ecma

• ECMA

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ECMAScript

1 Paradigm(s) Multi-paradigm: prototype-based, functional, imperative, scripting


ECMAScript

1 Influenced by Self, HyperTalk, AWK, C, Perl, Python, Java,

Scheme


ECMAScript

1 ECMAScript is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and

ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used for client-side scripting on the web, in the form of several

well-known implementations such as JavaScript, JScript and ActionScript.


ECMAScript - History

1 JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape under the name Mocha, later LiveScript,

and finally renamed to JavaScript. In December 1995, Sun Microsystems and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press release. In March 1996,

Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released, featuring support for

JavaScript.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 Owing to the widespread success of JavaScript as a client-side scripting language for web pages, Microsoft

developed a compatible dialect of the language, naming it JScript to avoid

trademark issues. JScript added new date methods to fix the non-Y2K-friendly methods in JavaScript, which were based on the Java Date class. JScript was included in Internet

Explorer 3.0, released in August 1996.



1 Netscape delivered JavaScript to Ecma International for

standardization and the work on the specification, ECMA-262, began in

November 1996. The first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma

General Assembly of June 1997. Several editions of the language

standard have been published since then.



1 ECMAScript is the name of the scripting language standardized in ECMA-262. The name "ECMAScript" was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially

Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Brendan Eich, the creator of JavaScript,

commented that "ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a skin

disease."



1 While both JavaScript and JScript aim to be compatible with ECMAScript,

they also provide additional features not described in the ECMA

specifications.


ECMAScript - Versions

1 There are five editions of ECMA-262 published. Work on a future edition,

codenamed "Harmony", is in progress.



1 Edition Date publishedChanges from prior edition Editor



1 2 June 1998 Editorial changes to keep the specification fully aligned

with ISO/IEC 16262 international standardMike Cowlishaw



1 3 December 1999 Added regular expressions, better string handling, new control statements, try/catch

exception handling, tighter definition of errors, formatting for numeric

output and other enhancementsMike Cowlishaw



1 4 Abandoned Fourth Edition was abandoned, due to political

differences concerning language complexity. Many features proposed

for the Fourth Edition have been completely dropped; some are

proposed for ECMAScript Harmony.



1 5 December 2009 Adds "strict mode", a subset intended to provide more thorough

error checking and avoid error-prone constructs. Clarifies many ambiguities in the 3rd edition specification, and accommodates behaviour of real-world implementations that differed consistently from that specification.

Adds some new features, such as getters and setters, library support for JSON, and more

complete reflection on object properties.Pratap Lakshman, Allen Wirfs-Brock



1 5.1 June 2011 This edition 5.1 of the ECMAScript Standard is fully aligned with third edition of the international standard ISO/IEC

16262:2011 Pratap Lakshman, Allen Wirfs-Brock



1 As the first “ECMAScript Harmony” specification, it is also known as “ES6

Harmony”. Allen Wirfs-Brock



1 7 Work in progress The Seventh Edition is in a very early stage of development, but is intended to continue the themes of language reform, code isolation, control of

effects and library/tool enabling from ES6



1 In June 2004, Ecma International published ECMA-357 standard,

defining an extension to ECMAScript, known as ECMAScript for XML (E4X).



1 The HD DVD standard was one place where the ECMAScript Compact Profile was used in favour of full

ECMAScript to reduce processing and memory needs on devices.


ECMAScript - Features

1 The ECMAScript language includes structured, dynamic, functional, and

prototype-based features, as officially summarized here.


ECMAScript - Implementations

1 ECMAScript is supported in many applications, especially web

browsers, where it is implemented by JavaScript, or, in the case of Internet

Explorer, JScript



1 Mozilla Firefox, the Gecko layout engine, SpiderMonkey, and Rhino[d

1] JavaScript 1.8.5[d 2] ECMA-262, edition 5, and features from

upcoming 6. [d 3]



1 Internet Explorer, the Trident layout engineJScript 9.0 ECMA-262,

edition 5



1 KHTML layout engine, KDE's Konqueror, and Apple Inc.'s Safari[d

8] JavaScript[d 2] ECMA-262, edition 3



1 Adobe Creative Suite products: InDesign,

Illustrator,



1 General purpose scripting language

DMDScript 1.15 ECMA-262



1 Compiler-generated JavaScript applications TypeScript ECMA-262,

edition 3, 5 and features from upcoming 6.



1 The Mozilla implementations, (SpiderMonkey in the C++ language, Rhino in the Java language), are used

in several third-party programs, including the Yahoo! Widget Engine (Konfabulator) and the Macintosh system-level scripting language

JavaScript OSA.



