.» (…)

R. Frosch & N. Gallopoulos, General Motors Laboratories, 1989

Industrial Ecology as a metaphor

«The industrial ecosystem would

function similar to a biological

ecosystem»

R. Frosch & N. Gallopoulos, General Motors Laboratories, 1989

First idea: «industrial food chains»

«In such a system the consumption of

energy and materials is optimized

and the effluents of one process

serve as the raw material for another

process.»

R. Frosch & N. Gallopoulos, 1989

Industrial Ecology’s Industrial Ecology’s Approach:Approach:

CLOSE THE LOOPCLOSE THE LOOP

Upstream Production

Downstream Production

RE-USE RECYCLE

GreenhousesSulphuric acidmaker sulfur hot water

surplusgases

Statoil Refinery . One of Denmark‘s largest refineries with a capacity of 3-4 million tons / year

processsteam

sulphurgases

coolingwater

Asnaes Power Station

gypsum

condensate

Cementmaker Fly ash

hot water

City of Kalundborg

Provides district heatingservices to 500 Kalundbotrghomes

process steam

Novo Nordisk

Produces a significant amountof the world`s insulin supplyand certain industrial enzymes

ASNEAS fish farm.

warmwater

fertilizer

Local farmers

Hundreds of farms producing a variety of crops arelocated within the area

sludge fertilizer

Gyproc Manufactures gypsum-basedwall board

Commissioned in 1959, the coal-firedplant has a capacity of 1,500 MW

Kalundborg, Denmark

Utilities

Farms

Households

Service & commercial sectors

Government facilitation and regulation

Collector

Collector

CollectorCollector

Eco-industrial park

Resource recoveryfacility

Processor 1

Manuf. 1

Manuf. 2

Services

Construction &demolition

Collector

Manufacturing

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DISCARDSINTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DISCARDS

Government Operations

Finance

Education & research

Communications

© 1997 Indigo Development

WASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHYWASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY

Source Reduction

Most Desirable

Least DesirableLeast Desirable

recycling

Waste treatment

disposal

Industrial Ecology

Approach to managing human activity on a sustainable basis by:

• essential integration of human systems into natural systems;

• Minimizing energy and materials usage;

• Minimizing the ecological impact of human activity to levels natural systems can sustain.

• Energy

• Water

• Waste/recovery/recycling/substitution

• Information

• Regulatory functions

• Transportation systems

• Marketing

• Other covenants

What can be shared?

Looking beyond …

Regional Metabolism

Industry Process

Wastes

Recycling

Reuse

Product 1

Product2

Product n...

Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource n...

Source: Erkman & Ramaswamy

Industrial Metabolism: conceptual framework

Translocations

Input

Minerals, Minerals, ores, energy ores, energy carrierscarriers

WaterWater

AirAir

Harvested Harvested biomass, biomass, hunting, hunting, fishingfishing

Output

Waste depositsWaste deposits

Waste WaterWaste Water

Emissions to Emissions to airair

Fertilizer, Fertilizer, pesticides, pesticides, dissipative dissipative losseslosses

IndustrialSystem

Biosphere

Source: Wuppertal Institut

WASTE =WASTE =

RESOURCERESOURCE

Why participatory ? It’s complicated enough!

creates

Participation

Ownership

createsCommitment

Apropriate Solutionscreates

PALAWAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY Some Issues and Opportunities

PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY

1. Production

2. Marketing

3. Finance

4. Other concerns

Distribution Channels of Seaweed

Farmer

Barangay

Traders

Small Traders/ Viajeros

Export Traders

Processors

Big Traders/ Buying

Stations

PRODUCTION STATISTICS

• developed area for production – 7,748 ha - Class A

– 322 ha - Class B

• total potential area – 9,333 ha - Class A

– 1,883 ha - Class B

– 1,150 ha - Class C

BIOLOGY OF SEAWEED

• Seaweed is a mass of marine algae

• simple structured organisms with no true leaves, stems, roots and wood vessels

• reproduces through spore production

PRODUCTION AREA

• Palawan as main Philippine producer

• 8,070 ha developed for production

• 12,366 ha potential area

• Production’s annual increase of 16%.

grnweed.jpg / 216 x 254 pixels - 16.7kBcarrageenan.cebu.ph/seaweed.html

PRODUCTION

• 1998 production – Province - 141,301 MT

– Total Philippines - 643,043 MT

• Major markets are Manila and Cebu

Annual production of dried seaweed in Palawan in Palawan by municipality

MUNICIPALITYANNUAL PRODUCTION (TONS)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Agutaya 7,200 8,385 9,766 11,374 13,247

Araceli 180 210 246 286 334

Balabac 600 699 814 948 1,104

Busuanga 60 71 83 97 114

Cagayancillo 4,800 5,591 6,512 7,584 8,834

Culion 30 35 41 48 57

Cuyo 840 978 1,140 1,329 1,548

Linapacan 18 21 24 28 33

Quezon 60 71 83 97 114

Roxas 480 559 651 759 884

Taytay 360 420 489 570 665

TOTAL 14,628 17,040 19,849 23,120 26,934

PALAWAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY

• Two largest producing municipalities:

– Agutaya share - 49.2%

– Cagayancillo share -32.8%

PALAWAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY

– Classification of municipalities based on number of months of production

• Class A

• Class B

• Class C

PRODUCTION STATISTICS

• developed area for production – 7,748 ha - Class A

– 322 ha - Class B

• total potential area – 9,333 ha - Class A

– 1,883 ha - Class B

– 1,150 ha - Class C

Systems make it Systems make it possible,possible,

People make it People make it happen.happen.