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CONSERVE RESOURCES GROUPECO‐ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES

CRG

CRG TECHNOLOGY DIVISION

CRG ‐DMP Tech Processes

Discrete Micro‐plasma

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Inventor

Overview

Benefits

Applications

Current status

Risk Assessment

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CRG Management TeamSingapore 2013

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL


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CRG‐DMP Tech Processes

1. Executive Summary

The rapid economic growth experienced across more and more of the developing world is fuelling an unprecedented demand for energy. Based on the current consumption patterns and current power generation systems, this demand for energy is not sustainable as far as natural resources and pollution are concerned.

A search for clean, renewable alternative energy sources has not provided any cost effective and scalable answer yet. More and more countries are turning to Nuclear Power or “Nuclear Fission” (despite the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011), while waiting for Nuclear Fusion or other alternative energy to become available and cost effective. Considerable efforts are being deployed to achieve nuclear fusion in Tokamak style reactors with output capacities of 60MW to 500MW. This type of sustained fusion reaction requires tremendous heating and confinement efforts to generate, contain and sustain the plasma needed for fusion to generate energy (refer to Appendices 1, 2 , 3 and 4 for Nuclear Fusion background).

CRG‐DMP Tech founders headed by an Vietnam‐born American, have developed over the last 17 years a new Discrete Micro Plasma (DMP) Fuel Technology which enables generation of power/electricity in small to medium generating plants (5MW to 200MW) at a cost less than half of current coal or gas fired generating plants, with zero pollution.

The CRG‐DMP technology is fully developed after successfully undergoing through a decade of rigorous testing and demonstration at laboratory scale with reliable fuel preparation and controlled fuel cell/chamber operation. The DMP technology is ready for scalable commercialization and industrial applications with modular units of size 1MW and above.

CRG‐DMP cells rely on commonly available gas within the chamber and use a small amount of ionizing radiation to achieve a micro plasma in which energy is generated. This micro plasma is not sustained and can be repeated hundreds of time per minute.

We believe that it will be much faster and easier to scale up our CRG‐DMP technology than to achieve continuous, large plasma as is being developed by ITER. We are ready and able today to work with governments or business corporations to jointly develop and apply our DMP technology to generating hundreds of MW each in green energy.


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2. Inventor Profile

Over the past 20 years the founder and head scientist of DMP Tech has studied, researched and worked on the CRG‐DMP reactions, initially on his own.

Over the last 7 years, he has assembled a dedicated team of scientists and engineers in America who have assisted him in developing his CRG‐DMP reaction into a fully functional technology that can be installed and demonstrated repeatedly within a single chamber prototype.

His team is now finalizing and refining the various processes surrounding the DMP technology in order to deliver an industrialized prototype that is capable of delivering megawatt scale electric power commercially.


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3. Technology Overview

Our CRG‐DMP technology is based on plasma reactions under the stimulus of small electrical and ionizing inputs. It creates many times the amount of energy used to create the reaction.

This is not a "perpetual motion" device. The excess energy is tapped from the release of atomic energy associated with the micro plasma reaction.

Tiny amount of ionizing radiation is produced over a very small amount of time and is shielded within the CRG‐DMP cell chamber. A 300KW DMP cell (chamber and generator) produces less radiation than an airport scanning device. Therefore, it is considered very safe in terms of radiation, as compared to Nuclear Fission.

The fuel consists of a mixture of inexpensive gas naturally available from the atmosphere. These are processed through a combination of proprietary processes. As the fuel is not consumed in the CRG‐DMP cell chamber, it only needs to be partially replenished or replaced every 1000 hours or so to compensate for fuel losses due to mechanical leaks.

The fuel can be stored and transported and handled without any special precaution as it is inert, does not generate any radiation and is non‐ flammable.

4. Benefits

The main advantages DMP technology are:

Environmentally Friendly: Our DMP technology does not produce any pollution (like coal) or waste (like nuclear fission). There is no hidden environmental cost due to exploration and extraction of fuels (coal, petrol, uranium).

Lower Cost: We can produce at a cost of less than US dollar 5 cents per kWh which is significantly cheaper than natural gas today. There are no hidden disposal or CO2 greenhouse gas costs.

Unlimited Supply: Our fuel is made of inexpensive gas present in the air we breathe. And since it is not consumed, we use very little of it.