1 ^ a b c d e "JavaScript" is an ECMAScript variant managed by Mozilla. All non-

Mozilla implementations using JavaScript are actually implementing ECMAScript,

rather than Javascript. "JavaScript" support generally is meant to describe

support for ECMA-262, edition 3, though some—notably Chrome, but also Opera

12 and Internet Explorer 10—target ECMA-262, edition 5.



1 SpiderMonkey already supports a wide range of upcoming features: ECMAScript 6 support

in Mozilla



1 V8, the JavaScript engine created by Google and used in Chrome,

implements ECMAScript as specified in ECMA-262, 5th edition: V8

JavaScript Engine.



1 Chrome also implements non-ECMAScript-standard extensions to the language which are present in

WebKit, in order to maintain compatibility with JavaScriptCore

(which is itself based on the KDE KJS library) : V8 JavaScript Engine issue

tracker.



1 Opera's implementation includes some JavaScript and JScript

extensions: ECMAScript support in Opera Presto 2.3



1 Full ECMAScript (JavaScript) 5.1 support in Opera 11.51+ : .



1 Apple's Safari uses JavaScriptCore which is based on the KDE KJS

library.



1 This implementation asserts to support some extensions proposed in drafts of ECMAScript edition 4 (and now ECMAScript Harmony): Ejscript

Overview.



1 Microsoft asserts that JScript 8.0 supports "almost all of the features

of the ECMAScript Edition 3 Language Specification" but does not

list the unsupported features.



1 In addition to supporting ECMA-262 edition 3, ActionScript 3 also included

support for extensions proposed in drafts of ECMAScript edition 4: The Kiwi Project: AS3 language 101 for

C/C++ coders.



1 Adobe Acrobat 9.0 uses the SpiderMonkey 1.7 engine: JavaScript for Acrobat API

Reference



1 OpenLaszlo both uses an ECMAScript implementation as noted in the Developer's Guide: Appendix

B: ECMAScript and can compile down to JavaScript targeted for the browser

(the DHTML target).



1 ANT Galio Browser claims support for

JavaScript 1.5.



1 Caja emulates strict mode as specified in the ECMAScript

edition 5 draft.


ECMAScript - Version correspondence

1 The following table is based on tedster's history compilation forum post and Microsoft's JScript version information webpage. Items on the

same line are approximately the same language.



1 1.0 (Netscape 2.0, March 1996) 1.0

(IE 3.0 - early versions, August

1996)https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 1.1 (Netscape 3.0, August 1996) 2.0 (IE 3.0 - later

versions, January 1997)



1 1.3 (Netscape 4.06-4.7x, October 1998) 3.0 (IE 4.0, Oct 1997)

Edition 1 (June 1997) / Edition 2 (June 1998)



1 1.4 (Netscape Server only)4.0

(Visual Studio 6, no IE release)



1 later Netscape and Mozilla releases) 5.5 (IE 5.5, July 2000) Edition 3 (December 1999)



1 1.7 (Gecko 1.8.1, Firefox 2, October 2006) Edition 3 plus all

JavaScript 1.6 enhancements, plus Pythonic generators and array

comprehensions ([a*a for (a in iter)]), block scope with let, destructuring

assignment (var [a,b]=[1,2]) (New in JavaScript 1.7)



1 1.8 (Gecko 1.9, Firefox 3, June 2008)Edition 3 plus all JavaScript

1.7 enhancements, plus expression closures (function(x) x * x), generator

expressions, and more (New in JavaScript 1.8)


ECMAScript - Conformance tests

1 In 2010, Ecma International started developing a standards test for Ecma

262 ECMAScript. Test262 is an ECMAScript conformance test suite

that can be used to check how closely a JavaScript implementation follows the ECMAScript 5th Edition

Specification. The test suite contains thousands of individual tests, each of

which tests some specific requirements of the ECMAScript

specification.



1 Development of Test262 is a project of Ecma Technical Committee 39

(TC39). The testing framework and individual tests are created by

member organizations of TC39 and contributed to Ecma for use in

Test262.



1 Important contributions were made by Google (Sputnik testsuite) and Microsoft who both contributed

thousands of tests.



1 The Test262 testsuite already contains more than 11,000 tests and

is being developed further as of 2013. Be aware that Test262 itself

may contain bugs which may impact some browsers' scores. So take these

figures with a grain of salt.



1 The following table shows current conformance results of browser

products. Lower scores are better, although scores can not be compared

as tests are not weighted.



1 Product Version tested Test262 failed Test suite version (date)Pre-release version Test262 failed

Test suite version (date)



1 Opera 12.14 (build 1738) 10/11573ES5.1 (2013-03-24) 15.0.1147.18

10/11573 ES5.1 (2013-03-24)


ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 4th Edition

1 The proposed fourth edition of ECMA-262 (ECMAScript 4 or ES4) would

have been the first major update to ECMAScript since the third edition

was published in 1999. The specification (along with a reference

implementation) was originally targeted for completion by October 2008. An overview of the language was released by the working group

on October 22, 2007.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 As of August 2008, the ECMAScript 4th edition proposal has been scaled

back into a project codenamed ECMAScript Harmony.


ECMAScript - Features under discussion

1 Features under discussion for a future edition (originally "ECMAScript

4"; now ECMAScript Harmony) include:



1 Optional type annotations and static typing, probably using a structural type system



1 The intent of these features is partly to better support programming in the large, and to allow sacrificing some of the script's ability to be dynamic

to improve performance. For example, Tamarin — the virtual

machine for ActionScript developed and open sourced by Adobe — has

just-in-time compilation (JIT) support for certain classes of scripts.


ECMAScript - Bug fixes and backwards compatibility

1 In addition to introducing new features, some ES3 bugs were

proposed to be fixed in edition 4. These fixes and others, and support for JSON encoding/decoding, have

been folded into the ECMAScript, 5th Edition specification.



1 He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C# and ActionScript 3 respectively, both

of which are larger and more complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.



1 After the aforementioned public sparring, the ECMAScript 3.1 and ECMAScript 4 teams agreed on a

compromise: the two editions would be worked on, in parallel, with

coordination between the teams to ensure that ECMAScript 3.1 remains

a strict subset of ECMAScript 4 in both semantics and syntax.



1 On December 3, 2009, ECMA-262 5th edition was published.


ECMAScript - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)

1 In addition, other goals and ideas from ECMAScript 4 are being

rephrased to keep consensus in the committee; these include a notion of

classes based on ECMAScript, 5th Edition (being an update to ECMAScript, 3rd edition).


ECMAScript - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)

1 Drafts of ES.next have been published periodically since July

2011, with a target release date of December 2013.


Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)

1 The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to meet the needs of different audiences.



1 Vocabulary, notational conventions and abbreviations



1 Summary of primary and supporting markup

languages



1 Conformance conditions and interoperability

guidelines



1 Constraints within the Open Packaging Conventions that apply to each document

type



1 The Open Packaging Conventions (OPC), for the package model and physical package, is defined and

used by various document types in various applications from multiple

vendors.



1 It defines core properties, thumbnails, digital signatures, and

authorizations and encryption capabilities for parts or all the

contents in the package.



1 XML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using

RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)



1 Informative (non-normative) introduction to WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs, providing context and illustrating elements through examples and

diagrams



1 Describes the custom XML data storing facility within a package to support integration with business

data



1 Contains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared

MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute

including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)



1 XML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using

RELAX NG



1 Defines the custom XML data storing facility



1 Part 5. Markup Compatibility and

Extensibility



1 Describes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements and attributes by which

applications with different extensions can interoperate



1 Later versions of the ECMA-376 standard are aligned and technically equivalent to the corresponding ISO

standard.


Reflection (computer programming) - ECMAScript

1 // assuming that Foo resides in this


Ecma International

1 'Ecma International' is an international, private (membership-

based) non-profit standards organization for information and

communication systems.[http://www.ecma-

international.org/memento/Ecmabylaws.htm Ecma By-laws] It acquired its

current name in 1994, when the 'European Computer Manufacturers Association' ('ECMA') changed its name to reflect the organization's global reach and activities. As a

consequence, the name is no longer considered an acronym and no longer uses full capitalization.


Ecma International

1 The organization was originally founded in 1961 to standardize computer systems in Europe.

Membership is open to large and small companies worldwide that

produce, market or develop computer or communication

systems, and have interest and experience in the areas addressed by

the group's technical bodies. It is located in Geneva.


Ecma International - Aims

1 Ecma publications, including standards, can be freely copied by all interested parties without copyright

restrictions



1 Unlike national standardization bodies, Ecma is a membership-based

organization. It takes pride in the resulting business-like approach to standards, claimed to lead to better standards in less time, thanks to a

less bureaucratic process focused on achieving results by consensus.



1 For over 50 years Ecma has actively contributed to worldwide

standardization in information technology and telecommunications.