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5. Applications

Potential Major Applications

Clean low cost electricity generation from generators small enough to power a small city or replace larger power plants.

There may be space related applications and the technology can be extended for use in ships and other large transportation applications (subject to significant development)

Potential Implications for Development

Cheaper form of energy will translate in lower investment costs, better availability without any environmental costs associated with fossil fuel or nuclear fission.

Reduction in fossil fuel dependencies will improve development and security for many countries currently vulnerable to fossil fuel costs and availability.

Localized power generation via small generating plants will also reduce national grid investment costs and reduce losses from distribution (which amount to about 15% of generated power)


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6. Current Status

Discrete Micro Plasma (DMP) technologies developed in the last 17 years:

Gas to Plasma formulation

Plasma Engine

Fuel Formulation completed and production tested

Working one chamber demonstration Cell / Engine completed

Consistent and repeatable firing with same gas for more than 2 years

Adjustable plasma power level (variable kinetic energy)

No pressure build up in DMP Cell chamber

No exhaust, no heat generation, no combustion of any sort

No measurable background radiation

Integrated control system for 1 and 2 chamber DMP Cell systems completed

Design Next Generation DMP Cell with 1MW output

Optimize energy capture and conversion (both mechanical and direct electrical energy)

To setup and run demo of 1MW Next Generation DMP Cells

To prepare Mass Manufacturing of Next Gen DMP Cell for commercialization

After Commercialization:

To build and launch 10MW to 100MW power plants for commercial and industrial applications.


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7. Risk Assessment

The technology was developed over the last 17 years by the head scientist, a Vietnam‐born US citizen and a dedicated team of scientists and engineers. Scientists from US laboratories have verified the technology.

These are the risks factors in any such new technology:

Technology: the DMP fuel cell has been working well and consistently in laboratory scale today. The technology is ready for scaling to larger units (1MW and above) in commercial and industrial applications.

Costs: there is no fossil or nuclear fuel used (unlike fission nuclear plants or other fuel based technology).

Therefore energy costs are based on equipment costs which are predictable and stable.

There are no issue of supply or cost of fuel or nuclear waste.

Timing:

Being a new technology, there is always a risk for some delays. As all core technology (Fuel + CRG‐DMP cell) has been tested and proven already, risks of delays on the technology are limited.

Business delays (due to government/regulatory issues) are possible but support from the government is crucial to mitigate this.

Alternative breakthrough: there is always a possibility that some alternative technology (nuclear fusion or other) may suddenly become available.

In this case, CRG‐DMP technology would still be attractive for a number of applications (especially small scale).

This would affect potential market size. However, technology wisdom is that no breakthrough in fusion or related technologies is expected until 2030 at the earliest.


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THE “ULTIMATE” OF ENERGY SCIENCE

“Abundant, Economical and Clean Energy”

CRG‐DMP Technology is presently a composite of three elements:

1. Fuel Formula, 2. Laboratory to produce the fuel, 3. A chamber device to utilize the fuel. The net effect creates a fuel which yields at least 5:1 output to input of energy, WITH NO HARMFUL WASTE OR BY‐PRODUCTS!

There is no other known usable energy source that achieves yields of greater than 5:1 to date. The formula consists of principally special nature gases energized in a proprietary manner in a laboratory designed exactly for specific purposes. These gases are benign and non‐volatile in of themselves. However, with IIH’s proprietary processes, these gases are converted into an unbelievably potent fuel.

CRG‐DMP Tech has invested multi‐millions of dollars into a state of the art of laboratory. The lab consists of an intricate and automated gas flow bench, which applies the proprietary processes to these gases. The only “off the self” components are wires, connector clips and the personal computers. The multi‐millions of dollars expensed over many years are highly customized and proprietary components. These gases are meticulously treated as they flow through the highly customized equipment to ionize, polarize, reverse polarize and inject high frequencies, in order to alter the state of the gases into different atomic weights. The alteration of the gases creates highly “excitable” atoms that are no longer inert. These gases are used solely as insulating layers in the chamber. The combined gases at this state and prior are harmless and non‐volatile.

The chamber is an enclosed electro‐mechanical device of exacting architecture, which is necessary to initiate and contain the energy producing reaction. The magnetic coils are surrounding the chamber to confinement of the plasma. When the High frequency, DC pulsing and Direct current into the system “Chamber”, this fuel “Gases” at atmosphere pressure “14.7PSI” causing the fuel to react undergo expansion and contraction.


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An energetic plasma is created in millionth of second which in turn “Triggers” the desired “Event”. This “Event” can be reproduced without additional fuel input. As it is an enclosed system, there is no exhaust.

The product of such an “Event” is an energy output of “minimally 5:1” as measured. The most usable output energy forms are kinetic “Mechanical Motion” and direct electrical current. Both of these forms of energy can be utilized to produce consumable electrical energy and applied to a variety of scalable commercial applications.

Beyond the commercial abilities, the applicability of the fuel is many and profound (e.g., transportation, military, space exploration, etc.).

Presently, there is no other know “Event” that is benign, reproducible, and measurable so simply and accurately.

Both the laboratory and chamber are in essence, table‐top size, custom designed and manufactured multi‐million dollars assets owned by CRG‐DMP Tech and essential to creating the 5:1 output to input of energy. CRG‐DMP Tech has the proprietary technology, the intellectual property and resources and engineering and scientific talents to produce clean, cheap energy with applicability that is seemingly endless.


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The CRG‐DMP Chamber Operating Principle

In our process – Simple & Sealed

However, concerning the conventional 4 Stroke Engine Process,


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Appendix 1

List of fusion experiments

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments

Experiments directed toward developing fusion power are invariably done with dedicated machines which can be classified according to the principles they use to confine the plasma fuel and keep it hot.

The major division is between magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. In magnetic confinement, the tendency of the hot plasma to expand is counteracted by the Lorenz force between currents in the plasma and magnetic fields produced by external coils. The particle densi es tend to be in the range of 1018 to 1022 m−3 and the linear dimensions in the range of 0.1 to 10 m.

The particle and energy confinement times may range from under a millisecond to over a second, but the configuration itself is often maintained through input of particles, energy, and current for times that are hundreds or thousands of times longer. Some concepts are capable of maintaining a plasma indefinitely.

In contrast, with inertial confinement, there is nothing to counteract the expansion of the plasma. The confinement time is simply the time it takes the plasma pressure to overcome the inertia of the particles, hence the name. The densities tend to be in the range of 1031 to 1033 m−3 and the plasma radius in the range of 1 to 100 micrometers. These condi ons are obtained by irradiating a millimeter‐sized solid pellet with a nanosecond laser or ion pulse.

The outer layer of the pellet is ablated, providing a reaction force that compresses the central 10% of the fuel by a factor of 10 or 20 to 103 or 104 times solid density. These micro‐plasmas disperse in a time measured in nanoseconds. For a reactor, a repetition rate of several per second will be needed.


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Appendix 1

Magnetic confinement

Within the field of magnetic confinement experiments, there is a basic division between toroidal and open magnetic field topologies.

Generally speaking, it is easier to contain a plasma in the direction perpendicular to the field than parallel to it. Parallel confinement can be solved either by bending the field lines back on themselves into circles or, more commonly, toroidal surfaces, or by constricting the bundle of field lines at both ends, which causes some of the particles to be reflected by the mirror effect.

The toroidal geometries can be further subdivided according to whether the machine itself has a toroidal geometry, i.e., a solid core through the center of the plasma. The alternative is to dispense with a solid core and rely on currents in the plasma to produce the toroidal field.

Mirror machines have advantages in a simpler geometry and a better potential for direct conversion of particle energy to electricity. They generally require higher magnetic fields than toroidal machines, but the biggest problem has turned out to be confinement. For good confinement there must be more particles moving perpendicular to the field than there are moving parallel to the field. Such a non‐Maxwellian velocity distribution is, however, very difficult to maintain and energetically costly.

The mirrors' advantage of simple machine geometry is maintained in machines which produce compact toroids, but there are potential disadvantages for stability in not having a central conductor and there is generally less possibility to control (and thereby optimize) the magnetic geometry. Compact toroid concepts are generally less well developed than those of toroidalmachines. While this does not necessarily mean that they cannot work better than mainstream concepts, the uncertainty involved is much greater.

Somewhat in a class by itself is the Z‐pinch, which has circular field lines. This was one of the first concepts tried, but it did not prove very successful. Furthermore, there was never a convincing concept for turning the pulsed machine requiring electrodes into a practical reactor.