More than 400 [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standar

ds/Standard.htm Ecma Standards] and 100 [http://www.ecma-

international.org/publications/techreports/techrep.htm Technical Reports] have been published, more than 2/3 of which have also been adopted as

international standards and/or technical reports.


Ecma International - Standards

1 Ecma International is currently responsible for several standards, including the following:



1 * ECMA-119 – CD-ROM volume and filestructure

(later known as ISO 9660)



1 * ECMA-262 – ECMAScript Language Specification (often referred to as JavaScript)



1 * ECMA-334 – C Sharp (programming

language)|C# Language Specification



1 * ECMA-335 – Common Language Infrastructure|Common Language

Infrastructure (CLI)



1 * ECMA-341 – Environmental

design considerations for electronic products



1 * ECMA-363 – Universal 3D|

Universal 3D File Format



1 * ECMA-367 – Eiffel: Analysis, design and programming Language (See

Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel programming language)



1 * ECMA-372 – C++/CLI Language Specification[ http://www.ecma-

international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-372.htm Standard ECMA-

372]



1 * ECMA-377 – Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) Recordable

Cartridges[ http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standar

ds/Ecma-377.htm Standard ECMA-377]



1 * ECMA-378 – Read-Only Memory Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD-

ROM)[ http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standar

ds/Ecma-378.htm Standard ECMA-378]



1 * ECMA-388 – Open XML Paper Specification[ http://www.ecma-


388]



1 * ECMA-404 - JSON[ http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-404.htm

Standard ECMA-404]


Ecma International - Java programming language

1 Although Sun Microsystems submitted its Java (programming

language)|Java programming language to Ecma, Sun subsequently withdrew the submission. Thus, Ecma

is not responsible for the standardization of Java.


Ecma International - Office Open XML formats

1 Ecma is involved in the standardization of the Office Open XML|Ecma Office Open XML format based on the XML office document

formats by Microsoft. The Ecma Office Open XML maintenance

process is currently performed by technical committee 45

([http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC45.htm

TC45]).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Ecma International - Eco Declaration

1 In [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-370.htm Ecma International

Standard 370], Ecma joined forces with the Scandinavian IT Eco

Declaration organisation to put forward a guideline for informing

consumers about the environmental practices of the manufacturers of ICT and consumer electronics products.


Ecma International - Eco Declaration

1 The IT Eco Declaration includes information on the environmental

practices of the manufacturer as well as product features, such as

environmentally conscious design, batteries, acoustic noise, electrical

safety, energy consumption, chemical emissions, substances and materials included, and packaging


List of aircraft engines - SNECMA

1 (Société Nationale d'Étude et de

Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation)


Presto (layout engine) - ECMAScript engines

1 When released it was the fastest engine around, but in 2008 a new generation of ECMAScript engines

from Google (V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8), Mozilla (TraceMonkey) and Apple

Inc.|Apple (SquirrelFish) took one more step, introducing native code

generation


Presto (layout engine) - ECMAScript engines

1 In early 2009, Opera began to use the Carakan engine. It features

register-based bytecode, native code generation, automatic object

classification and overall performance improvements. Early

access in the Opera 10.50 pre-alpha showed that it is as fast as the

fastest competitors, being the winner in 2 out of the 3 most used Benchmark (computing)|

benchmarks.


List of ECMAScript engines

1 An 'ECMAScript engine' is a program that executes source code

written in a version of the ECMAScript language standard, for

example, JavaScript.



1 These are new generation ECMAScript engines for web

browsers, all implementing just-in-time compilation (JIT) or variations of that idea. The performance benefits for just-in-time compilation make it

much more suitable for web applications written in JavaScript.



1 *Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript engines|Carakan: A JavaScript engine

developed by Opera Software ASA, http://labs.opera.com/news/2009/02/05/ included in the Opera 10#10.50|

10.50 http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blo

g/ release of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser, until switching to V8 (JavaScript engine)|

V8 with Opera 15 (released in 2013). http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/300-

million-users-and-move-to-webkit http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/opera

-14-for-android-is-out



1 *Chakra (JScript engine)|Chakra: A JScript engine used in Internet

Explorer. It was first previewed at MIX (Microsoft)#MIX 10|MIX 10 as part of

the Internet Explorer 9 Platform Preview.



1 *SpiderMonkey (JavaScript engine)|SpiderMonkey: A JavaScript engine in Mozilla Gecko (layout engine)|Gecko

applications, including Mozilla Firefox|Firefox. The engine currently

includes the IonMonkey and JägerMonkey compilers, has

previously included the TraceMonkey compiler (first javascript JIT), and is planned to include the forthcoming

OdinMonkey compiler.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 *SquirrelFish (JavaScript engine)|SquirrelFish: The JavaScript engine for Apple Inc.'s WebKit. Also known

as Nitro. http://www.apple.com/safari/whats-

new.html



1 *Tamarin (JavaScript engine)|Tamarin: An ActionScript and ECMAScript engine used in

Adobe Flash.



1 *V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8: A JavaScript engine used in Google Chrome, Node.js, and .



1 *WebKit#JavaScriptCore|JavaScriptCore: A JavaScript

interpreter originally derived from KJS (KDE)|KJS. It is used in the WebKit

project and applications such as Safari (web browser)|Safari.



1 *Nashorn (JavaScript engine)|Nashorn: A JavaScript engine used in

Oracle Corporation|Oracle Java (programming language)|Java Java

Development Kit (JDK).



1 The following engines use runtime interpreters, which do not compile

into native machine code and generally run more slowly.



1 *Continuum: A self-interpreter that supports recent iterations of the draft ECMAScript 6 specification. Uniquely,

the engine is implemented in ECMAScript 3, which makes it

possible to run ES6 in browsers as old as IE6.



1 *Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript engines|Futhark: The ECMAScript

engine of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser versions 9.50 to

10.10.



1 *InScript (JavaScript engine)|InScript: An obsolete proprietary software|proprietary library used for iCab 2

and 3



1 *JScript: The engine that is used in Internet Explorer for versions up to

IE9, and one component of the Trident (layout engine)|Trident layout

engine.



1 *KJS (KDE)|KJS: The engine used in Konqueror, and one component of

KHTML, a predecessor to JavaScriptCore.



1 *Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript engines|Linear B: The ECMAScript

engine of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser versions 7.0 to

9.50, exclusive.



1 *Narcissus (JavaScript engine)|Narcissus: JavaScript implemented in

JavaScript (a meta-circular evaluator), intended to run in another JavaScript engine, of

theoretical and educational nature only.



1 *[https://github.com/NeilFraser/JS-Interpreter JS-Interpreter] A

lightweight JavaScript interpreter implemented in JavaScript with step-

by-step execution.



1 *Rhino (JavaScript engine)|Rhino: One of several JavaScript engines

from Mozilla, using the Java (software platform)|Java platform.



1 *YAJI: An ECMAScript engine based on the FESI implementation by Jean-Marc Lugrin in 1999, using the Java (software platform)|Java platform,

currently being developed to support the latest standards (Spec 262,

v5.1).



1 *Duktape: a small footprint, easily embeddable Ecmascript

E5/E5.1 engine.


TypeScript - ECMAScript 6 support

1 TypeScript adds support for features proposed classes, modules and an arrow function syntax as they are

proposed in the upcoming ECMAScript 6 standard.


TypeScript - ECMAScript 6 support

1 Although the standard is not ready, Microsoft has said that it aims to

align TypeScript's features with the proposed standard.


ECMAScript for XML

1 'ECMAScript for XML' ('E4X') is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to

ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, JavaScript, and JScript)


ECMAScript for XML

1 E4X is standardized by Ecma International in the

[http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-357.htm ECMA-357 standard]. The first edition

was published in June 2004, the second edition in December 2005.


ECMAScript for XML - Browser support

1 E4X is supported by Mozilla's Rhino (JavaScript engine)|Rhino, used in OpenOffice.org and several other projects. It is also supported by

Tamarin (JavaScript engine)|Tamarin, the JavaScript engine used in the

Adobe Flash|Flash virtual machine. It is not supported by other common

engines like SquirrelFish|Nitro (Safari (web browser)|Safari), V8 (JavaScript

engine)|V8 (Google Chrome), Carakan (script engine)|Carakan

(Opera (web browser)|Opera), nor Internet Explorer.


ECMAScript for XML - Browser support

1 In Firefox 10, E4X syntax was no longer accepted in SpiderMonkey

when ECMAScript#Versions|ECMAStrict 5 strict mode is enabled


ECMAScript for XML - sales.item.(@type

1 oranges).@quantity = 4;


Comparison of layout engines (ECMAScript)

1 The following tables compare ECMAScript (particularly JavaScript)

support for several popular Web browser engine|layout engines.

Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in

footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-

ons, extensions or external programs.


ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named

ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's

object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,

and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return

statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being

assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its

corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor

changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (

1 ) operator, which brought it closer to being ECMA-262-

compliant










1 The next major revision of the language, ActionScript 2.0, was

introduced in September 2003 with the release of Flash MX 2004 and its corresponding player, Adobe Flash

Player|Flash Player 7. In response to user demand for a language better

equipped for larger and more complex applications, ActionScript

2.0 featured compile-time type checking and class-based syntax of

programming languages|syntax, such as the keywords class and extends.










1 (While this allowed for a more structured object-oriented

programming approach, the code would still be compiled to

ActionScript 1.0 bytecode, allowing it to be used on the preceding Flash

Player 6 as well.










1 In other words, the Class-based programming|class-based

inheritance syntax of programming languages|syntax was a layer on top

of the existing prototype-based system.) With ActionScript 2.0,

developers could constrain variable (programming)|variables to a specific type by adding a type annotation so that type mismatch errors could be

found at compile-time.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html









1 ActionScript 2.0 also introduced class-based inheritance syntax of

programming languages|syntax so that developers could create classes and interfaces, much as they would in class-based languages such as

Java (programming language)|Java and C++. This version conformed partially to the ECMAScript Fourth

Edition draft specification.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html









1 In June 2006, ActionScript 3.0 debuted with Adobe Flex|Adobe Flex

2.0 and its corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 9










1 The update to the language introduced

several new features:










1 * Compile-time and Run time (program lifecycle phase)|run-time type checking—type information exists at both compile-time and

runtime.










1 * Support for Java package|packages, namespaces, and

regular expressions.










1 * Unified event handling system based on the DOM Events|DOM event handling standard.










1 * Integration of ECMAScript for XML (E4X) for purposes of XML processing.










1 * Direct access to the Flash run-time system|runtime display list for complete control of what gets

displayed at Run time (program lifecycle phase)|runtime.










1 * Completely conforming implementation of the ECMAScript fourth edition draft

specification.










1 * Limited support for dynamic 3D objects. (X, Y, Z rotation, and texture mapping)


ECMA-262

1 'ECMAScript' is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the 'ECMA-262'

specification (technical standard)|specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The

language is widely used for client-side scripting on the World Wide

Web|web, in the form of several well-known implementations such as

JavaScript, JScript and ActionScript.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

ECMA-262 - History

1 JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape Communications Corporation|

Netscape under the name Mocha, later LiveScript, and finally renamed to JavaScript. In December 1995, Sun

Microsystems and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press

release. In March 1996, Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released, featuring

support for JavaScript.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

ECMA-262 - History

1 ECMAScript is the name of the scripting language standardized in ECMA-262. The

name ECMAScript was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially

Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Brendan Eich, the creator of JavaScript,

commented that ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a skin

disease.


ECMA-262 - Versions

1 The HD DVD standard was one place where the ECMAScript Compact Profile was used in favour of full

ECMAScript to reduce processing and memory needs on devices.


ECMA-262 - Features

1 The ECMAScript language includes structured programming|structured,

dynamic programming language|dynamic, functional programming|

functional, and prototype-based programming|prototype-based

features, as officially summarized here.


ECMA-262 - Conformance tests

1 The Test262 testsuite already contains more than 11,000 tests and is being developed further . Be aware

that Test262 itself may contain [https://bugs.ecmascript.org/buglist.c

gi?order=Importancequery_format=advancedbug_status=CONFIRMEDbug_status=IN_PROGRESScomponent=ECM

A-262%20Testsproduct=Test262 bugs] which may impact some browsers' scores. So take these

figures with a grain of salt.


ECMA-262 - ECMAScript, 4th Edition

1 The proposed fourth edition of ECMA-262 ('ECMAScript 4' or 'ES4') would have been the first major update to ECMAScript since the third edition

was published in 1999. The specification (along with a reference

implementation) was originally targeted for completion by October

2008. An [http://www.ecmascript.org/es4/spec/

overview.pdf overview] of the language was released by the

working group on October 22, 2007.


ECMA-262 - Features under discussion

1 Features under discussion for a future edition (originally ECMAScript

4; now #ECMAScript Harmony|ECMAScript Harmony) include:



1 * class (computer science)|Classes



1 * modular programming|A module system



1 * Optional type annotations and static typing, probably using a structural type system



1 * generator (computer science)|Generators and

iterators


ECMA-262 - History

1 He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C Sharp (programming language)|C#

and ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which are larger and more

complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.


ECMA-262 - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)

1 In addition, other goals and ideas from ECMAScript 4 are being

rephrased to keep consensus in the committee; these include a notion of

classes based on ECMAScript, 5th Edition (being an update to ECMAScript, 3rd edition).