The dense plasma focus is a controversial and "non‐mainstream" device that relies on currents in the plasma to produce a toroid. It is a pulsed device that depends on a plasma that is not in equilibrium and has the potential for direct conversion of particle energy to electricity. Experiments are ongoing to test relatively new theories to determine if the device has a future.


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Appendix 1

Toroidal Machine

Toroidal machines can be axially symmetric, like the tokamak and the RFP, or asymmetric, like the stellarator.

The additional degree of freedom gained by giving up toroidal symmetry might ultimately be usable to produce better confinement, but the cost is complexity in the engineering, the theory, and the experimental diagnostics. Stellarators typically have a periodicity, e.g. a fivefold rotational symmetry.

The RFP, despite some theoretical advantages such as a low magnetic field at the coils, has not proven very successful.


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Appendix 2

Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor ( TFTR )

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_Fusion_Test_Reactor

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) was an experimental tokamakbuilt at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (in Princeton, New Jersey) circa 1980.

Following on from the PDX (Poloidal Diverter Experiment) and PLT (Princeton Large Torus) devices, it was hoped that TFTR would finally achieve fusion energy break‐even. Unfortunately, the TFTR never achieved this goal.

However it did produce major advances in confinement time and energy density, which ultimately contributed to the knowledge base necessary to build ITER. TFTR operated from 1982 to 1997.

In 1986 it produced the first 'supershots' which produced many more fusion neutrons.[1]

In 1994 it produced a then world‐record 10.7 megawatts of fusion power from a plasma composed of equal parts of deuterium and tritium (exceeded at JET in the UK, which generated 16MW for 22MW input in 1997, which is the current record). It was followed by the NSTX spherical tokamak.


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Appendix 3 ITER From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and Latin for the way or the road) is an international nuclear fusionresearch and engineering project, which is currently building the world's largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at the Cadarache facility in the south of France.[1] The ITER project aims to make the long‐awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full‐scale electricity‐producing fusion power plants. The project is funded and run by seven member entities — the European Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia,South Korea and the United States. The EU, as host party for the ITER complex, is contributing 45% of the cost, with the other six parties contributing 9% each.[2][3][4]

The ITER fusion reactor itself has been designed to produce 500 megawatts of output power for 50 megawatts of input power, or ten times the amount of energy put in.[5] The machine is expected to demonstrate the principle of producing more energy from the fusion process than is used to initiate it, something that has not yet been achieved with previous fusion reactors. Construction of the facility began in 2007, and the first plasma is expected to be produced in 2020.[6] When ITER becomes operational, it will become the largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment in use, surpassing the Joint European Torus. The first commercial demonstration fusion power plant, named DEMO, is proposed to follow on from the ITER project to bring fusion energy to the commercial market.[7]


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Appendix 4 (Extracted from http://www.iter.org/sci/whatisfusion)

What is Fusion?

Fusion is the energy source of the Universe, occuring in the core of the Sun and stars. Fusion is the process at the core of our Sun.

What we see as light and feel as warmth is the result of a fusion reaction: hydrogen nuclei collide, fuse into heavier helium atoms and release tremendous amounts of energy in the process. In the stars of our universe, gravitational forces have created the necessary conditions for fusion.

Over billions of years, gravity gathered the hydrogen clouds of the early Universe into massive stellar bodies. In the extreme density and temperature of their cores, fusion occurs.

How does fusion produce energy?


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Atoms never rest: the hotter they are, the faster they move. In the core of our Sun, temperatures reach 15,000,000° Celsius.

Hydrogen atoms are in a constant state of agitation, colliding at very great speeds.

The natural electrostatic repulsion that exists between the positive charges of their nuclei is overcome, and the atoms fuse.

The fusion of two light hydrogen atoms (H‐H) produces a heavier element, helium. The mass of the resulting helium atom is not the exact sum of the two initial atoms, however—some mass has been lost and great amounts of energy have been gained.

This is what Einstein's formula E=mc² describes: the tiny bit of lost mass (m), multiplied by the square of the speed of light (c²), results in a very large figure (E), which is the amount of energy created by a fusion reaction.

Every second, our Sun turns 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium, releasing an enormous amount of energy. But without the benefit of gravitational forces at work in our Universe, achieving fusion on Earth has required a different approach.

Fusion on Earth

Three, two, one ... We have plasma! Inside the European JET Tokamak, both before and during operation. Photo: EFDA, JET.

CRG Technology Division


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