ECMA-262 - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)

1 Wiki.ecmascript.org


Browser speed test - ECMAScript Test 262

1 ECMA International is a standardization authority for JavaScript. test262 is a

benchmark that composes enormous number of individual tests to test the conformance.

The individual test in this suit is developed by member organizations of TC39, the technical committee tasked with standardization of the

ECMAScript programming language. Currently test262 suite comprises 10,000+

tests and yet under more tests are scheduled to be included in future.


List of Ecma standards

1 This is a list of standards published by Ecma International, formerly the European Computer

Manufacturers Association.


List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99

1 * ECMA-1 – Standard for a Six-bit character code#Example of sixbit ASCII variants|6-bit Input/Output

character code



1 * ECMA-6 – 7-bit coded character set (same as ISO/IEC 646/ITU-T T.50)

(successive editions in 1965, 1967, 1970, 1973, and 1984)



1 * ECMA-10 – Data Interchange on punched tape (Nov 1965)



1 * ECMA-13 – File Structure and Labelling of

Magnetic Tapes (later ISO 1001)



1 * ECMA-35 – Character Code Structure and

Extension Techniques (ISO/IEC 2022)



1 * ECMA-74 – Measurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by

Information Technology and Telecommunications Equipment

(same as ISO 7779)



1 * ECMA-146 – 4mm Digital Audio Tape|DAT data cartridges (same as ISO/IEC 11321)



1 * ECMA-167 – Universal Disk Format (same as

ISO/IEC 13346)



1 * ECMA-182 – Cyclic redundancy check

polynomial CRC-64-ECMA-182



1 * ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented Functionality Class for Security Evaluation

(COFC)



1 * ECMA-206 – Association Context Management including Security Context

Management



1 * ECMA-219 – Authentication and Privilege Attribute Security Application with related Key

Distribution Functions - Part 1, 2 and 3



1 * ECMA-307 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks -

Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Generic Functional

Protocol for the Support of Supplementary Services




Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Transfer

Supplementary Services




Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Diversion




1 * ECMA-319 – Linear Tape-Open|Ultrium-1




Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Completion





Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Basic Services



1 * ECMA-355 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Tunnelling of QSIG over SIP



1 * ECMA-360 – Corporate telecommunication networks -

Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call diversion



1 * ECMA-361 – Corporate telecommunication networks -

Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call transfer



1 * ECMA-380 – Ultra Density Optical (UDO)



1 * ECMA-381 – Procedure for the Registration of Assigned Numbers for ECMA-368 and

ECMA-369


Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)

1 The SDI rail gun investigation, called the Compact High Energy Capacitor

Module Advanced Technology Experiment (CHECMATE), had been able to fire two projectiles per day

during the initiative



1 A hypervelocity railgun works very much like a particle accelerator insofar as it converts electrical

potential energy into kinetic energy imparted to the projectile



1 Rail guns face a host of technical challenges before they will be ready for battlefield

deployment



1 In addition to being considered for destroying ballistic missile threats,

rail guns were also being planned for service in space platform (sensor and battle station) defense. This potential

role reflected defense planner expectations that the rail guns of the future would be capable of not only rapid fire, but also of multiple firings (on the order of tens to hundreds of

shots).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Standardization of Office Open XML - Standardization within Ecma International

1 Ecma formed in December 2005 a technical committee (TC45) in order

to produce and maintain a formal standard for office productivity

applications that is fully compatible with the Office Open XML Formats,

submitted by Microsoft”


Standardization of Office Open XML - Standardization within Ecma International

1 During standardisation within Ecma the specification grew to

approximately 6,000 pages. It was approved as an Ecma standard

(ECMA-376) on December 7, 2006. The standard can be downloaded

from Ecma free of charge.[http://www.ecma-


376]https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

ECMAScript Harmony - History

1 Microsoft delivered JScript to Ecma International for standardization and the work on the specification, ECMA-262, began in November 1996. The

first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma General

Assembly of June 1997. Several editions of the language standard have been published since then.


ECMAScript Harmony - History

1 He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C Sharp (programming language)|C#

and ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which are larger and more

complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.


WiMedia Alliance - ECMA

1 In December 2008, Ecma International released specification (ECMA-368 and ECMA-369) for UWB technology based on the WiMedia Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Common

Radio Platform.


ECMAScript 4 - Conformance tests

1 Also, be aware that Test262 itself is likely to contain

[https://bugs.ecmascript.org/buglist.cgi?

order=Importancequery_format=advancedbug_status=CONFIRMEDbug_status=IN_PROGRESScomponent=ECM

A-262%20Testsproduct=Test262 bugs] which may impact a browser's

scorehttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

ECMA

1 * Ecma International, an international standards organization for

information communication technology and consumer

electronics


ECMA

1 * Engineering College Magazines Associated, a group of student-run engineering-based

publications


ECMA

1 * East Coast Music Association|East Coast Music Awards, an annual

awards ceremony for music appreciation on the east coast of

Canada


ECMA

1 ** East Coast Music Association, a non-profit association that hosts the East Coast Music

Awards


Snecma

1 'Snecma S.A.' is a French Multinational corporation|multinational aircraft and rocket

engine manufacturer headquartered in Courcouronnes, France. Alone or in

partnership, Snecma designs, develops, produces and markets engines for civil and

military aircraft, launch vehicles and satellites. The company also offers a

complete range of engine support services to airlines, armed forces and other operators.

Snecma is a subsidiary of Safran.


Snecma - Name

1 Snecma used to be an acronym for 'Société nationale d'études et de

construction de moteurs d'aviation' (in English, National Company for the Design and Construction of Aviation

Engines) until 27 Aprilth 2004.


Snecma - 1960s

1 In 1961, Snecma and Bristol Siddeley agreed to a joint venture to produce the power plant for the Concorde,

which would become the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593. the

main body of the engine came from the Bristol Olympus with the

refinements being the addition of the variable intakes necessary for

supersonic flight.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Snecma - 1960s

1 In 1968, Snecma took control of Hispano-Suiza, EADS Socata|Socata

and Bugatti. Snecma valued Bugatti's automobile background

(turbochargers and engines). In a subsequent reorganisation, all aero-engine maintenance services would

be grouped as Sochata-Snecma.


Snecma - 1970s and 1980s

1 In 1970, Messier and Snecma agreed to merge their landing gear

businesses. The following year, Messier-Hispano was formed in which Snecma held a stake. Snecma took

full control of Messier-Hispano in 1973.



1 In 1977, the landing gear business was further consolidated by the

creation of Messier-Hispano-Bugatti (later renamed Messier-Bugatti).



1 Snecma and GE-Aviation|General Electric (GE) created a joint venture

in 1974, CFM International, beginning a long term relationship which

continues today. Testing of FADEC, a joint development of the two companies, began in 1985.


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 1990, Snecma announced its participation in the General Electric GE90 engine

programme.


Snecma - 1990s

1 Messier-Dowty was formed in 1994 following the merger of the landing

gear businesses of Snecma (Messier) and the British TI Group (Dowty).


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 1997 Snecma acquired 100 per cent of Société européenne de

propulsion.


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 1998, Snecma took full control of

Messier-Dowty.


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 1999, Snecma Services was created to consolidate all

maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) operations (including Sochata-

Snecma).


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 2000, Snecma became a holding company and the propulsion

business was reformed as Snecma Moteurs. Later in the year Snecma

acquired Labinal, along with its Turbomeca and Microturbo

subsidiaries.


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 2001, Hurel-Hispano (now renamed and known as Aircelle) was created to consolidate the group's engine nacelle and thrust reverser

businesses.


Snecma - 1990s

1 In 2005, Snecma merged with Sagem to form SAFRAN. Snecma was divided, with the company's

subsidiaries contributing to the propulsion and equipment divisions of the new group. Snecma moteurs

was then renamed Snecma.


Snecma - Products

1 The company's major civil aircraft engine is the CFM International

CFM56. Produced by a partnership between Snecma and General

Electric, CFM56s power more than 4,900 aircraft around the world.


Snecma - Products

1 Snecma is also the main partner for the General Electric CF6|General

Electric CF6-80 and GE90 programs. Snecma recently increased its

presence in the high-thrust turbofan segment by joining the Engine

Alliance GP7000 program managed by the Engine Alliance, a 50/50 joint venture of General Electric and Pratt

Whitney. This engine is one of two options available to power the Airbus

A380.


Snecma - Products

1 The company has entered into the PowerJet partnership with NPO Saturn

of Russia to provide PowerJet SaM146|SaM146 engines for the

Sukhoi Superjet 100.


Snecma - Commercial engines

1 * CFM International CFM International LEAP|LEAP

(50%) (under development)



1 * General Electric CF6 (10–20% share of production, depending on engine model)



1 * Snecma Silvercrest (under

development)



1 * 5,000 Horsepower|shp turboprop (under study) for 70–90 seater regional airliners


Snecma - Sites

1 * Melun Villaroche Aerodrome


For More Information, Visit:

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